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川普告民调机构败诉 爱荷华法官:第一修正案保障政治言论

2026-09-24 09:41:25 网络 阅读(1)

美国爱荷华州地方法院法官Scott Beattie周三(23日)驳回总统川普针对《Des Moines Register》及民调专家J. Ann Selzer提出的诉讼,认定2024年美国总统大选前公布的一项民调受到美国宪法第一修正案保障,属于受保护的政治言论。川普原本指控该民调涉嫌欺诈,并违反爱荷华州消费者欺诈法。

川普告民调机构败诉 爱荷华法官:第一修正案保障政治言论

这起诉讼源于2024年11月2日公布的爱荷华民调。Selzer所属民调公司在大选前最后几天进行调查,结果显示当时的民主党总统候选人贺锦丽在爱荷华州可能投票选民中的支持率为47%,高于川普的44%,领先幅度达3个百分点。川普最终在2024年大选以约56%的得票率赢得爱荷华州,而全州当年约有200万人投票。

川普于2024年12月对Selzer、《Des Moines Register》及该报母公司提起诉讼,指控这项民调在大选前发布具有误导性,并声称相关结果是为了损害他的声誉、协助民主党候选人。川普及共同原告、共和党众议员Mariannette Miller-Meeks及前爱荷华州参议员Brad Zaun主张,民调及相关报导造成他们在竞选最后阶段的时间、资金与其他资源受到损失。

诉讼最初在联邦法院进行,之后于2025年转至爱荷华州法院重新提出。经过约1年的程序后,案件今年进入州法院审理。Selzer一方则由言论自由倡议组织Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression(FIRE)提供法律协助;《Des Moines Register》及其母公司USA Today Co.则主张,法院过去从未把新闻媒体发布的民调或相关报导视为商业言论,即使媒体本身以营利方式经营,也不会因此失去宪法保障。

Beattie在判决中指出,川普的诉讼试图扩大爱荷华州成文法与普通法的适用范围,将受到第一修正案高度保障的言论转化为法律责任。法官认为,民调、预测及对未来选举结果的判断,本质上涉及对客观资料进行主观权衡,由于预测的是尚未发生且存在不确定性的未来事件,因此不能以一般事实陈述的方式要求发布者证明其绝对正确。

Beattie进一步表示,即使为了判断案件是否应被驳回,而暂时接受川普阵营所提出的假设,即民调确实存在刻意偏差、结果是捏造的,诉讼中的3项主张仍然无法成立。法官认定相关主张未符合欺诈或消费者欺骗相关法律要求,因此即使按照川普阵营提出的事实假设处理,案件仍应被驳回。

Beattie同时指出,第一修正案对相关言论提供的宪法保障范围足以阻止这起诉讼继续推进。他认为,若允许以消费者欺诈等法律主张追究民调发布者的责任,可能对新闻媒体及其他参与公共议题讨论者产生寒蝉效应,进而影响公共事务的报导与辩论。

《Des Moines Register》的母公司USA Today Co.过去称为Gannett Co.,目前由USA Today Co.持有该报。公司首席法律顾问Polly Grunfeld Sack表示,这项判决涉及第一修正案及自由新闻在美国民主制度中的角色。Selzer则表示,民调属于社会科学,而非能够精准预知未来结果的工具,民调机构无法保证选举最终结果。

Selzer及其法律团队此前主张,2024年民调即使最终没有准确反映爱荷华州的投票结果,也不代表相关调查及新闻报导可以被视为商业欺诈。她们并指出,该民调及新闻报导与川普、Miller-Meeks或Zaun之间不存在直接商业交易,因此不符合消费者欺诈法规所处理的典型交易关系。

这项民调之所以引发高度关注,也与爱荷华州过去在美国总统大选中的政治地位有关。2024年选前3天公布的调查显示,贺锦丽在爱荷华州以47%支持率领先川普3个百分点,结果与最终选举明显不同。川普最后取得约56%的爱荷华州选票,显示该次民调与实际投票结果之间存在12个百分点的差距。

川普近年多次与新闻媒体及民调机构发生法律或公开争议,此次爱荷华州案件也是其中之一。路透指出,川普曾在法院内外多次与媒体发生冲突,并提起多起针对媒体机构的诉讼,部分案件最终以和解等方式结束。

此次爱荷华州判决公布之际,川普与媒体之间的另一场法律争议也正在发展。另一名法官周三就川普禁止CNN、MS NOW及Politico进入白宫采访范围一案举行听证,对相关措施是否符合联邦上诉法院先前裁决提出质疑,但当天并未作出最终裁决。

在爱荷华州案件方面,川普法律团队已表示将向爱荷华州最高法院提出上诉,因此周三的裁决并不代表相关法律争议必然就此结束。接下来的焦点将转向州最高法院是否受理上诉,以及第一修正案对民调及新闻报导的保障范围是否会在后续程序中再次成为争议核心。

这起案件的核心法律问题并不只是2024年民调是否准确,而是民调发布及新闻媒体对民调的报导,在何种情况下可以受到第一修正案对言论与新闻自由的保障。Beattie此次裁决明确认定,相关民调与报导属于受到宪法保护的政治言论,而川普提出的欺诈及消费者保护法主张不足以突破这项宪法保障。

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判决唯恐对新闻媒体与民调机关造成寒蝉效应;川普律师团称将上诉。",
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    "content": "<p>美国爱荷华州地方法院法官Scott Beattie周三(23日)驳回总统川普针对《Des Moines Register》及民调专家J. Ann Selzer提出的诉讼,认定2024年美国总统大选前公布的一项民调受到美国宪法第一修正案保障,属于受保护的政治言论。川普原本指控该民调涉嫌欺诈,并违反爱荷华州消费者欺诈法。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6614712/l/3861b32e3ef99e143f455397cedc3c13.jpg\" alt=\"川普告民调机构败诉 爱荷华法官:第一修正案保障政治言论\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>这起诉讼源于2024年11月2日公布的爱荷华民调。Selzer所属民调公司在大选前最后几天进行调查,结果显示当时的民主党总统候选人贺锦丽在爱荷华州可能投票选民中的支持率为47%,高于川普的44%,领先幅度达3个百分点。川普最终在2024年大选以约56%的得票率赢得爱荷华州,而全州当年约有200万人投票。</p>\n\n<p>川普于2024年12月对Selzer、《Des Moines Register》及该报母公司提起诉讼,指控这项民调在大选前发布具有误导性,并声称相关结果是为了损害他的声誉、协助民主党候选人。川普及共同原告、共和党众议员Mariannette Miller-Meeks及前爱荷华州参议员Brad Zaun主张,民调及相关报导造成他们在竞选最后阶段的时间、资金与其他资源受到损失。</p>\n\n<p>诉讼最初在联邦法院进行,之后于2025年转至爱荷华州法院重新提出。经过约1年的程序后,案件今年进入州法院审理。Selzer一方则由言论自由倡议组织Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression(FIRE)提供法律协助;《Des Moines Register》及其母公司USA Today Co.则主张,法院过去从未把新闻媒体发布的民调或相关报导视为商业言论,即使媒体本身以营利方式经营,也不会因此失去宪法保障。</p>\n\n<p>Beattie在判决中指出,川普的诉讼试图扩大爱荷华州成文法与普通法的适用范围,将受到第一修正案高度保障的言论转化为法律责任。法官认为,民调、预测及对未来选举结果的判断,本质上涉及对客观资料进行主观权衡,由于预测的是尚未发生且存在不确定性的未来事件,因此不能以一般事实陈述的方式要求发布者证明其绝对正确。</p>\n\n<p>Beattie进一步表示,即使为了判断案件是否应被驳回,而暂时接受川普阵营所提出的假设,即民调确实存在刻意偏差、结果是捏造的,诉讼中的3项主张仍然无法成立。法官认定相关主张未符合欺诈或消费者欺骗相关法律要求,因此即使按照川普阵营提出的事实假设处理,案件仍应被驳回。</p>\n\n<p>Beattie同时指出,第一修正案对相关言论提供的宪法保障范围足以阻止这起诉讼继续推进。他认为,若允许以消费者欺诈等法律主张追究民调发布者的责任,可能对新闻媒体及其他参与公共议题讨论者产生寒蝉效应,进而影响公共事务的报导与辩论。</p>\n\n<p>《Des Moines Register》的母公司USA Today Co.过去称为Gannett Co.,目前由USA Today Co.持有该报。公司首席法律顾问Polly Grunfeld Sack表示,这项判决涉及第一修正案及自由新闻在美国民主制度中的角色。Selzer则表示,民调属于社会科学,而非能够精准预知未来结果的工具,民调机构无法保证选举最终结果。</p>\n\n<p>Selzer及其法律团队此前主张,2024年民调即使最终没有准确反映爱荷华州的投票结果,也不代表相关调查及新闻报导可以被视为商业欺诈。她们并指出,该民调及新闻报导与川普、Miller-Meeks或Zaun之间不存在直接商业交易,因此不符合消费者欺诈法规所处理的典型交易关系。</p>\n\n<p>这项民调之所以引发高度关注,也与爱荷华州过去在美国总统大选中的政治地位有关。2024年选前3天公布的调查显示,贺锦丽在爱荷华州以47%支持率领先川普3个百分点,结果与最终选举明显不同。川普最后取得约56%的爱荷华州选票,显示该次民调与实际投票结果之间存在12个百分点的差距。</p>\n\n<p>川普近年多次与新闻媒体及民调机构发生法律或公开争议,此次爱荷华州案件也是其中之一。路透指出,川普曾在法院内外多次与媒体发生冲突,并提起多起针对媒体机构的诉讼,部分案件最终以和解等方式结束。</p>\n\n<p>此次爱荷华州判决公布之际,川普与媒体之间的另一场法律争议也正在发展。另一名法官周三就川普禁止CNN、MS NOW及Politico进入白宫采访范围一案举行听证,对相关措施是否符合联邦上诉法院先前裁决提出质疑,但当天并未作出最终裁决。</p>\n\n<p>在爱荷华州案件方面,川普法律团队已表示将向爱荷华州最高法院提出上诉,因此周三的裁决并不代表相关法律争议必然就此结束。接下来的焦点将转向州最高法院是否受理上诉,以及第一修正案对民调及新闻报导的保障范围是否会在后续程序中再次成为争议核心。</p>\n\n<p>这起案件的核心法律问题并不只是2024年民调是否准确,而是民调发布及新闻媒体对民调的报导,在何种情况下可以受到第一修正案对言论与新闻自由的保障。Beattie此次裁决明确认定,相关民调与报导属于受到宪法保护的政治言论,而川普提出的欺诈及消费者保护法主张不足以突破这项宪法保障。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17193.html\" title=\"〈美股早盘〉油价与美债殖利率攀升 主要指数开低\">〈美股早盘〉油价与美债殖利率攀升 主要指数开低</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17184.html\" title=\"关税战打了八年!美国真的赢了吗?中国零组件换条路照样进美国\">关税战打了八年!美国真的赢了吗?中国零组件换条路照样进美国</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17223.html\" title=\"〈贵金属盘后〉Fed官员接连放鹰 黄金挫逾1%逼近一周最低\">〈贵金属盘后〉Fed官员接连放鹰 黄金挫逾1%逼近一周最低</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17227.html\" title=\"最强AI大学诞生!黄仁勋、奥特曼、纳德拉当讲师 瞄准矽谷顶尖人才\">最强AI大学诞生!黄仁勋、奥特曼、纳德拉当讲师 瞄准矽谷顶尖人才</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17201.html\" title=\"殖利率曲线倒挂警铃大作!Fed升息预期再起 华尔街点名两大类股最受伤\">殖利率曲线倒挂警铃大作!Fed升息预期再起 华尔街点名两大类股最受伤</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17241.html\" title=\"川普首次会晤委内瑞拉代总统 双方满脸笑容\">川普首次会晤委内瑞拉代总统 双方满脸笑容</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-09-24T01:30:13.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-24T01:41:25.000Z"
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