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全球债市为何跌跌不休?十大原因一次看 美债殖利率年底冲6%

2026-10-02 00:37:39 网络 阅读(1)

全球债券殖利率几乎天天攀升,引发市场热议:究竟是哪些因素推动,还有多少上涨空间?

全球债市为何跌跌不休?十大原因一次看 美债殖利率年底冲6%

全球固定收益资产遭到抛售,推升指标性的美国10年期公债殖利率至2007年以来最高水准。上周一项Markets Pulse调查的173名受访者中,超过半数预测,美国30年期公债殖利率将在年底前升至6%。

从日本到法国,借贷成本也接连刷新纪录,带动彭博全球综合公债总报酬指数的殖利率升至2000年以来最高。今年全球债券下跌2.7%,股票则上涨13%。

这波抛售潮的背景,是通膨居高不下、财政疑虑升温,以及经济成长维持韧性。债市承受的压力持续增加,投资人也在争论,究竟哪些力量才是推升殖利率的主因。在此情势下,阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)的Torsten Slok等人士认为,利率恐将「在高档维持更久」。

安盛集团(AXA)首席经济学家Gilles Moec表示:「即使一些关键门槛已被突破,我们也不认为长期殖利率必然已达到能自行趋于稳定的水准。」

以下是全球债券遭到抛售的十大原因。

1、经济成长保持韧性

当经济前景黯淡时,投资人通常会转向债券。目前美国经济仍稳健运行,全球成长也未因伊朗战争与高昂借贷成本而失速。

全球商业活动强劲,制造业指标显示,主要经济体正迎来多年来最强劲的成长。

这种韧性助长通膨,也提高进一步升息的风险,同时让投资人更有理由偏好股票而非债券。通膨不利债券,因为它会侵蚀投资人未来收到的利息与本金的实质价值。

惠灵顿管理公司固定收益投资组合经理Martin Harvey表示:「成长仍然强劲,从最近的采购经理人指数(PMI)来看,甚至还在增强。目前债券并不是对冲股票风险的良好工具。」

2、大宗商品价格上涨

美伊战争引发高盛所称的史上最大石油供应冲击。

战事阻断能源通过关键的荷姆兹海峡,布兰特原油价格一度升至每桶126.41美元,进而推升汽油与柴油价格,使整体物价压力居高不下。

与此同时,食品价格也大幅上涨,部分原因是近期的热浪。

3、央行升息

联准会9月升息,决策官员并暗示,由于通膨仍高于2%的目标,可能需要进一步升息。

澳洲与日本央行也已升息以抑制通膨,交易员目前预期,英国、加拿大与欧洲未来几个月也将升息。

一篇近期发表的论文发现,自2020年8月以来,10年期公债名目殖利率的升幅约有90%发生在非农就业报告公布及联准会重要官员演说前后,显示市场对短期利率的预期,是推动殖利率的主要因素。

随着借贷成本上升,房屋所有权人减少房贷再融资,拉长房贷债券的存续期间,迫使部分投资人出售美国公债,以抵销因此增加的利率风险。

也有人推测,美国总统川普对联准会的批评,削弱其对抗通膨的公信力,成为投资人避开美债的另一个理由。不过,Evercore ISI分析师在报告中表示,他们「未见任何证据」支持这种说法。

4、云端巨头大举举债、扩建

AI基础设施建置竞赛引发举债热潮,进一步增加市场上的债券供给。今年全球企业为支应科技投资,已发行逾4,000亿美元债券,其中大部分来自美国。

这迫使各类借款人,包括政府与为并购筹资的企业,更激烈地争取投资人资金。

管理1.9兆美元资产的普信(T. Rowe Price)全球固定收益主管Arif Husain写道:「单是供给大幅增加,最终就应会推升美国公债等高品质政府债券的殖利率。」

巴克莱分析师指出,随后投入基础设施的支出,也是美国经济在借贷成本上升之际仍维持韧性的另一个原因。

5、财政赤字与债务攀升

预算赤字持续存在,各国政府又不愿真正着手解决,财政风险因而升高。受减税、2008年金融危机、新冠疫情,以及近期能源与地缘政治冲击等因素影响,美国债务最近首次突破40兆美元。

经济合作暨发展组织(OECD)成员国今年预计举债总额达18兆美元,大量债券供给涌入市场,促使投资人要求更高利率才愿意买进。

以法国为例,投资人正为明年的选举,以及民粹政府可能扩大支出预作布局,使法国成为借贷成本大幅攀升的国家之一。

PGIM Credit全球经济研究副主管Katharine Neiss表示:「已开发市场长期利率看似无止境地上升,正成为推动多个已开发经济体走向不可持续债务路径的另一项因素。」

TS Lombard全球总体经济与策略董事总经理Steven Blitz表示,美国缺乏「承受衰退的政治意愿,意味着目前这波殖利率涨势不会止于6%」,未来几年甚至可能升至8%。

6、国防支出增加

伊朗战争、持续中的乌克兰战事,以及北约、中东与亚洲更广泛的扩军趋势,推升全球军事支出至历史新高。

美国2026财政年度国防预算达1兆美元,首次跨越这一门槛。

军事支出增加扩大政府融资需求,促使各国发行更多债券,推升殖利率。

7、日本卖债效应

日本面临日元疲弱问题,当局可能正出售外国债券,以支撑汇价。

日本财务省外汇存底资料显示,8月底持有的外国证券较前一个月减少878亿美元,创下历来最大降幅,可能反映日本出售美国公债以支撑日元。

若进一步干预汇市,将为全球债市增添压力。不过,避免美债承压,也被视为美国协助日本支撑日元的原因之一。

同时,Yardeni Research总裁暨首席投资策略师Ed Yardeni表示,以日元融资的套利交易平仓,也是推动债券抛售的因素。这类交易是借入日元,再投资于报酬率较高的资产。

他写道,日本利率上升,如今正「迫使套利交易者出售先前以低成本日元贷款买进的全球政府债券」。

8、贸易战增添压力

川普持续推动的贸易战,带来另一层通膨风险。关税提高使进口商品更加昂贵,恐让物价压力持续居高不下。

这进一步强化利率将在高档维持更久的预期,也为债券殖利率带来更多上行压力。

贸易争端反映更深层的地缘政治分化,以及日益不稳定的全球前景。在这种环境下,投资人要求更高殖利率,以补偿增加的不确定性。

标准银行G10策略主管Steven Barrow表示,地缘政治风险升高,「似乎让许多国家更不愿持有美国政府债务」。

Evercore分析师指出,政策不确定性,以及美债所谓「便利性溢价」的减弱,也对美债殖利率上升「起了一定作用」。便利性溢价是指,投资人因美债具备流动性、安全性及作为担保品的用途,而愿意支付较高价格、接受较低报酬。

9、持有人结构改变

美债买家结构逐渐从联准会与外国央行,转向避险基金等美国与海外民间投资人。

彭博经济研究估算,自2020年以来,联准会与外国官方机构持有美债的金额占美国GDP比重,分别下降约12个百分点与8个百分点。

纽约联准银行研究人员上月表示,市场「随时间推移,对价格愈来愈敏感」,这可解释「历史上殖利率变动的相当大一部分」。

挪威主权财富基金最近也提议,降低其2.3兆美元投资组合中的政府债券配置。

10、全球储蓄过剩告终

最后,数十年来有助压低借贷成本的全球储蓄过剩,已经结束。

牛津经济研究院指出,全球金融危机以来,持续造成全球储蓄过剩的三股力量——财政撙节、美国去杠杆化与中国出口——如今已逆转,或受到保护主义限制。

同时,穆迪分析师在10月1日发布的报告中指出,随着生育率下降、预期寿命延长,人口老化成为另一项「重大」信用风险。报告表示,这些因素将减少劳动力供给、限制经济成长,并提高退休金成本。

这些趋势出现之际,政府与企业正需要庞大资金,再度迫使借款人激烈争取投资人资金,推升殖利率。

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      "id": 36,
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          "id": 43,
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          "id": 44,
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  "article": {
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    "title": "全球债市为何跌跌不休?十大原因一次看 美债殖利率年底冲6%",
    "shortTitle": "全球债市为何跌跌不休?十大原因一次看 美债殖利率年底冲6%",
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    "author": "网络",
    "description": "美国10年期公债殖利率升至2007年来高点,市场押注30年期年底恐上看6%。
全球债市遭抛售,主因是通膨、财政疑虑、经济韧性与央行升息预期。
AI投资举债、国防支出与日本卖债,推升债券供给并加剧殖利率上行压力。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6619429/l/918f0495a4c76ceac53d3cad8970ab1f.jpg",
    "content": "<p>全球债券殖利率几乎天天攀升,引发市场热议:究竟是哪些因素推动,还有多少上涨空间?</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6619429/l/918f0495a4c76ceac53d3cad8970ab1f.jpg\" alt=\"全球债市为何跌跌不休?十大原因一次看 美债殖利率年底冲6%\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>全球固定收益资产遭到抛售,推升指标性的美国10年期公债殖利率至2007年以来最高水准。上周一项Markets Pulse调查的173名受访者中,超过半数预测,美国30年期公债殖利率将在年底前升至6%。</p>\n\n<p>从日本到法国,借贷成本也接连刷新纪录,带动彭博全球综合公债总报酬指数的殖利率升至2000年以来最高。今年全球债券下跌2.7%,股票则上涨13%。</p>\n\n<p>这波抛售潮的背景,是通膨居高不下、财政疑虑升温,以及经济成长维持韧性。债市承受的压力持续增加,投资人也在争论,究竟哪些力量才是推升殖利率的主因。在此情势下,阿波罗全球管理公司(Apollo Global Management)的Torsten Slok等人士认为,利率恐将「在高档维持更久」。</p>\n\n<p>安盛集团(AXA)首席经济学家Gilles Moec表示:「即使一些关键门槛已被突破,我们也不认为长期殖利率必然已达到能自行趋于稳定的水准。」</p>\n\n<p>以下是全球债券遭到抛售的十大原因。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>1、经济成长保持韧性</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>当经济前景黯淡时,投资人通常会转向债券。目前美国经济仍稳健运行,全球成长也未因伊朗战争与高昂借贷成本而失速。</p>\n\n<p>全球商业活动强劲,制造业指标显示,主要经济体正迎来多年来最强劲的成长。</p>\n\n<p>这种韧性助长通膨,也提高进一步升息的风险,同时让投资人更有理由偏好股票而非债券。通膨不利债券,因为它会侵蚀投资人未来收到的利息与本金的实质价值。</p>\n\n<p>惠灵顿管理公司固定收益投资组合经理Martin Harvey表示:「成长仍然强劲,从最近的采购经理人指数(PMI)来看,甚至还在增强。目前债券并不是对冲股票风险的良好工具。」</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>2、大宗商品价格上涨</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>美伊战争引发高盛所称的史上最大石油供应冲击。</p>\n\n<p>战事阻断能源通过关键的荷姆兹海峡,布兰特原油价格一度升至每桶126.41美元,进而推升汽油与柴油价格,使整体物价压力居高不下。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,食品价格也大幅上涨,部分原因是近期的热浪。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>3、央行升息</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>联准会9月升息,决策官员并暗示,由于通膨仍高于2%的目标,可能需要进一步升息。</p>\n\n<p>澳洲与日本央行也已升息以抑制通膨,交易员目前预期,英国、加拿大与欧洲未来几个月也将升息。</p>\n\n<p>一篇近期发表的论文发现,自2020年8月以来,10年期公债名目殖利率的升幅约有90%发生在非农就业报告公布及联准会重要官员演说前后,显示市场对短期利率的预期,是推动殖利率的主要因素。</p>\n\n<p>随着借贷成本上升,房屋所有权人减少房贷再融资,拉长房贷债券的存续期间,迫使部分投资人出售美国公债,以抵销因此增加的利率风险。</p>\n\n<p>也有人推测,美国总统川普对联准会的批评,削弱其对抗通膨的公信力,成为投资人避开美债的另一个理由。不过,Evercore ISI分析师在报告中表示,他们「未见任何证据」支持这种说法。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>4、云端巨头大举举债、扩建</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>AI基础设施建置竞赛引发举债热潮,进一步增加市场上的债券供给。今年全球企业为支应科技投资,已发行逾4,000亿美元债券,其中大部分来自美国。</p>\n\n<p>这迫使各类借款人,包括政府与为并购筹资的企业,更激烈地争取投资人资金。</p>\n\n<p>管理1.9兆美元资产的普信(T. Rowe Price)全球固定收益主管Arif Husain写道:「单是供给大幅增加,最终就应会推升美国公债等高品质政府债券的殖利率。」</p>\n\n<p>巴克莱分析师指出,随后投入基础设施的支出,也是美国经济在借贷成本上升之际仍维持韧性的另一个原因。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>5、财政赤字与债务攀升</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>预算赤字持续存在,各国政府又不愿真正着手解决,财政风险因而升高。受减税、2008年金融危机、新冠疫情,以及近期能源与地缘政治冲击等因素影响,美国债务最近首次突破40兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>经济合作暨发展组织(OECD)成员国今年预计举债总额达18兆美元,大量债券供给涌入市场,促使投资人要求更高利率才愿意买进。</p>\n\n<p>以法国为例,投资人正为明年的选举,以及民粹政府可能扩大支出预作布局,使法国成为借贷成本大幅攀升的国家之一。</p>\n\n<p>PGIM Credit全球经济研究副主管Katharine Neiss表示:「已开发市场长期利率看似无止境地上升,正成为推动多个已开发经济体走向不可持续债务路径的另一项因素。」</p>\n\n<p>TS Lombard全球总体经济与策略董事总经理Steven Blitz表示,美国缺乏「承受衰退的政治意愿,意味着目前这波殖利率涨势不会止于6%」,未来几年甚至可能升至8%。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>6、国防支出增加</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>伊朗战争、持续中的乌克兰战事,以及北约、中东与亚洲更广泛的扩军趋势,推升全球军事支出至历史新高。</p>\n\n<p>美国2026财政年度国防预算达1兆美元,首次跨越这一门槛。</p>\n\n<p>军事支出增加扩大政府融资需求,促使各国发行更多债券,推升殖利率。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>7、日本卖债效应</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>日本面临日元疲弱问题,当局可能正出售外国债券,以支撑汇价。</p>\n\n<p>日本财务省外汇存底资料显示,8月底持有的外国证券较前一个月减少878亿美元,创下历来最大降幅,可能反映日本出售美国公债以支撑日元。</p>\n\n<p>若进一步干预汇市,将为全球债市增添压力。不过,避免美债承压,也被视为美国协助日本支撑日元的原因之一。</p>\n\n<p>同时,Yardeni Research总裁暨首席投资策略师Ed Yardeni表示,以日元融资的套利交易平仓,也是推动债券抛售的因素。这类交易是借入日元,再投资于报酬率较高的资产。</p>\n\n<p>他写道,日本利率上升,如今正「迫使套利交易者出售先前以低成本日元贷款买进的全球政府债券」。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>8、贸易战增添压力</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>川普持续推动的贸易战,带来另一层通膨风险。关税提高使进口商品更加昂贵,恐让物价压力持续居高不下。</p>\n\n<p>这进一步强化利率将在高档维持更久的预期,也为债券殖利率带来更多上行压力。</p>\n\n<p>贸易争端反映更深层的地缘政治分化,以及日益不稳定的全球前景。在这种环境下,投资人要求更高殖利率,以补偿增加的不确定性。</p>\n\n<p>标准银行G10策略主管Steven Barrow表示,地缘政治风险升高,「似乎让许多国家更不愿持有美国政府债务」。</p>\n\n<p>Evercore分析师指出,政策不确定性,以及美债所谓「便利性溢价」的减弱,也对美债殖利率上升「起了一定作用」。便利性溢价是指,投资人因美债具备流动性、安全性及作为担保品的用途,而愿意支付较高价格、接受较低报酬。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>9、持有人结构改变</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>美债买家结构逐渐从联准会与外国央行,转向避险基金等美国与海外民间投资人。</p>\n\n<p>彭博经济研究估算,自2020年以来,联准会与外国官方机构持有美债的金额占美国GDP比重,分别下降约12个百分点与8个百分点。</p>\n\n<p>纽约联准银行研究人员上月表示,市场「随时间推移,对价格愈来愈敏感」,这可解释「历史上殖利率变动的相当大一部分」。</p>\n\n<p>挪威主权财富基金最近也提议,降低其2.3兆美元投资组合中的政府债券配置。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>10、全球储蓄过剩告终</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>最后,数十年来有助压低借贷成本的全球储蓄过剩,已经结束。</p>\n\n<p>牛津经济研究院指出,全球金融危机以来,持续造成全球储蓄过剩的三股力量&mdash;&mdash;财政撙节、美国去杠杆化与中国出口&mdash;&mdash;如今已逆转,或受到保护主义限制。</p>\n\n<p>同时,穆迪分析师在10月1日发布的报告中指出,随着生育率下降、预期寿命延长,人口老化成为另一项「重大」信用风险。报告表示,这些因素将减少劳动力供给、限制经济成长,并提高退休金成本。</p>\n\n<p>这些趋势出现之际,政府与企业正需要庞大资金,再度迫使借款人激烈争取投资人资金,推升殖利率。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18148.html\" title=\"黄仁勋、苏姿丰出任中国清华经管学院顾问委员会委员\">黄仁勋、苏姿丰出任中国清华经管学院顾问委员会委员</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18120.html\" title=\"配息基金推荐前必看的6大风险! 月配息基金有哪些风险?\">配息基金推荐前必看的6大风险! 月配息基金有哪些风险?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18147.html\" title=\"全球债市卖压不止 英国30年期公债殖利率近30年来首度突破6%\">全球债市卖压不止 英国30年期公债殖利率近30年来首度突破6%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18171.html\" title=\"报导:美国要求法德释出柴油储备 否则祭出口禁令 欧盟积极协调统一立场\">报导:美国要求法德释出柴油储备 否则祭出口禁令 欧盟积极协调统一立场</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18181.html\" title=\"借钱给客户买算力!博通向Anthropic提供最高420亿美元融资\">借钱给客户买算力!博通向Anthropic提供最高420亿美元融资</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18183.html\" title=\"美国上周初领失业金人数降至19.7万 续领创逾三年低点\">美国上周初领失业金人数降至19.7万 续领创逾三年低点</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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