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辉达AI记忆体规格缩水是假讯号?小摩:AI驱动超级周期或延续至2028年

2026-08-21 02:06:17 钜亨网 阅读(17)

辉达 (NVDA-US) 新平台传出规格缩水,市场一度解读为需求降温讯号,但摩根大通 (JPM-US) 最新报告反驳此说法,认为这其实是供应吃紧下的权宜之计,记忆体大厂仍将迎来史上最长的一波上升循环。

辉达AI记忆体规格缩水是假讯号?小摩:AI驱动超级周期或延续至2028年

近期全球记忆体类股历经明显拉回,加上辉达下一代 AI 平台陆续传出 HBM 高频宽记忆体、SOCAMM 模组等规格下修的消息,让不少投资人开始怀疑这波记忆体多头是否已经见顶。

不过,摩根大通在近日发布的最新报告中给出截然不同的判断:供需失衡非但没有缓解迹象,反而可能在 2027 年来到最严峻的时刻,整体涨价周期估计将延续到 2028 年才会略有改善。

摩根大通同时大幅调升未来的市场规模预估,将 2026 至 2028 年全球 DRAM 与 NAND 快闪记忆体市场规模预测分别上修 4%、6% 及 8%,换算下来市场规模将达到 9709 亿美元、1.442 兆美元及 1.826 兆美元。

该行强调,这波循环的持续时间将远远超出过去二十年任何一次典型记忆体周期。

规格缩水非需求降温 而是客户的因应策略

AI 伺服器单颗晶片搭载的记忆体容量出现下修,是市场忧虑的导火线之一。

报告指出,辉达 Vera 处理器所搭载的 SOCAMM 模组容量,已从原订的 1.5TB 降至 768GB;Rubin Ultra 的 HBM4E 堆叠层数,也从原规划的 16 层改为 8 层或 12 层方案;至于 Rubin 绘图处理器,则可能同时推出 288GB 与 192GB 两种 HBM4 版本。

摩根大通认为,这些调整并不代表 AI 对记忆体的胃口在缩小,而是客户在供给有限的现实下所做出的因应。

随着 AI 应用重心从模型训练逐渐转往大规模推理,长文本处理、KV 快取与 AI 代理带来的资料吞吐量持续攀升,厂商与其死守单颗晶片的记忆体容量,不如改采「向外扩展策略,透过部署更多颗晶片来补足整体运算与储存需求。

值得留意的是,记忆体需求版图正从绘图处理器(GPU)扩散至中央处理器(CPU),摩根大通预估 AI 用 CPU 的出货规模未来年复合成长率上看 155%。

换言之,即便单颗晶片配置的记忆体缩水,只要晶片出货量成长速度够快,整体记忆体需求仍可望维持强劲。

该行因此将这波「减配」解读为 AI 基础建设从单机堆料走向大规模扩张的过渡,而非景气反转的前兆。

DRAM 供需最紧绷时刻落在 2027 年 涨价恐连续五年

在各类记忆体产品中,DRAM 的供给压力尤其明显。

摩根大通预估,全球 DRAM 位元需求将在 2026 至 2028 年分别成长约 30%、31% 及 25%,但同期供给成长率仅约 26.5%、24.4% 及 24.8%,其中 2027 年的需求与供给成长率差距扩大至约 7 个百分点,是失衡程度最严重的一年。

驱动这波变化的主因,是伺服器正快速取代个人电脑与手机,成为 DRAM 需求的核心来源。

报告指出,伺服器占全球 DRAM 位元需求比重,预计将从 2025 年的 39% 一路攀升至 2026 年的 56%、2027 年的 67%,并在 2028 年进一步达到 74%;相对地,个人电脑与行动装置的占比将分别滑落至约 7% 及 13% 左右。

分析指出,这也代表记忆体产业对传统消费性电子景气的依赖度正明显降低。

受供给短缺推动,摩根大通预估 DRAM 平均售价将在 2026 年大涨 236%,2027 年再涨 29%,2028 年仍上涨 7%,对应市场规模分别达 6341 亿美元、9829 亿美元及 1.31 兆美元。

若以价格走势观察,DRAM 自 2024 年第一季起便进入同比上涨轨道,摩根大通推估此一涨势恐将延续至 2028 年底,等于连续约 20 个季度价格上扬,远超过去二十年典型循环仅 6 至 7 季的长度。

HBM 即使降规仍缺货 2027 年价格估再涨逾四成

HBM 是这份报告中预估变动最大的品项。考虑到 Rubin 系列产品规格下修、12 层 HBM 量产进度落后、16 层产品导入时程延后等因素,摩根大通将 2026 至 2028 年的 HBM 位元需求预估分别下修 4%、10% 及 19%。

即便如此,供给缺口依然存在。报告估算,2026 至 2028 年 HBM 供需缺口分别约为 15%、14% 及 22%,即使假设约 70% 的 Rubin 与 Rubin Ultra 产品都改用缩减规格的 HBM,缺货情况仍无法完全化解。

在此背景下,HBM 市场规模预计将从 2025 年的 335 亿美元一路扩张至 2026 年的 643 亿美元、2027 年的 1456 亿美元,并在 2028 年攀上 2521 亿美元的高峰。

价格方面,摩根大通预估 HBM 混合平均售价 2027 年将年增 42%,来到每 Gb 约 2.8 美元,2028 年再上涨 22% 至 3.4 美元;同规格产品在 2027 年的涨幅估计介于 30% 至 40%,加上新世代产品往往较上一代享有 15% 至 30% 的溢价,例如 HBM4E 相对 HBM4 的溢价幅度估计约在 20% 左右。

随着 HBM 在整体营收中的分量提升,三星电子 (005930KS) 的 HBM 市占率预计将在 2027 至 2028 年升至 37% 至 38%,逐渐贴近其整体 DRAM 市占;三星、SK 海力士 (000660KS) 与美光科技 (MU-US) 目前也同步投入 HBM5 世代的散热与封装技术研发。

扩产速度追不上需求 巨额资本支出仍难解渴

面对缺货,记忆体大厂并非坐视不管,但摩根大通指出,这波循环中巨额资本支出未必能如过去经验般预示产能过剩。

首先,新建晶圆厂从动工到产能全开,通常需要 2 年至 2.5 年的时间;其次,EUV 微影设备使用强度与建厂成本仍在持续垫高。

更关键的是,HBM 生产会排挤大量 DRAM 晶圆产能,且存在约三至四倍的「裸晶惩罚,也就是说,要生产出同等位元数的 HBM,所耗用的晶圆资源相当于传统 DRAM 的 3 至 4 倍,使每投入一美元资本支出,实际能换得的 DRAM 位元产出正逐年下滑。

摩根大通估算,全球 DRAM 资本支出将从 2025 年的 592 亿美元,攀升至 2026 年的 998 亿美元及 2027 年的 1443 亿美元,2028 年再增至 1546 亿美元,其中 2026 及 2027 年的年增幅分别高达 68% 及 45%。

即便如此,若要在 2028 年让 DRAM 供需达到平衡,仍需额外增加约每月 30 万片的晶圆产能,对应约 580 亿美元的追加投资,相当于在既有 2027 年资本支出预估基础上再增 41%;NAND 方面则还需约每月 4.5 万片的新增产能,追加投资约 70 亿美元。

摩根大通直言,要在如此短时间内补齐这些产能,「物理上极其困难」。

AI 推理带动「记忆体墙」效应 NAND 迎来新一波成长动能

相较于 DRAM,NAND 快闪记忆体长期供给过剩的风险原本较高,因为透过堆叠层数持续往 300 层、400 层迈进,厂商能在相同晶圆面积上快速拉高位元产出。

摩根大通因此预期,NAND 价格将率先在 2028 年出现一定程度的正常化:平均售价预计 2026 年大涨 251%、2027 年再涨 23%,但 2028 年可能转为下滑 4%,对应市场规模分别为 3368 亿美元、4587 亿美元及 5159 亿美元。

不过,AI 推理应用亦正为 NAND 开辟新战场。

2026 年的快闪记忆体高峰会(Flash Memory Summit)释出的重要讯号显示,「记忆体墙」仍是制约 AI 运算效能的主要瓶颈。

随着上下文长度、KV 快取与 AI 代理工作负载持续增加,业界正积极寻找成本低于 HBM 与 DRAM 的替代储存层级,其中高频宽快闪记忆体(HBF)透过 8 层或 16 层堆叠 NAND,试图填补 HBM 与固态硬碟之间的空白,可望做到最高约 512GB 容量、0.4 至 3TB/s 频宽。

企业级固态硬碟(eSSD)同样是主要受惠对象,摩根大通预估其需求将在 2026 年成长约 82%、2027 年成长 58%、2028 年仍有 37% 成长,是 NAND 需求成长最快的领域之一。

长约锁定订单 记忆体股估值逻辑生变

这波循环还有一项与过去明显不同的特征:长期采购协议(LTA)大量出现。

根据厂商第二季财报揭露的资讯,客户预付款通常占合约总价值的 20% 至 25%,部分合约甚至可涵盖 50% 至 70% 的供应量,反映出在目前的缺货环境下,定价主导权明显掌握在记忆体厂商手中。

摩根大通估算,云端服务供应商与 AI 相关业者可能占长期采购协议逾 70% 的位元需求、逾 85% 的营收贡献,而伺服器用记忆体相对消费性电子产品,普遍存在 30% 至 40% 的价格溢价。

这代表长期采购协议不仅提高厂商营收与获利的可预测性,也能透过高阶产品组合持续支撑整体平均售价。

在供给受限与价格上涨双重加持下,记忆体产业获利能力已升至历史罕见水准,摩根大通预估 2026 至 2028 年整体营业利益率将维持在 76%、78% 及 77% 左右的「七成后段」新常态。

但该行也提醒,如此高的利益率代表未来单靠涨价推升获利预期的空间已相对有限,记忆体股下一阶段的评价催化剂,恐将从「涨价题材」逐步转向「股东回报」。

过去二十年,记忆体厂商的股东报酬率普遍不到 2%,但摩根大通预期,三星电子与 SK 海力士未来将把约半数的累积自由现金流回馈股东,三星 2026 及 2027 年的现金殖利率均可望达到约 8%,两家公司未来两年的累积现金殖利率合计可能落在 16% 至 20% 之间。

SK 海力士更可能在强劲现金流与出售铠侠(Kioxia)持股的挹注下,提前加码库藏股或股利发放力道。

分析认为,长期采购协议带来的获利稳定性,加上股利与回购提升的股东回报,可能让记忆体厂商逐渐摆脱过去单纯依赖售价波动的传统景气循环股评价框架。

中国厂商急起直追 对 DRAM、NAND 冲击程度不同

中国记忆体厂商的产能扩张,则仍是这个产业长期潜在的过剩风险之一。

摩根大通预估,到 2028 年,以长鑫科技 (688825-CN) 为代表的中国 DRAM 厂商,可能占全球产能约 16%、位元供应约 11%。

不过该行也指出,中国 DRAM 厂商与国际领先业者之间仍有两到三年的技术落差,每片晶圆的位元转换效率估计低约 60%,短期内尚难对 64GB、128GB 伺服器用 DRAM 及 HBM3E 以上高阶市场构成实质威胁。

NAND 领域的情况则有所不同。摩根大通认为,长江存储的每片晶圆位元效率已大致贴近全球领先厂商水准,预估到 2028 年市占率可能达到全球 NAND 供应的 16% 左右,换言之,中国厂商带来的产能过剩风险,将更集中反映在 NAND 而非 DRAM 市场。

股价拉回三成 摩根大通仍维持看多立场

在连续四季跑赢整体 AI 供应链类股之后,全球主要记忆体类股今年第三季迄今拉回约 25%。

摩根大通将此波修正归因于三项因素,包括

  • 部分厂商近期每股盈余未能达到过高的市场预期、
  • 云端服务供应商的 AI 资本支出兑现速度一度落后市场期待,
  • 以及 SOCAMM、HBM 等产品陆续传出规格与内容调整的消息。

这些因素加深了投资人「记忆体循环已见顶」的担忧,但摩根大通认为,这更像是一次市场预期的重新校准,产业基本面并未出现反转讯号。

该行指出,亚马逊 (AMZN-US) AWS、微软 (MSFT-US) 与 Google(GOOGL-US) 云端业务第二季合计营收约达 1060 亿美元,年增 43%,成长速度较上一季的 35% 进一步加快;随着三大云端业者与 Meta(META-US) 相继公布财报,市场对其 2026 及 2027 年资本支出的预估也分别上修约 6% 及 17%。

综合 AI 需求持续成长、HBM 大量消耗晶圆产能、扩产周期漫长,以及长期采购协议锁定高阶伺服器需求等因素,摩根大通认为记忆体产业正展现出与过去传统景气循环截然不同的结构性特征,因此重申看多全球主要记忆体厂商的立场,并点名 AI 资本支出动向、记忆体规格重新升级,以及股东回报提升,将是下一阶段推动记忆体类股表现的三大关键催化剂。

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      "level": 1
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      "target": "0",
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      "name": "外汇平台",
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      "name": "外汇开户",
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          "id": 67,
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          "id": 68,
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          "id": 69,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "Doo Prime德璞资本",
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          "status": "0",
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          "id": 70,
          "pid": 65,
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          "id": 72,
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 10,
      "pid": 0,
      "name": "首页",
      "pinyin": "home",
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      "target": "0",
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      "listView": "list.html",
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          "pid": 10,
          "name": "外汇平台排名",
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          "target": "0",
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      "listView": "list.html",
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      "seoTitle": "",
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    "title": "辉达AI记忆体规格缩水是假讯号?小摩:AI驱动超级周期或延续至2028年",
    "shortTitle": "辉达AI记忆体规格缩水是假讯号?小摩:AI驱动超级周期或延续",
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    "author": "钜亨网",
    "description": "摩根大通指出,辉达 AI 平台 HBM、SOCAMM 规格调整并非需求降温,而是供应吃紧下的策略。DRAM 涨价循环恐延续至 2028 年,HBM 与 NAND 需求持续强劲。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6570441/l/aa6c9b450cf4455a5204f8528fc48097.jpg",
    "content": "<p>辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 新平台传出规格缩水,市场一度解读为需求降温讯号,但摩根大通 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:JPM:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">JPM-US</a>) 最新报告反驳此说法,认为这其实是供应吃紧下的权宜之计,记忆体大厂仍将迎来史上最长的一波上升循环。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6570441/l/aa6c9b450cf4455a5204f8528fc48097.jpg\" alt=\"辉达AI记忆体规格缩水是假讯号?小摩:AI驱动超级周期或延续至2028年\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>近期全球记忆体类股历经明显拉回,加上辉达下一代 AI 平台陆续传出 HBM 高频宽记忆体、SOCAMM 模组等规格下修的消息,让不少投资人开始怀疑这波记忆体多头是否已经见顶。</p>\n\n<p>不过,摩根大通在近日发布的最新报告中给出截然不同的判断:供需失衡非但没有缓解迹象,反而可能在 2027 年来到最严峻的时刻,整体涨价周期估计将延续到 2028 年才会略有改善。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通同时大幅调升未来的市场规模预估,将 2026 至 2028 年全球 DRAM 与 NAND 快闪记忆体市场规模预测分别上修 4%、6% 及 8%,换算下来市场规模将达到 9709 亿美元、1.442 兆美元及 1.826 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>该行强调,这波循环的持续时间将远远超出过去二十年任何一次典型记忆体周期。</p>\n\n<h6>规格缩水非需求降温 而是客户的因应策略</h6>\n\n<p>AI 伺服器单颗晶片搭载的记忆体容量出现下修,是市场忧虑的导火线之一。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,辉达 Vera 处理器所搭载的 SOCAMM 模组容量,已从原订的 1.5TB 降至 768GB;Rubin Ultra 的 HBM4E 堆叠层数,也从原规划的 16 层改为 8 层或 12 层方案;至于 Rubin 绘图处理器,则可能同时推出 288GB 与 192GB 两种 HBM4 版本。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通认为,这些调整并不代表 AI 对记忆体的胃口在缩小,而是客户在供给有限的现实下所做出的因应。</p>\n\n<p>随着 AI 应用重心从模型训练逐渐转往大规模推理,长文本处理、KV 快取与 AI 代理带来的资料吞吐量持续攀升,厂商与其死守单颗晶片的记忆体容量,不如改采「向外扩展策略,透过部署更多颗晶片来补足整体运算与储存需求。</p>\n\n<p>值得留意的是,记忆体需求版图正从绘图处理器(GPU)扩散至中央处理器(CPU),摩根大通预估 AI 用 CPU 的出货规模未来年复合成长率上看 155%。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,即便单颗晶片配置的记忆体缩水,只要晶片出货量成长速度够快,整体记忆体需求仍可望维持强劲。</p>\n\n<p>该行因此将这波「减配」解读为 AI 基础建设从单机堆料走向大规模扩张的过渡,而非景气反转的前兆。</p>\n\n<h6>DRAM 供需最紧绷时刻落在 2027 年 涨价恐连续五年</h6>\n\n<p>在各类记忆体产品中,DRAM 的供给压力尤其明显。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通预估,全球 DRAM 位元需求将在 2026 至 2028 年分别成长约 30%、31% 及 25%,但同期供给成长率仅约 26.5%、24.4% 及 24.8%,其中 2027 年的需求与供给成长率差距扩大至约 7 个百分点,是失衡程度最严重的一年。</p>\n\n<p>驱动这波变化的主因,是伺服器正快速取代个人电脑与手机,成为 DRAM 需求的核心来源。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,伺服器占全球 DRAM 位元需求比重,预计将从 2025 年的 39% 一路攀升至 2026 年的 56%、2027 年的 67%,并在 2028 年进一步达到 74%;相对地,个人电脑与行动装置的占比将分别滑落至约 7% 及 13% 左右。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,这也代表记忆体产业对传统消费性电子景气的依赖度正明显降低。</p>\n\n<p>受供给短缺推动,摩根大通预估 DRAM 平均售价将在 2026 年大涨 236%,2027 年再涨 29%,2028 年仍上涨 7%,对应市场规模分别达 6341 亿美元、9829 亿美元及 1.31 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>若以价格走势观察,DRAM 自 2024 年第一季起便进入同比上涨轨道,摩根大通推估此一涨势恐将延续至 2028 年底,等于连续约 20 个季度价格上扬,远超过去二十年典型循环仅 6 至 7 季的长度。</p>\n\n<h6>HBM 即使降规仍缺货 2027 年价格估再涨逾四成</h6>\n\n<p>HBM 是这份报告中预估变动最大的品项。考虑到 Rubin 系列产品规格下修、12 层 HBM 量产进度落后、16 层产品导入时程延后等因素,摩根大通将 2026 至 2028 年的 HBM 位元需求预估分别下修 4%、10% 及 19%。</p>\n\n<p>即便如此,供给缺口依然存在。报告估算,2026 至 2028 年 HBM 供需缺口分别约为 15%、14% 及 22%,即使假设约 70% 的 Rubin 与 Rubin Ultra 产品都改用缩减规格的 HBM,缺货情况仍无法完全化解。</p>\n\n<p>在此背景下,HBM 市场规模预计将从 2025 年的 335 亿美元一路扩张至 2026 年的 643 亿美元、2027 年的 1456 亿美元,并在 2028 年攀上 2521 亿美元的高峰。</p>\n\n<p>价格方面,摩根大通预估 HBM 混合平均售价 2027 年将年增 42%,来到每 Gb 约 2.8 美元,2028 年再上涨 22% 至 3.4 美元;同规格产品在 2027 年的涨幅估计介于 30% 至 40%,加上新世代产品往往较上一代享有 15% 至 30% 的溢价,例如 HBM4E 相对 HBM4 的溢价幅度估计约在 20% 左右。</p>\n\n<p>随着 HBM 在整体营收中的分量提升,三星电子 (<a data-symbol-template=\"GF:005930KS:FUTURES:STOCK\" href=\"#\">005930KS</a>) 的 HBM 市占率预计将在 2027 至 2028 年升至 37% 至 38%,逐渐贴近其整体 DRAM 市占;三星、SK 海力士 (<a data-symbol-template=\"GF:000660KS:FUTURES:STOCK\" href=\"#\">000660KS</a>) 与美光科技 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MU:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MU-US</a>) 目前也同步投入 HBM5 世代的散热与封装技术研发。</p>\n\n<h6>扩产速度追不上需求 巨额资本支出仍难解渴</h6>\n\n<p>面对缺货,记忆体大厂并非坐视不管,但摩根大通指出,这波循环中巨额资本支出未必能如过去经验般预示产能过剩。</p>\n\n<p>首先,新建晶圆厂从动工到产能全开,通常需要 2 年至 2.5 年的时间;其次,EUV 微影设备使用强度与建厂成本仍在持续垫高。</p>\n\n<p>更关键的是,HBM 生产会排挤大量 DRAM 晶圆产能,且存在约三至四倍的「裸晶惩罚,也就是说,要生产出同等位元数的 HBM,所耗用的晶圆资源相当于传统 DRAM 的 3 至 4 倍,使每投入一美元资本支出,实际能换得的 DRAM 位元产出正逐年下滑。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通估算,全球 DRAM 资本支出将从 2025 年的 592 亿美元,攀升至 2026 年的 998 亿美元及 2027 年的 1443 亿美元,2028 年再增至 1546 亿美元,其中 2026 及 2027 年的年增幅分别高达 68% 及 45%。</p>\n\n<p>即便如此,若要在 2028 年让 DRAM 供需达到平衡,仍需额外增加约每月 30 万片的晶圆产能,对应约 580 亿美元的追加投资,相当于在既有 2027 年资本支出预估基础上再增 41%;NAND 方面则还需约每月 4.5 万片的新增产能,追加投资约 70 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通直言,要在如此短时间内补齐这些产能,「物理上极其困难」。</p>\n\n<h6>AI 推理带动「记忆体墙」效应 NAND 迎来新一波成长动能</h6>\n\n<p>相较于 DRAM,NAND 快闪记忆体长期供给过剩的风险原本较高,因为透过堆叠层数持续往 300 层、400 层迈进,厂商能在相同晶圆面积上快速拉高位元产出。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通因此预期,NAND 价格将率先在 2028 年出现一定程度的正常化:平均售价预计 2026 年大涨 251%、2027 年再涨 23%,但 2028 年可能转为下滑 4%,对应市场规模分别为 3368 亿美元、4587 亿美元及 5159 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>不过,AI 推理应用亦正为 NAND 开辟新战场。</p>\n\n<p>2026 年的快闪记忆体高峰会(Flash Memory Summit)释出的重要讯号显示,「记忆体墙」仍是制约 AI 运算效能的主要瓶颈。</p>\n\n<p>随着上下文长度、KV 快取与 AI 代理工作负载持续增加,业界正积极寻找成本低于 HBM 与 DRAM 的替代储存层级,其中高频宽快闪记忆体(HBF)透过 8 层或 16 层堆叠 NAND,试图填补 HBM 与固态硬碟之间的空白,可望做到最高约 512GB 容量、0.4 至 3TB/s 频宽。</p>\n\n<p>企业级固态硬碟(eSSD)同样是主要受惠对象,摩根大通预估其需求将在 2026 年成长约 82%、2027 年成长 58%、2028 年仍有 37% 成长,是 NAND 需求成长最快的领域之一。</p>\n\n<h6>长约锁定订单 记忆体股估值逻辑生变</h6>\n\n<p>这波循环还有一项与过去明显不同的特征:长期采购协议(LTA)大量出现。</p>\n\n<p>根据厂商第二季财报揭露的资讯,客户预付款通常占合约总价值的 20% 至 25%,部分合约甚至可涵盖 50% 至 70% 的供应量,反映出在目前的缺货环境下,定价主导权明显掌握在记忆体厂商手中。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通估算,云端服务供应商与 AI 相关业者可能占长期采购协议逾 70% 的位元需求、逾 85% 的营收贡献,而伺服器用记忆体相对消费性电子产品,普遍存在 30% 至 40% 的价格溢价。</p>\n\n<p>这代表长期采购协议不仅提高厂商营收与获利的可预测性,也能透过高阶产品组合持续支撑整体平均售价。</p>\n\n<p>在供给受限与价格上涨双重加持下,记忆体产业获利能力已升至历史罕见水准,摩根大通预估 2026 至 2028 年整体营业利益率将维持在 76%、78% 及 77% 左右的「七成后段」新常态。</p>\n\n<p>但该行也提醒,如此高的利益率代表未来单靠涨价推升获利预期的空间已相对有限,记忆体股下一阶段的评价催化剂,恐将从「涨价题材」逐步转向「股东回报」。</p>\n\n<p>过去二十年,记忆体厂商的股东报酬率普遍不到 2%,但摩根大通预期,三星电子与 SK 海力士未来将把约半数的累积自由现金流回馈股东,三星 2026 及 2027 年的现金殖利率均可望达到约 8%,两家公司未来两年的累积现金殖利率合计可能落在 16% 至 20% 之间。</p>\n\n<p>SK 海力士更可能在强劲现金流与出售铠侠(Kioxia)持股的挹注下,提前加码库藏股或股利发放力道。</p>\n\n<p>分析认为,长期采购协议带来的获利稳定性,加上股利与回购提升的股东回报,可能让记忆体厂商逐渐摆脱过去单纯依赖售价波动的传统景气循环股评价框架。</p>\n\n<h6>中国厂商急起直追 对 DRAM、NAND 冲击程度不同</h6>\n\n<p>中国记忆体厂商的产能扩张,则仍是这个产业长期潜在的过剩风险之一。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通预估,到 2028 年,以长鑫科技 (<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:688825:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">688825-CN</a>) 为代表的中国 DRAM 厂商,可能占全球产能约 16%、位元供应约 11%。</p>\n\n<p>不过该行也指出,中国 DRAM 厂商与国际领先业者之间仍有两到三年的技术落差,每片晶圆的位元转换效率估计低约 60%,短期内尚难对 64GB、128GB 伺服器用 DRAM 及 HBM3E 以上高阶市场构成实质威胁。</p>\n\n<p>NAND 领域的情况则有所不同。摩根大通认为,长江存储的每片晶圆位元效率已大致贴近全球领先厂商水准,预估到 2028 年市占率可能达到全球 NAND 供应的 16% 左右,换言之,中国厂商带来的产能过剩风险,将更集中反映在 NAND 而非 DRAM 市场。</p>\n\n<h6>股价拉回三成 摩根大通仍维持看多立场</h6>\n\n<p>在连续四季跑赢整体 AI 供应链类股之后,全球主要记忆体类股今年第三季迄今拉回约 25%。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通将此波修正归因于三项因素,包括</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>部分厂商近期每股盈余未能达到过高的市场预期、</li>\n<li>云端服务供应商的 AI 资本支出兑现速度一度落后市场期待,</li>\n<li>以及 SOCAMM、HBM 等产品陆续传出规格与内容调整的消息。</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>这些因素加深了投资人「记忆体循环已见顶」的担忧,但摩根大通认为,这更像是一次市场预期的重新校准,产业基本面并未出现反转讯号。</p>\n\n<p>该行指出,亚马逊 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) AWS、微软 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MSFT:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MSFT-US</a>) 与 Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 云端业务第二季合计营收约达 1060 亿美元,年增 43%,成长速度较上一季的 35% 进一步加快;随着三大云端业者与 Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 相继公布财报,市场对其 2026 及 2027 年资本支出的预估也分别上修约 6% 及 17%。</p>\n\n<p>综合 AI 需求持续成长、HBM 大量消耗晶圆产能、扩产周期漫长,以及长期采购协议锁定高阶伺服器需求等因素,摩根大通认为记忆体产业正展现出与过去传统景气循环截然不同的结构性特征,因此重申看多全球主要记忆体厂商的立场,并点名 AI 资本支出动向、记忆体规格重新升级,以及股东回报提升,将是下一阶段推动记忆体类股表现的三大关键催化剂。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7240.html\" 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