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《纽约客》美国社会主义的复兴能否成功?

2026-11-11 16:46:14 网络 阅读(1)

美国民主社会主义运动正迎来数十年来最受瞩目的时刻。美国民主社会主义者协会(DSA)会员人数已达13万人,支持该组织的候选人在国会及地方选举接连取得胜利,民主社会主义也重新成为美国政治的重要议题。

《纽约客》美国社会主义的复兴能否成功?

《纽约客》(The New Yorker)即将于11月16日刊出的文章指出,这股声势让人想起1912年。当时美国社会党拥有12万名党员,全美约有300种社会主义报刊,总统候选人德布斯(Eugene V. Debs)更以结束「工资奴役」为竞选诉求。全美有逾千名社会主义者担任公职,包括56名市长、160名市议员及145名其他地方民选官员。

文章作者、哈佛大学历史学教授 Jill Lepore 认为,当年的社会主义运动声势之盛,甚至让人相信,一个新的政治时代即将到来。如今,历史似乎正在重演,但这次社会主义运动面对的环境已有所不同。

除了如何在民主党内扩大影响力,当代社会主义者还必须回答另一个问题:当人工智慧(AI)可能改变工作与生产方式,社会主义所追求的理想社会,究竟会是什么模样?

从1912年社会党到2026年DSA

1912年是美国社会主义运动最辉煌的年份之一。当时民众对企业托拉斯、百万富翁及寡头垄断政治权力的不满日益升高,两大政党又被批评漠视劳工权益,加上最高法院接连推翻联邦所得税及限制工时的法律,让社会主义者获得更多支持。

密尔瓦基报人伯杰(Victor Berger)于1910年当选联邦众议员,成为美国首位当选国会议员的社会主义者。他曾与铁路工会领袖德布斯共同创立美国社会党。隔年,纽约州斯克内克塔迪市也选出社会主义市长,承诺在现有资本主义制度下尽可能落实社会主义原则,包括降低电车票价。

1912年社会党代表大会通过的政纲,将资本主义造成的高昂生活成本、劳工恶劣工作环境及财富寡头剥削列为主要批判对象,并主张铁路、电报线路、矿山、森林、油井、银行及货币体系等资产应由集体持有。

在劳工政策方面,政纲要求缩短工时、每周工作不超过五天半,建立最低工资、退休金、职灾及失业保险制度,并废除童工。此外,社会党也主张实施累进联邦所得税、赋予女性投票权,甚至废除参议院、总统否决权及选举人团制度。

如今,美国民主社会主义者协会正重新高举这面旗帜。DSA目前拥有约13万名会员,其中包括联邦众议员奥卡西奥-科尔特斯(Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez)及特莱布(Rashida Tlaib),全美各地也有数百名获其支持的州及地方官员。

DSA并非政党,但今年夏天公布的新政纲,与1912年美国社会党的主张有不少相似之处。该组织将目标定为改造社会、建立民主社会主义共和国,并批评美国现有政党受到亿万富翁及战争贩子资助。政纲甚至提出废除参议院,并以由国会选出的行政及司法机构取代总统与最高法院。

这些主张也引发政治反弹。民主党内部分人士公开批评DSA政纲,福斯新闻主持人布雷姆(Shannon Bream)曾访问DSA共同主席罗默(Megan Romer),询问她是否支持废除边境、赦免所有非法居留者、取消五角大厦预算及大幅废除监狱制度。罗默对相关提议表示认同,并称这些目标将分阶段推动。

不过,选举结果显示,这股政治力量并未因争议而消退。2026年期中选举中,6名DSA成员在加州、科罗拉多州、密西根州、纽约州及宾夕法尼亚州赢得国会席次,其中两人成功连任。DSA支持的候选人也拿下洛杉矶、华盛顿特区、密西根州安娜堡及罗德岛州普罗维登斯的市长选举。

即使未能胜选,社会主义者也从选战中取得政治成果。DSA成员尼克森(Angie Nixon)挑战佛罗里达州共和党籍联邦参议员穆迪(Ashley Moody),最终仍告落败,但穆迪的胜选差距仅2.9个百分点。纽约市长马姆达尼(Zohran Mamdani)则在民主党州长霍楚尔(Kathy Hochul)的选举之夜活动上表示,民主党必须重新成为劳工阶级的政党。

美国为何始终没有强大的社会主义政党?

美国没有真正意义上的社会主义政党,社会主义也从未在两大政党中取得主导地位。这与其他西方民主国家的发展形成鲜明对比,也让早期美国社会主义者感到意外。毕竟,美国从贵格会教徒到欧文主义者,都有悠久的社群主义实验传统。

社会主义真正成为美国政治焦点是1893年经济恐慌之后。铁路大亨普尔曼削减工人工资,德布斯因此号召罢工,并于1895年因组织罢工遭到逮捕。探监期间,伯杰带了一本《资本论》给他。

德布斯原本是民主党人,直到1897年,富豪资助的竞选活动让威廉·麦金莱当选总统,他才逐渐认定政治权力掌握在富人手中,进而转向社会主义。

1906年,德国经济学家桑巴特提出一个至今仍受到讨论的问题:「为什么美国没有社会主义?」他认为,美国工人尚未承受晚期资本主义最严重的冲击,生活中的物质享受也削弱了社会主义的吸引力。他甚至以烤牛肉和苹果派形容美国人对舒适生活的追求,认为这些日常享受足以让社会主义乌托邦失去吸引力。

美国社会党确实曾在1912年达到高峰,但此后便逐渐衰退。部分原因是民主党开始吸收社会党提出的改革主张。威尔逊(Thomas Woodrow Wilson)当选总统后,民主党推动联邦所得税及参议员直选等宪法修正案,最低工资、工时限制、废除童工、退休金及失业保险等政策,也陆续在各州取得进展,后来更在罗斯福新政期间扩大实施。

另一方面,社会党内部分裂也削弱了运动力量。1917年俄国布尔什维克革命后,美国社会主义者对革命路线产生分歧,部分人转向共产主义。社会党反对美国参与第一次世界大战,政府则透过《间谍法》及《煽动叛乱法》打压反战声音,数百名社会主义者遭到起诉,德布斯也身陷囹圄。

1920年,仍在狱中的德布斯以「从监狱到白宫」为口号再次参选总统。到了1925年,他已坦言社会党几乎名存实亡。第二次世界大战前后,社会党继续因反战立场及内部分歧失去影响力。社会学家丹尼尔·贝尔认为,到了1950年,在麦卡锡主义及第二波红色恐慌影响下,社会主义已不再是美国政治与社会中的重要力量。

此后,学界提出多种解释,包括美国缺乏封建历史与既定阶级制度、政治制度不利第三势力生存、社会主义者未能与工会建立稳固联盟,以及政府对左翼政治活动的压制等。

贝尔则将衰退归因于社会主义者内部的分裂,以及始终无法解决的路线问题:究竟应接受资本主义制度,透过劳工运动从内部改革,还是像共产主义者一样,彻底与资本主义对抗?Lepore指出,这项难题至今仍困扰美国左翼。

社会主义透过民主党重新取得影响力

尽管社会主义作为独立政党逐渐衰退,其政策理念却持续影响美国政府。从进步主义时期、罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt )新政到詹森(Lyndon Baines Johnson)的「伟大社会」政策,社会主义者都曾发挥作用,其中最重要的人物之一是哈林顿(Michael Harrington)。

哈林顿曾加入天主教工人运动,后来成为马克思主义者,并投入民权运动。他认为,美国社会主义者不应只专注于维持一个独立政党,而应推动政治重组,建立能够结合劳工、自由派及非裔美国人的第二大政治力量。

1962年,哈林顿出版《另一个美国》(The Other America),将焦点放在繁荣年代中仍生活于贫困的人群。这本书后来受到《纽约客》长篇书评《我们看不见的穷人》推动,逐渐引起政治圈关注。时任总统甘迺迪(John F. Kennedy)的经济顾问委员会主席海勒据称将书评交给甘迺迪,相关讨论后来也成为甘迺迪及其继任者推动「向贫困宣战」政策的背景之一。

1968年,哈林顿成为社会党领袖,但他始终认为社会主义不应局限于一个独立政党。1972年,他辞去社会党共同主席职务,隔年参与组建后来于1982年正式更名为美国民主社会主义者协会的组织。

DSA在桑德斯2016年竞选总统后开始加速扩张。近年来,随着贫富差距扩大,民众对社会主义的支持也有所上升。盖洛普今年秋季公布的调查显示,美国民众对社会主义的支持率升至43%,创下新高;此外,约三分之二受访者支持全民医疗保险。

从历史来看,社会主义在美国贫富差距扩大时较容易获得支持,在整体经济繁荣时则相对衰弱。美国最富有的1%人口所得占比自1970年代以来持续上升,目前已达1920年代以来最高水准。相较之下,平价医疗、住房及高等教育的取得难度增加,也让社会主义诉求重新获得关注。

民主党过去曾在进步时代推动劳工立法、竞选资金改革、社会福利及反托拉斯政策,但从柯林顿(Bill Clinton)到拜登(Joe Biden),民主党在这些领域的改革成果已不如以往。Lepore认为,这也有助于解释桑德斯在2016年的崛起,以及DSA近年的扩张。

AI时代的社会主义乌托邦

然而,当代社会主义者若要建立新的政治力量,仍须回答一个根本问题:他们究竟想建立什么样的社会?

主张经济由中央规划的社会主义者,对于如何描绘未来社会却往往抱持矛盾态度。马克思曾提醒人们,不应替未来社会撰写一套「食谱」,但他也曾想像,在没有资本主义及劳动分工的世界里,人们可以上午打猎、下午捕鱼、晚上放牧,饭后再从事批判活动。

近一个世纪后,经济学家凯因斯也曾预测,科技进步将让人类逐渐摆脱繁重劳动,进入经济富足、休闲时间大幅增加的时代。不过,他也提出新的难题:当人们不再需要长时间工作,该如何运用增加的闲暇?

近年民主社会主义者开始更积极地描绘理想社会。经济学家、哲学家及《雅各宾》杂志创办人合著的《蓝图:社会主义如何在现实世界中运作》,便试图提出一套公平社会的具体模式,描绘人们未来可以将更多时间用于阅读、烹饪、旅行及亲近自然。

DSA今年公布的政纲也提出类似想像:在没有资本主义的社会中,人们可以早上送孩子上学、办理日常事务或就医,下午运动、学习新技能或阅读,晚上则与亲友聚餐、看电影或散步。

Lepore指出,这种未来图像与科技业领袖对AI时代的想像相当接近。马斯克及OpenAI执行长奥特曼(Sam Altman)都曾谈论一个由AI与自动化带动富足、降低人类劳动需求的世界。当生产力不再依赖大量人力,社会主义所追求的经济规划与资源分配,也可能与科技业的发展愿景产生交集。

马斯克认为,未来人们可能不再需要工作,并透过全民基本收入获得保障。他甚至提出「全民富足收入」的概念。奥特曼则曾提出「全民基本算力」构想,让每个人都能取得一定程度的运算资源,并自由使用、出售或捐赠。他相信,人们最终会找到自己真正热爱的事情。

马斯克也曾以种菜为例,说明即使未来人们可以直接到商店购买食物,仍有人会因为喜欢而选择自己种植。

哲学家博斯特罗姆(Nick Bostrom)在2024年出版的《深度乌托邦:一个已解决世界中的生命与意义》,则进一步探讨后稀缺、后工作社会的可能性。他认为,当物质需求及劳动问题获得解决,人类将面临更难回答的「意义问题」:如果不再需要工作,人们又该如何找到生活目标?

这种社会主义与科技决定论的交会,正是Lepore眼中当代美国左翼面临的新局面。对2026年的社会主义者而言,融入民主党可能意味着放弃彻底取代资本主义的目标,转而争取全民医疗保险及绿色新政等较具体的改革。

但另一股力量也正在改变未来想像。文章最后指出,科技巨头掌握的资源与影响力,可能比任何政党都更有能力推动AI时代的社会变革。问题在于,当AI让人类不再需要工作,究竟会带来人人共享的富足,还是一个人类因不再被需要而失去社会位置的世界?

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      "name": "外汇开户",
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          "id": 67,
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          "id": 68,
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          "id": 69,
          "pid": 65,
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "0",
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          "id": 70,
          "pid": 65,
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          "id": 72,
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          "name": "EC外汇",
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      "id": 10,
      "pid": 0,
      "name": "首页",
      "pinyin": "home",
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      "orderBy": 0,
      "target": "0",
      "status": "0",
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          "pid": 10,
          "name": "外汇平台排名",
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          "target": "0",
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          "id": 34,
          "pid": 10,
          "name": "保险",
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "1",
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      "status": "0",
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      "id": 32,
      "pid": 10,
      "name": "外汇平台排名",
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    "title": "《纽约客》美国社会主义的复兴能否成功?",
    "shortTitle": "《纽约客》美国社会主义的复兴能否成功?",
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    "description": "DSA会员达13万,2026年期中选举夺6席国会、并赢得多地市长选举。
文章对照1912年美国社会党高峰,指社会主义再成美国政治焦点。
在AI与自动化想像下,社会主义的未来目标与分配模式成新课题。",
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    "content": "<p>美国民主社会主义运动正迎来数十年来最受瞩目的时刻。美国民主社会主义者协会(DSA)会员人数已达13万人,支持该组织的候选人在国会及地方选举接连取得胜利,民主社会主义也重新成为美国政治的重要议题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6658249/l/fcbf51d84fe49e992db7c29d9d0e0eed.jpg\" alt=\"《纽约客》美国社会主义的复兴能否成功?\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>《纽约客》(The New Yorker)即将于11月16日刊出的文章指出,这股声势让人想起1912年。当时美国社会党拥有12万名党员,全美约有300种社会主义报刊,总统候选人德布斯(Eugene V. Debs)更以结束「工资奴役」为竞选诉求。全美有逾千名社会主义者担任公职,包括56名市长、160名市议员及145名其他地方民选官员。</p>\n\n<p>文章作者、哈佛大学历史学教授 Jill Lepore 认为,当年的社会主义运动声势之盛,甚至让人相信,一个新的政治时代即将到来。如今,历史似乎正在重演,但这次社会主义运动面对的环境已有所不同。</p>\n\n<p>除了如何在民主党内扩大影响力,当代社会主义者还必须回答另一个问题:当人工智慧(AI)可能改变工作与生产方式,社会主义所追求的理想社会,究竟会是什么模样?</p>\n\n<h6>从1912年社会党到2026年DSA</h6>\n\n<p>1912年是美国社会主义运动最辉煌的年份之一。当时民众对企业托拉斯、百万富翁及寡头垄断政治权力的不满日益升高,两大政党又被批评漠视劳工权益,加上最高法院接连推翻联邦所得税及限制工时的法律,让社会主义者获得更多支持。</p>\n\n<p>密尔瓦基报人伯杰(Victor Berger)于1910年当选联邦众议员,成为美国首位当选国会议员的社会主义者。他曾与铁路工会领袖德布斯共同创立美国社会党。隔年,纽约州斯克内克塔迪市也选出社会主义市长,承诺在现有资本主义制度下尽可能落实社会主义原则,包括降低电车票价。</p>\n\n<p>1912年社会党代表大会通过的政纲,将资本主义造成的高昂生活成本、劳工恶劣工作环境及财富寡头剥削列为主要批判对象,并主张铁路、电报线路、矿山、森林、油井、银行及货币体系等资产应由集体持有。</p>\n\n<p>在劳工政策方面,政纲要求缩短工时、每周工作不超过五天半,建立最低工资、退休金、职灾及失业保险制度,并废除童工。此外,社会党也主张实施累进联邦所得税、赋予女性投票权,甚至废除参议院、总统否决权及选举人团制度。</p>\n\n<p>如今,美国民主社会主义者协会正重新高举这面旗帜。DSA目前拥有约13万名会员,其中包括联邦众议员奥卡西奥-科尔特斯(Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez)及特莱布(Rashida Tlaib),全美各地也有数百名获其支持的州及地方官员。</p>\n\n<p>DSA并非政党,但今年夏天公布的新政纲,与1912年美国社会党的主张有不少相似之处。该组织将目标定为改造社会、建立民主社会主义共和国,并批评美国现有政党受到亿万富翁及战争贩子资助。政纲甚至提出废除参议院,并以由国会选出的行政及司法机构取代总统与最高法院。</p>\n\n<p>这些主张也引发政治反弹。民主党内部分人士公开批评DSA政纲,福斯新闻主持人布雷姆(Shannon Bream)曾访问DSA共同主席罗默(Megan Romer),询问她是否支持废除边境、赦免所有非法居留者、取消五角大厦预算及大幅废除监狱制度。罗默对相关提议表示认同,并称这些目标将分阶段推动。</p>\n\n<p>不过,选举结果显示,这股政治力量并未因争议而消退。2026年期中选举中,6名DSA成员在加州、科罗拉多州、密西根州、纽约州及宾夕法尼亚州赢得国会席次,其中两人成功连任。DSA支持的候选人也拿下洛杉矶、华盛顿特区、密西根州安娜堡及罗德岛州普罗维登斯的市长选举。</p>\n\n<p>即使未能胜选,社会主义者也从选战中取得政治成果。DSA成员尼克森(Angie Nixon)挑战佛罗里达州共和党籍联邦参议员穆迪(Ashley Moody),最终仍告落败,但穆迪的胜选差距仅2.9个百分点。纽约市长马姆达尼(Zohran Mamdani)则在民主党州长霍楚尔(Kathy Hochul)的选举之夜活动上表示,民主党必须重新成为劳工阶级的政党。</p>\n\n<h6>美国为何始终没有强大的社会主义政党?</h6>\n\n<p>美国没有真正意义上的社会主义政党,社会主义也从未在两大政党中取得主导地位。这与其他西方民主国家的发展形成鲜明对比,也让早期美国社会主义者感到意外。毕竟,美国从贵格会教徒到欧文主义者,都有悠久的社群主义实验传统。</p>\n\n<p>社会主义真正成为美国政治焦点是1893年经济恐慌之后。铁路大亨普尔曼削减工人工资,德布斯因此号召罢工,并于1895年因组织罢工遭到逮捕。探监期间,伯杰带了一本《资本论》给他。</p>\n\n<p>德布斯原本是民主党人,直到1897年,富豪资助的竞选活动让威廉&middot;麦金莱当选总统,他才逐渐认定政治权力掌握在富人手中,进而转向社会主义。</p>\n\n<p>1906年,德国经济学家桑巴特提出一个至今仍受到讨论的问题:「为什么美国没有社会主义?」他认为,美国工人尚未承受晚期资本主义最严重的冲击,生活中的物质享受也削弱了社会主义的吸引力。他甚至以烤牛肉和苹果派形容美国人对舒适生活的追求,认为这些日常享受足以让社会主义乌托邦失去吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>美国社会党确实曾在1912年达到高峰,但此后便逐渐衰退。部分原因是民主党开始吸收社会党提出的改革主张。威尔逊(Thomas Woodrow Wilson)当选总统后,民主党推动联邦所得税及参议员直选等宪法修正案,最低工资、工时限制、废除童工、退休金及失业保险等政策,也陆续在各州取得进展,后来更在罗斯福新政期间扩大实施。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,社会党内部分裂也削弱了运动力量。1917年俄国布尔什维克革命后,美国社会主义者对革命路线产生分歧,部分人转向共产主义。社会党反对美国参与第一次世界大战,政府则透过《间谍法》及《煽动叛乱法》打压反战声音,数百名社会主义者遭到起诉,德布斯也身陷囹圄。</p>\n\n<p>1920年,仍在狱中的德布斯以「从监狱到白宫」为口号再次参选总统。到了1925年,他已坦言社会党几乎名存实亡。第二次世界大战前后,社会党继续因反战立场及内部分歧失去影响力。社会学家丹尼尔&middot;贝尔认为,到了1950年,在麦卡锡主义及第二波红色恐慌影响下,社会主义已不再是美国政治与社会中的重要力量。</p>\n\n<p>此后,学界提出多种解释,包括美国缺乏封建历史与既定阶级制度、政治制度不利第三势力生存、社会主义者未能与工会建立稳固联盟,以及政府对左翼政治活动的压制等。</p>\n\n<p>贝尔则将衰退归因于社会主义者内部的分裂,以及始终无法解决的路线问题:究竟应接受资本主义制度,透过劳工运动从内部改革,还是像共产主义者一样,彻底与资本主义对抗?Lepore指出,这项难题至今仍困扰美国左翼。</p>\n\n<h6>社会主义透过民主党重新取得影响力</h6>\n\n<p>尽管社会主义作为独立政党逐渐衰退,其政策理念却持续影响美国政府。从进步主义时期、罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt )新政到詹森(Lyndon Baines Johnson)的「伟大社会」政策,社会主义者都曾发挥作用,其中最重要的人物之一是哈林顿(Michael Harrington)。</p>\n\n<p>哈林顿曾加入天主教工人运动,后来成为马克思主义者,并投入民权运动。他认为,美国社会主义者不应只专注于维持一个独立政党,而应推动政治重组,建立能够结合劳工、自由派及非裔美国人的第二大政治力量。</p>\n\n<p>1962年,哈林顿出版《另一个美国》(The Other America),将焦点放在繁荣年代中仍生活于贫困的人群。这本书后来受到《纽约客》长篇书评《我们看不见的穷人》推动,逐渐引起政治圈关注。时任总统甘迺迪(John F. Kennedy)的经济顾问委员会主席海勒据称将书评交给甘迺迪,相关讨论后来也成为甘迺迪及其继任者推动「向贫困宣战」政策的背景之一。</p>\n\n<p>1968年,哈林顿成为社会党领袖,但他始终认为社会主义不应局限于一个独立政党。1972年,他辞去社会党共同主席职务,隔年参与组建后来于1982年正式更名为美国民主社会主义者协会的组织。</p>\n\n<p>DSA在桑德斯2016年竞选总统后开始加速扩张。近年来,随着贫富差距扩大,民众对社会主义的支持也有所上升。盖洛普今年秋季公布的调查显示,美国民众对社会主义的支持率升至43%,创下新高;此外,约三分之二受访者支持全民医疗保险。</p>\n\n<p>从历史来看,社会主义在美国贫富差距扩大时较容易获得支持,在整体经济繁荣时则相对衰弱。美国最富有的1%人口所得占比自1970年代以来持续上升,目前已达1920年代以来最高水准。相较之下,平价医疗、住房及高等教育的取得难度增加,也让社会主义诉求重新获得关注。</p>\n\n<p>民主党过去曾在进步时代推动劳工立法、竞选资金改革、社会福利及反托拉斯政策,但从柯林顿(Bill Clinton)到拜登(Joe Biden),民主党在这些领域的改革成果已不如以往。Lepore认为,这也有助于解释桑德斯在2016年的崛起,以及DSA近年的扩张。</p>\n\n<h6>AI时代的社会主义乌托邦</h6>\n\n<p>然而,当代社会主义者若要建立新的政治力量,仍须回答一个根本问题:他们究竟想建立什么样的社会?</p>\n\n<p>主张经济由中央规划的社会主义者,对于如何描绘未来社会却往往抱持矛盾态度。马克思曾提醒人们,不应替未来社会撰写一套「食谱」,但他也曾想像,在没有资本主义及劳动分工的世界里,人们可以上午打猎、下午捕鱼、晚上放牧,饭后再从事批判活动。</p>\n\n<p>近一个世纪后,经济学家凯因斯也曾预测,科技进步将让人类逐渐摆脱繁重劳动,进入经济富足、休闲时间大幅增加的时代。不过,他也提出新的难题:当人们不再需要长时间工作,该如何运用增加的闲暇?</p>\n\n<p>近年民主社会主义者开始更积极地描绘理想社会。经济学家、哲学家及《雅各宾》杂志创办人合著的《蓝图:社会主义如何在现实世界中运作》,便试图提出一套公平社会的具体模式,描绘人们未来可以将更多时间用于阅读、烹饪、旅行及亲近自然。</p>\n\n<p>DSA今年公布的政纲也提出类似想像:在没有资本主义的社会中,人们可以早上送孩子上学、办理日常事务或就医,下午运动、学习新技能或阅读,晚上则与亲友聚餐、看电影或散步。</p>\n\n<p>Lepore指出,这种未来图像与科技业领袖对AI时代的想像相当接近。马斯克及OpenAI执行长奥特曼(Sam Altman)都曾谈论一个由AI与自动化带动富足、降低人类劳动需求的世界。当生产力不再依赖大量人力,社会主义所追求的经济规划与资源分配,也可能与科技业的发展愿景产生交集。</p>\n\n<p>马斯克认为,未来人们可能不再需要工作,并透过全民基本收入获得保障。他甚至提出「全民富足收入」的概念。奥特曼则曾提出「全民基本算力」构想,让每个人都能取得一定程度的运算资源,并自由使用、出售或捐赠。他相信,人们最终会找到自己真正热爱的事情。</p>\n\n<p>马斯克也曾以种菜为例,说明即使未来人们可以直接到商店购买食物,仍有人会因为喜欢而选择自己种植。</p>\n\n<p>哲学家博斯特罗姆(Nick Bostrom)在2024年出版的《深度乌托邦:一个已解决世界中的生命与意义》,则进一步探讨后稀缺、后工作社会的可能性。他认为,当物质需求及劳动问题获得解决,人类将面临更难回答的「意义问题」:如果不再需要工作,人们又该如何找到生活目标?</p>\n\n<p>这种社会主义与科技决定论的交会,正是Lepore眼中当代美国左翼面临的新局面。对2026年的社会主义者而言,融入民主党可能意味着放弃彻底取代资本主义的目标,转而争取全民医疗保险及绿色新政等较具体的改革。</p>\n\n<p>但另一股力量也正在改变未来想像。文章最后指出,科技巨头掌握的资源与影响力,可能比任何政党都更有能力推动AI时代的社会变革。问题在于,当AI让人类不再需要工作,究竟会带来人人共享的富足,还是一个人类因不再被需要而失去社会位置的世界?</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24772.html\" title=\"香港上市债券市场重大突破 人民币历史性超越美元\">香港上市债券市场重大突破 人民币历史性超越美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24775.html\" title=\"51个月首见!特斯拉中国10月销量暴跌66.1%至8817辆 Model Y从销量居首跌至66名\">51个月首见!特斯拉中国10月销量暴跌66.1%至8817辆 Model Y从销量居首跌至66名</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24749.html\" title=\"融程电军工订单旺、新应用布局发酵 董座喊未来三年营收CAGR2成以上\">融程电军工订单旺、新应用布局发酵 董座喊未来三年营收CAGR2成以上</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24812.html\" title=\"宏达电以XR创新科技串联海洋文化 多人走动式VR《海之召唤》前进南科\">宏达电以XR创新科技串联海洋文化 多人走动式VR《海之召唤》前进南科</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24773.html\" title=\"APEC工商领导人峰会开幕在即 预计超2000人参会\">APEC工商领导人峰会开幕在即 预计超2000人参会</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-24721.html\" title=\"芝加哥Fed总裁坦言10月CPI「令人不安」 警告通膨走错方向、不排除升息2码\">芝加哥Fed总裁坦言10月CPI「令人不安」 警告通膨走错方向、不排除升息2码</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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