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美债利息一年烧掉1兆美元 压低利率恐让债民更痛

2026-10-06 00:20:19 网络 阅读(1)

美国政府的借款成本愈来愈高,而能轻易抑制成本的手段正逐渐耗尽。

美债利息一年烧掉1兆美元 压低利率恐让债民更痛

长天期美债殖利率接近20年来最高水准,背后原因看来并非短期因素。华府持续大量发债,填补迟迟未缩减的财政赤字;通膨降温缓慢;AI 投资热潮则支撑经济,使利率居高不下,即使房市与汽车业已陷入困境。

结果是,美国背负超过 40 兆美元债务,每年利息支出约达 1 兆美元。

华府仍有应对手段,从提高短期借款比重,到最极端的做法——由联准会限制长天期殖利率。但政策工具动用得愈深入,推升通膨的风险就愈高,也可能让债券持有人承受更多痛苦。

阿波罗全球管理首席经济学家斯洛克(Torsten Slok)表示,政府每收到 5 美元税收,就有 1 美元用于偿付国债本息。「这个比例非常、非常高,而且还会持续上升。」

美国总统川普 9 月 28 日接受《时代》杂志专访时表示,可透过经济成长或通膨等方式清偿债务。

但若这些方法无效,财政部还有其他选项,手段从温和到激进不等。目前,财政部已提高短期国库券的发行比重,并小规模买回旧债,以改善市场流动性。

若情况大幅恶化,下一步就需要联准会采取行动。一种做法是大规模买进长天期债券,类似 1961 年的「扭转操作」;另一种则是直接设定长天期殖利率上限,这是美国自二战时期以来未再采用的措施。政策制定者愈往这些选项深入,就愈能压低利率,却也愈可能加剧通膨。

DoubleLine Capital 执行长冈拉克(Jeffrey Gundlach)近日在一场投资活动上表示:「我们正走到一个阶段,政府对目前利率水准的不安已相当明显。」

扭转操作

依据过去的政策经验,第一步升级措施可能是全面重启扭转操作。这项 1961 年采用的策略,是透过卖出短天期债券、买进长天期债券,使殖利率曲线趋于平坦。

要让扭转操作发挥实质效果,需要联准会协助,但除非出现明确的金融危机,联准会可能不愿出手。斯洛克表示,若无法借助联准会的资产负债表,财政部「压低利率的资源有限」。

然而,联准会主席华许(Kevin Warsh)曾批评联准会持有大量美债及其他证券,认为大规模购债可能模糊货币政策与政府债务管理的界线。

他主张建立新的财政部与联准会协议,由联准会主席与财政部长公开说明联准会资产负债表及财政部发债的政策目标。

殖利率曲线控制

若扭转操作式的购债仍不足以奏效,下一步就是明确实施殖利率曲线控制。在这项政策下,央行承诺无限量买进政府债券,将长天期殖利率压在设定的上限以下。

为协助筹措二战及战后复苏所需资金,联准会自 1942 年起将长天期美债殖利率上限订为 2.5%,直到 1951 年财政部与联准会达成协议为止。日本银行也曾于 2016 至 2024 年间实施类似政策。

透过人为压低利率,殖利率曲线控制能减轻赤字带来的政治压力。但这项政策能否奏效,取决于投资人是否担心收回的美元已因通膨而贬值。一旦信心动摇,原本用来压低利率的购债措施,反而可能助长政策试图掩盖的通膨。

乔治梅森大学 Mercatus Center 资深研究员德鲁吉(Veronique de Rugy)表示,归根究柢,解决债务问题的唯一方法是削减支出。「国会必须进行财政调整,换句话说,就是撙节。联准会无法独力完成。」

分歧的路径

凯投宏观首席经济顾问希金斯(John Higgins)表示,二战以来,美国仅两度明显降低债务占 GDP 比率,而债券持有人在这两个时期的处境截然不同。

战后,美国债务占 GDP 比率从 1946 年的约 106%,降至 1974 年的 23%,但 10 年期美债殖利率却从 2.2% 升至 7.5%。1990 年代,债务占 GDP 比率则从 48% 降至 32%,殖利率也随之下滑。

差别在哪里?战后,受限的借款成本与相对偏高的通膨,使名目经济成长率高于美债殖利率,即使财政纪律有限,也能降低债务比率。1990 年代,利率略高于经济成长率,因此降低债务比率主要靠抑制支出与增加收入。

如今的选项仍沿着这两条路径:一是财政撙节搭配殖利率下滑;另一种则是金融压抑与通膨,债务比率虽改善,殖利率却上升。

目前,法定支出占预算的比重高于 1990 年代,国会又不愿增税或删减支出。因此,希金斯认为,风险「偏向」会伤害债券持有人的通膨路径。

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专家指削债唯一解法仍是国会撙节;否则金融压抑与通膨风险恐上升,伤及债券持有人。",
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    "content": "<p>美国政府的借款成本愈来愈高,而能轻易抑制成本的手段正逐渐耗尽。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6621950/l/55c7cb2fe958cac9adc6f700d5fab535.jpg\" alt=\"美债利息一年烧掉1兆美元 压低利率恐让债民更痛\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>长天期美债殖利率接近20年来最高水准,背后原因看来并非短期因素。华府持续大量发债,填补迟迟未缩减的财政赤字;通膨降温缓慢;AI 投资热潮则支撑经济,使利率居高不下,即使房市与汽车业已陷入困境。</p>\n\n<p>结果是,美国背负超过 40 兆美元债务,每年利息支出约达 1 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>华府仍有应对手段,从提高短期借款比重,到最极端的做法&mdash;&mdash;由联准会限制长天期殖利率。但政策工具动用得愈深入,推升通膨的风险就愈高,也可能让债券持有人承受更多痛苦。</p>\n\n<p>阿波罗全球管理首席经济学家斯洛克(Torsten Slok)表示,政府每收到 5 美元税收,就有 1 美元用于偿付国债本息。「这个比例非常、非常高,而且还会持续上升。」</p>\n\n<p>美国总统川普 9 月 28 日接受《时代》杂志专访时表示,可透过经济成长或通膨等方式清偿债务。</p>\n\n<p>但若这些方法无效,财政部还有其他选项,手段从温和到激进不等。目前,财政部已提高短期国库券的发行比重,并小规模买回旧债,以改善市场流动性。</p>\n\n<p>若情况大幅恶化,下一步就需要联准会采取行动。一种做法是大规模买进长天期债券,类似 1961 年的「扭转操作」;另一种则是直接设定长天期殖利率上限,这是美国自二战时期以来未再采用的措施。政策制定者愈往这些选项深入,就愈能压低利率,却也愈可能加剧通膨。</p>\n\n<p>DoubleLine Capital 执行长冈拉克(Jeffrey Gundlach)近日在一场投资活动上表示:「我们正走到一个阶段,政府对目前利率水准的不安已相当明显。」</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>扭转操作</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>依据过去的政策经验,第一步升级措施可能是全面重启扭转操作。这项 1961 年采用的策略,是透过卖出短天期债券、买进长天期债券,使殖利率曲线趋于平坦。</p>\n\n<p>要让扭转操作发挥实质效果,需要联准会协助,但除非出现明确的金融危机,联准会可能不愿出手。斯洛克表示,若无法借助联准会的资产负债表,财政部「压低利率的资源有限」。</p>\n\n<p>然而,联准会主席华许(Kevin Warsh)曾批评联准会持有大量美债及其他证券,认为大规模购债可能模糊货币政策与政府债务管理的界线。</p>\n\n<p>他主张建立新的财政部与联准会协议,由联准会主席与财政部长公开说明联准会资产负债表及财政部发债的政策目标。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>殖利率曲线控制</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>若扭转操作式的购债仍不足以奏效,下一步就是明确实施殖利率曲线控制。在这项政策下,央行承诺无限量买进政府债券,将长天期殖利率压在设定的上限以下。</p>\n\n<p>为协助筹措二战及战后复苏所需资金,联准会自 1942 年起将长天期美债殖利率上限订为 2.5%,直到 1951 年财政部与联准会达成协议为止。日本银行也曾于 2016 至 2024 年间实施类似政策。</p>\n\n<p>透过人为压低利率,殖利率曲线控制能减轻赤字带来的政治压力。但这项政策能否奏效,取决于投资人是否担心收回的美元已因通膨而贬值。一旦信心动摇,原本用来压低利率的购债措施,反而可能助长政策试图掩盖的通膨。</p>\n\n<p>乔治梅森大学 Mercatus Center 资深研究员德鲁吉(Veronique de Rugy)表示,归根究柢,解决债务问题的唯一方法是削减支出。「国会必须进行财政调整,换句话说,就是撙节。联准会无法独力完成。」</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>分歧的路径</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>凯投宏观首席经济顾问希金斯(John Higgins)表示,二战以来,美国仅两度明显降低债务占 GDP 比率,而债券持有人在这两个时期的处境截然不同。</p>\n\n<p>战后,美国债务占 GDP 比率从 1946 年的约 106%,降至 1974 年的 23%,但 10 年期美债殖利率却从 2.2% 升至 7.5%。1990 年代,债务占 GDP 比率则从 48% 降至 32%,殖利率也随之下滑。</p>\n\n<p>差别在哪里?战后,受限的借款成本与相对偏高的通膨,使名目经济成长率高于美债殖利率,即使财政纪律有限,也能降低债务比率。1990 年代,利率略高于经济成长率,因此降低债务比率主要靠抑制支出与增加收入。</p>\n\n<p>如今的选项仍沿着这两条路径:一是财政撙节搭配殖利率下滑;另一种则是金融压抑与通膨,债务比率虽改善,殖利率却上升。</p>\n\n<p>目前,法定支出占预算的比重高于 1990 年代,国会又不愿增税或删减支出。因此,希金斯认为,风险「偏向」会伤害债券持有人的通膨路径。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18645.html\" title=\"〈房产〉台北市水源二、三期整宅公办都更审议通过 将投资76亿元兴建大楼\">〈房产〉台北市水源二、三期整宅公办都更审议通过 将投资76亿元兴建大楼</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18686.html\" title=\"重返2002年高点!美债殖利率冲5.3% 瑞银警告「3高」重塑全球金融\">重返2002年高点!美债殖利率冲5.3% 瑞银警告「3高」重塑全球金融</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18698.html\" title=\"日本公债等不到加码讯号?2兆美元退休基金动向受瞩\">日本公债等不到加码讯号?2兆美元退休基金动向受瞩</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18646.html\" title=\"叩关5万点创高还能买? 巨亨买基金:前3季绩效翻倍基金 9成由台股包办\">叩关5万点创高还能买? 巨亨买基金:前3季绩效翻倍基金 9成由台股包办</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18668.html\" title=\"弱化就业数据抵消高殖利率压力 比特币一度逼近8.7万美元\">弱化就业数据抵消高殖利率压力 比特币一度逼近8.7万美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18695.html\" title=\"债券殖利率飙升下 黄金仍为各国央行核心避险储备资产\">债券殖利率飙升下 黄金仍为各国央行核心避险储备资产</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-05T16:00:05.000Z",
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