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全球海运费飙涨!美东线运价4年来首破1万美元 供应链压力升温

2026-09-23 06:23:17 网络 阅读(1)

全球海运成本正经历新一轮剧烈冲击。美国银行零售业分析师 Lorraine Hutchinson 近期在报告中警告,海运运费已同比跳涨 201%,正逼近 2021 年货柜短缺期间 250% 的峰值涨幅。其中亚洲至美东货柜运费涨势尤为迅猛。9 月 18 日,据上海航交所发布数据,上海出口集装箱运价指数(SCFI 指数)上涨 25.65 点至 3687.83 点,周涨幅 0.7%,连续八周走升。

全球海运费飙涨!美东线运价4年来首破1万美元 供应链压力升温

货运定价平台 Xeneta 数据显示,截至 9 月 11 日,主要航线之一的上海至美国东海岸运价为 10479 美元/40 英尺货柜。这一运价曾在 8 月 28 日录得超过 1 万美元/箱,是 2022 年 6 月以来的首次。自中东冲突爆发以来,这条航线运价已涨至三倍以上。

同时,地缘政治动荡也在推动油轮租金创下历史新高。据美国汽车协会数据,截至 9 月 20 日,美国全国平均柴油价格升至每加仑 6.505 美元,高于一周前的 6.204 美元和一个月前的 5.548 美元,去年同期仅为 3.7 美元。有分析人士指出,若上述压力持续蔓延至秋冬季节,更高的运输成本将进一步加剧通膨压力、压缩企业利润,对整体经济增长构成拖累。

面对美线运价持续飙升,作为连接航运上下游关键一环的货代,以及最终承担运费的货主,正面临着越来越大的成本压力。

研报分析显示,目前海运运费涨幅达 201%,逼近 2021 年的历史峰值。

「上述研报提到海运运费呈现 201% 涨幅,核心锚定跨太平洋(亚洲-美国)航线即期运价,尤其是美东、美西现货市场。」中国(深圳)综合开发研究院物流与供应链管理研究所研究总监王国文表示,银行分析师之所以用跨太平洋现货运价来做市场警示,是因为美线当前是全球集运市场最紧张、波动最剧烈的板块,最能反映当前供应链的压力。

亚洲至北美货柜船现货运价飙升最为迅猛,无疑让海运从业者们感到紧张。

深圳市堡森三通物流有限公司市场中心总监王志从表示,去年亚洲至美西航线的价格是 2500 美元/40 英尺货柜,美东航线的价格为 3500 美元/40 英尺货柜。今年以来,美线价格始终处于高位,今年亚洲至美西航线的价格是 7500 美元/40 英尺货柜,美东航线更飙升至 1 万美元以上。

物流服务提供商罗宾升国际货运有限公司海运采购总监 Vincent Tan 指出,本轮海运市场紧张,短期的驱动因素是港口拥堵造成的有效运力损失。Tan 表示,受台风影响,上海、宁波等亚洲主要港口出现船舶集中到港、班期紊乱、空班和跳港等情况,降低了船舶周转效率,减少了实际可用舱位。截至 8 月 25 日,约 430 万 TEU 的运力(相当于全球货柜船运力的 12.6%)受到港口拥堵影响。

Tan 还认为,导致亚洲至美东货柜运费急剧飙升的关键因素主要有三个方面:一是巴拿马运河枯水期约束,吃水下调、通行时段缩减,迫使船舶减载,降低美东方向船舶装载效率,支撑美东航线运价保持坚挺;二是受中东冲突持续影响,部分船公司仅选择性恢复了红海-苏伊士运河航线服务,绕航造成的运力损耗尚未完全释放;三是在需求端,旺季前置叠加中国国庆节前集中出货,9 月下旬订舱需求擡升,积压旧货和新增节前出货共同争夺有限舱位。

作为连接大西洋和太平洋的重要航运枢纽,巴拿马运河承载着全球 5% 的海运贸易量以及约 40% 的美国货柜货运业务。然而,受厄尔尼诺极端气候现象引发的干旱影响,巴拿马运河面临运力挤压。近日,负责运河运营的巴拿马运河管理局(ACP)宣布,由于为运河供水的两座人工湖水位加速回落,管理方被迫进一步收紧通航限制。自 9 月 3 日起,运河每日允许通行的船舶上限由此前的 40 艘降至 34 艘,并定于 9 月 15 日进一步下调至 32 艘。

Tan 表示,「巴拿马运河的低水位会对船舶运营效率产生实质性的负面影响。」吃水限制会迫使大型船舶减载,降低单航次装箱量,推高单箱的运输成本。而重货,例如机械、工业设备、木浆等,会面临减载、拆分、改线风险,船公司可能会视航次不同,采取限制重箱、征收附加费等应对手段。

王国文也留意到今年美线旺季前置的现象。他表示,往年美线传统出货高峰集中在 7-8 月,为「黑五」、圣诞备货。今年受关税预期影响,不少进口商从 5-6 月就开始提前出货,形成第一轮前置货量。但要注意的是,因亚洲港口台风延误、巴拿马运河排队,一部分原本要在 5-6 月到港的货物被延后,使得一部分货量后移到 8-9 月,造成「旺季前置+旺季延续」叠加,所以目前的表现并非简单的旺季提前。

随着这波美东线「抢出货」告一段落,亚洲至北美货柜船的现货运价会否回落?上海国际航运研究中心国际航运研究所高级市场分析师郑静文认为,接下来美线运价未必会回落,因为美线运价还受到多重因素扰动。

她表示,一方面,美国消费需求依旧强劲,支撑着进口货量。另一方面,巴拿马运河的低水位问题难以快速缓解,这对运力的挤占会持续存在。除此之外,近期欧洲不少港口出现罢工,也会消耗欧线的海运运力。美线和欧线之间存在一定联动效应。比如美线运力紧张的时候,船企会抽调部分欧线的船舶支援美线,但现在欧洲港口发生罢工,作业效率下降,这部分运力就没法快速调到美线使用。

在跨太平洋航线运价大幅飙涨之际,其他航线却表现分化,呈现「冰火两重天」的格局。

罗宾升提供的市场动态报告显示,本轮紧张呈现明显航线分化特征:压力集中在跨太平洋航线,亚洲-欧洲航线虽同样遭遇运营扰动,但即期运价反而下行,并未同步出现紧张行情。

「亚欧航线运价走弱,和美线形成分化,根源是供需基本面情况不一。」王国文分析称,亚欧航线前期红海危机带来的冲击已经被市场消化:大量船舶绕行好望角,运力供给已经重新恢复。而且欧洲终端消费偏弱,进口备货高峰提前结束,需求没有增量。美线则是需求前置叠加航道瓶颈、船司控舱,有效运力不足,所以会出现「美线大涨、亚欧走弱」的分化行情。

航线运价分化的背后,全球有效运力被多重结构性因素持续压缩的问题往往被忽略。

在郑静文看来,当前全球航线网络呈现「碎片化」发展趋势。她认为,这种现象由多重原因造成,首先是全球贸易区域化。目前,除亚洲区域内贸易联系在持续增强外,欧洲与非洲之间、地中海区域内,以及美洲区域内的联系也在不断加强。贸易区域化增强,航运随之调整,而部分区域港口条件有限,难以停靠大船,则推动了航线结构的变化。

其次,部分大型船企主动优化网络。为了提升大船周转效率,丹麦马士基航运与德国赫伯罗特航运推出「双子星」航运联盟——大型船舶挂靠干线枢纽港,区域货物再由驳船转运。这种「干线大船+区域驳船」的模式,造成航线网络碎片化。此外,还有突发事件与政策变动。当关键航道受阻、船舶绕行时,原干线顺带停靠的港口需其他运输方式覆盖,此类扰动导致运输安排增加多层中转。

郑静文强调,航线网络碎片化是长期趋势,虽然不会在短期内造成海运价格大幅上涨,但这种缓慢的结构性调整会消耗中小型船舶的运力。

据航运咨询机构 Linerlytica,截至 8 月 24 日,全球港口等待靠泊的货柜船运力已经达到约 430 万 TEU。作为对比,2022 年的峰值约为 400 万 TEU。如此看来,港口拥堵情况正在加剧。

中东局势虽仍不明朗,部分船公司却已重启途经红海和苏伊士运河的航线服务,让外界看到了运力恢复的希望。9 月 14 日,马士基宣布,将与赫伯罗特调整 AE5、AE11、AE12 和 ME2 四条「Gemini 合作」航线,改为经苏伊士运河和红海航行,不再绕行好望角。同日,地中海航运(MSC)也表示,正继续在其部分东西向航线上有限度地恢复苏伊士运河的通航。

不过,罗宾升的报告认为,安全形势仍是重要观察变量,这远不代表整个航线网络已全面恢复。相关调整目前仅适用于特定服务,须接受持续的安全审查,一旦局势恶化,随时可能被撤回。

王国文也表示,目前看来,有效运力很难一次性回到扰动前水平。所谓的有效运力,取决于船舶周转效率,不是单纯看有多少艘船下水。即便船公司重返红海,只要袭击风险持续存在,船舶将面临保险费上涨、降速航行、临时改道、港口等候等问题,船舶海上周转周期拉长,这就需要投入更多的船只。一旦中东安全局势反复,船公司随时可能再次暂停红海航线,重新大规模绕行好望角,直接侵蚀全球主干航线的有效运力。

他补充:「中东地缘冲突是悬在市场上方的变量,只要不确定性没有消除,全球集运有效运力就始终存在隐忧。」

全球航运市场紧张局面并未消退,如今又碰上柴油价格急剧上升,这些情况都让很多货代头疼不已。

王志从也表示,由于客户的帐期很难缩短,现在公司的资金压力明显在加大。

王国文表示,对货代行业而言,运价与燃油价格剧烈波动将压缩普通货代的利润空间、加速行业洗牌,缺乏稳定舱位和对冲能力的中小货代压力最大。他认为:「多数中小货代与货主提前锁价,而船公司燃油附加费、旺季附加费快速上调,易出现报价与成本倒挂;若签长期固定价,燃油涨价只能自担,直接侵蚀毛利,且油价高频波动加大报价风控难度。另一边,手握船公司长协舱位和大客户资源的头部货代,在爆舱行情下,稳定舱位成为稀缺资源,可收取舱位服务费,并通过清关、多式联运等增值服务提升综合收益。」

另一方面,郑静文认为,目前处于弱势地位的还有货主。她表示,面对高企的海运价格,货主缺少有效的办法应对运价上涨。大型货主还可以通过长协锁定价格,规避风险,但中小货主如果拿不到优惠的长协价,或是货代不愿意与其签订长协,他们将会面临较大的压力。

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          "id": 71,
          "pid": 10,
          "name": "经纪商 ",
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      "level": 1
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      "name": "外汇平台",
      "pinyin": "whplat",
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      "name": "外汇开户",
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      "pid": 0,
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          "id": 69,
          "pid": 65,
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          "id": 70,
          "pid": 65,
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          "id": 72,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "EC外汇",
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      "id": 10,
      "pid": 0,
      "name": "首页",
      "pinyin": "home",
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      "target": "0",
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      "listView": "list.html",
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          "pid": 10,
          "name": "外汇平台排名",
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          "target": "0",
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          "pid": 10,
          "name": "保险",
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "1",
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              "pid": 34,
              "name": "保险入门",
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          "level": 1
        },
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          "id": 35,
          "pid": 10,
          "name": "贵金属",
          "pinyin": "guijinshu",
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          "orderBy": 0,
          "target": "0",
          "status": "1",
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              "id": 49,
              "pid": 35,
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      "id": 32,
      "pid": 10,
      "name": "外汇平台排名",
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      "id": 34,
      "pid": 10,
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    "title": "全球海运费飙涨!美东线运价4年来首破1万美元 供应链压力升温",
    "shortTitle": "全球海运费飙涨!美东线运价4年来首破1万美元 供应链压力升温",
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    "description": "海运运费同比跳涨201%,逼近2021年货柜短缺期250%峰值,亚洲至美东运价逾1万美元/40英尺货柜
港口拥堵、巴拿马运河低水位及中东冲突推升有效运力损失,全球约430万TEU受影响
运价与柴油价格急升压缩货代、货主利润,中小货代与中小货主承受最大成本压力",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6613591/l/2131333d9295a91f43cbcb9af8e5bb26.jpg",
    "content": "<p>全球海运成本正经历新一轮剧烈冲击。美国银行零售业分析师 Lorraine Hutchinson 近期在报告中警告,海运运费已同比跳涨 201%,正逼近 2021 年货柜短缺期间 250% 的峰值涨幅。其中亚洲至美东货柜运费涨势尤为迅猛。9 月 18 日,据上海航交所发布数据,上海出口集装箱运价指数(SCFI 指数)上涨 25.65 点至 3687.83 点,周涨幅 0.7%,连续八周走升。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6613591/l/2131333d9295a91f43cbcb9af8e5bb26.jpg\" alt=\"全球海运费飙涨!美东线运价4年来首破1万美元 供应链压力升温\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>货运定价平台 Xeneta 数据显示,截至 9 月 11 日,主要航线之一的上海至美国东海岸运价为 10479 美元/40 英尺货柜。这一运价曾在 8 月 28 日录得超过 1 万美元/箱,是 2022 年 6 月以来的首次。自中东冲突爆发以来,这条航线运价已涨至三倍以上。</p>\n\n<p>同时,地缘政治动荡也在推动油轮租金创下历史新高。据美国汽车协会数据,截至 9 月 20 日,美国全国平均柴油价格升至每加仑 6.505 美元,高于一周前的 6.204 美元和一个月前的 5.548 美元,去年同期仅为 3.7 美元。有分析人士指出,若上述压力持续蔓延至秋冬季节,更高的运输成本将进一步加剧通膨压力、压缩企业利润,对整体经济增长构成拖累。</p>\n\n<p>面对美线运价持续飙升,作为连接航运上下游关键一环的货代,以及最终承担运费的货主,正面临着越来越大的成本压力。</p>\n\n<p>研报分析显示,目前海运运费涨幅达 201%,逼近 2021 年的历史峰值。</p>\n\n<p>「上述研报提到海运运费呈现 201% 涨幅,核心锚定跨太平洋(亚洲-美国)航线即期运价,尤其是美东、美西现货市场。」中国(深圳)综合开发研究院物流与供应链管理研究所研究总监王国文表示,银行分析师之所以用跨太平洋现货运价来做市场警示,是因为美线当前是全球集运市场最紧张、波动最剧烈的板块,最能反映当前供应链的压力。</p>\n\n<p>亚洲至北美货柜船现货运价飙升最为迅猛,无疑让海运从业者们感到紧张。</p>\n\n<p>深圳市堡森三通物流有限公司市场中心总监王志从表示,去年亚洲至美西航线的价格是 2500 美元/40 英尺货柜,美东航线的价格为 3500 美元/40 英尺货柜。今年以来,美线价格始终处于高位,今年亚洲至美西航线的价格是 7500 美元/40 英尺货柜,美东航线更飙升至 1 万美元以上。</p>\n\n<p>物流服务提供商罗宾升国际货运有限公司海运采购总监 Vincent Tan 指出,本轮海运市场紧张,短期的驱动因素是港口拥堵造成的有效运力损失。Tan 表示,受台风影响,上海、宁波等亚洲主要港口出现船舶集中到港、班期紊乱、空班和跳港等情况,降低了船舶周转效率,减少了实际可用舱位。截至 8 月 25 日,约 430 万 TEU 的运力(相当于全球货柜船运力的 12.6%)受到港口拥堵影响。</p>\n\n<p>Tan 还认为,导致亚洲至美东货柜运费急剧飙升的关键因素主要有三个方面:一是巴拿马运河枯水期约束,吃水下调、通行时段缩减,迫使船舶减载,降低美东方向船舶装载效率,支撑美东航线运价保持坚挺;二是受中东冲突持续影响,部分船公司仅选择性恢复了红海-苏伊士运河航线服务,绕航造成的运力损耗尚未完全释放;三是在需求端,旺季前置叠加中国国庆节前集中出货,9 月下旬订舱需求擡升,积压旧货和新增节前出货共同争夺有限舱位。</p>\n\n<p>作为连接大西洋和太平洋的重要航运枢纽,巴拿马运河承载着全球 5% 的海运贸易量以及约 40% 的美国货柜货运业务。然而,受厄尔尼诺极端气候现象引发的干旱影响,巴拿马运河面临运力挤压。近日,负责运河运营的巴拿马运河管理局(ACP)宣布,由于为运河供水的两座人工湖水位加速回落,管理方被迫进一步收紧通航限制。自 9 月 3 日起,运河每日允许通行的船舶上限由此前的 40 艘降至 34 艘,并定于 9 月 15 日进一步下调至 32 艘。</p>\n\n<p>Tan 表示,「巴拿马运河的低水位会对船舶运营效率产生实质性的负面影响。」吃水限制会迫使大型船舶减载,降低单航次装箱量,推高单箱的运输成本。而重货,例如机械、工业设备、木浆等,会面临减载、拆分、改线风险,船公司可能会视航次不同,采取限制重箱、征收附加费等应对手段。</p>\n\n<p>王国文也留意到今年美线旺季前置的现象。他表示,往年美线传统出货高峰集中在 7-8 月,为「黑五」、圣诞备货。今年受关税预期影响,不少进口商从 5-6 月就开始提前出货,形成第一轮前置货量。但要注意的是,因亚洲港口台风延误、巴拿马运河排队,一部分原本要在 5-6 月到港的货物被延后,使得一部分货量后移到 8-9 月,造成「旺季前置+旺季延续」叠加,所以目前的表现并非简单的旺季提前。</p>\n\n<p>随着这波美东线「抢出货」告一段落,亚洲至北美货柜船的现货运价会否回落?上海国际航运研究中心国际航运研究所高级市场分析师郑静文认为,接下来美线运价未必会回落,因为美线运价还受到多重因素扰动。</p>\n\n<p>她表示,一方面,美国消费需求依旧强劲,支撑着进口货量。另一方面,巴拿马运河的低水位问题难以快速缓解,这对运力的挤占会持续存在。除此之外,近期欧洲不少港口出现罢工,也会消耗欧线的海运运力。美线和欧线之间存在一定联动效应。比如美线运力紧张的时候,船企会抽调部分欧线的船舶支援美线,但现在欧洲港口发生罢工,作业效率下降,这部分运力就没法快速调到美线使用。</p>\n\n<p>在跨太平洋航线运价大幅飙涨之际,其他航线却表现分化,呈现「冰火两重天」的格局。</p>\n\n<p>罗宾升提供的市场动态报告显示,本轮紧张呈现明显航线分化特征:压力集中在跨太平洋航线,亚洲-欧洲航线虽同样遭遇运营扰动,但即期运价反而下行,并未同步出现紧张行情。</p>\n\n<p>「亚欧航线运价走弱,和美线形成分化,根源是供需基本面情况不一。」王国文分析称,亚欧航线前期红海危机带来的冲击已经被市场消化:大量船舶绕行好望角,运力供给已经重新恢复。而且欧洲终端消费偏弱,进口备货高峰提前结束,需求没有增量。美线则是需求前置叠加航道瓶颈、船司控舱,有效运力不足,所以会出现「美线大涨、亚欧走弱」的分化行情。</p>\n\n<p>航线运价分化的背后,全球有效运力被多重结构性因素持续压缩的问题往往被忽略。</p>\n\n<p>在郑静文看来,当前全球航线网络呈现「碎片化」发展趋势。她认为,这种现象由多重原因造成,首先是全球贸易区域化。目前,除亚洲区域内贸易联系在持续增强外,欧洲与非洲之间、地中海区域内,以及美洲区域内的联系也在不断加强。贸易区域化增强,航运随之调整,而部分区域港口条件有限,难以停靠大船,则推动了航线结构的变化。</p>\n\n<p>其次,部分大型船企主动优化网络。为了提升大船周转效率,丹麦马士基航运与德国赫伯罗特航运推出「双子星」航运联盟&mdash;&mdash;大型船舶挂靠干线枢纽港,区域货物再由驳船转运。这种「干线大船+区域驳船」的模式,造成航线网络碎片化。此外,还有突发事件与政策变动。当关键航道受阻、船舶绕行时,原干线顺带停靠的港口需其他运输方式覆盖,此类扰动导致运输安排增加多层中转。</p>\n\n<p>郑静文强调,航线网络碎片化是长期趋势,虽然不会在短期内造成海运价格大幅上涨,但这种缓慢的结构性调整会消耗中小型船舶的运力。</p>\n\n<p>据航运咨询机构 Linerlytica,截至 8 月 24 日,全球港口等待靠泊的货柜船运力已经达到约 430 万 TEU。作为对比,2022 年的峰值约为 400 万 TEU。如此看来,港口拥堵情况正在加剧。</p>\n\n<p>中东局势虽仍不明朗,部分船公司却已重启途经红海和苏伊士运河的航线服务,让外界看到了运力恢复的希望。9 月 14 日,马士基宣布,将与赫伯罗特调整 AE5、AE11、AE12 和 ME2 四条「Gemini 合作」航线,改为经苏伊士运河和红海航行,不再绕行好望角。同日,地中海航运(MSC)也表示,正继续在其部分东西向航线上有限度地恢复苏伊士运河的通航。</p>\n\n<p>不过,罗宾升的报告认为,安全形势仍是重要观察变量,这远不代表整个航线网络已全面恢复。相关调整目前仅适用于特定服务,须接受持续的安全审查,一旦局势恶化,随时可能被撤回。</p>\n\n<p>王国文也表示,目前看来,有效运力很难一次性回到扰动前水平。所谓的有效运力,取决于船舶周转效率,不是单纯看有多少艘船下水。即便船公司重返红海,只要袭击风险持续存在,船舶将面临保险费上涨、降速航行、临时改道、港口等候等问题,船舶海上周转周期拉长,这就需要投入更多的船只。一旦中东安全局势反复,船公司随时可能再次暂停红海航线,重新大规模绕行好望角,直接侵蚀全球主干航线的有效运力。</p>\n\n<p>他补充:「中东地缘冲突是悬在市场上方的变量,只要不确定性没有消除,全球集运有效运力就始终存在隐忧。」</p>\n\n<p>全球航运市场紧张局面并未消退,如今又碰上柴油价格急剧上升,这些情况都让很多货代头疼不已。</p>\n\n<p>王志从也表示,由于客户的帐期很难缩短,现在公司的资金压力明显在加大。</p>\n\n<p>王国文表示,对货代行业而言,运价与燃油价格剧烈波动将压缩普通货代的利润空间、加速行业洗牌,缺乏稳定舱位和对冲能力的中小货代压力最大。他认为:「多数中小货代与货主提前锁价,而船公司燃油附加费、旺季附加费快速上调,易出现报价与成本倒挂;若签长期固定价,燃油涨价只能自担,直接侵蚀毛利,且油价高频波动加大报价风控难度。另一边,手握船公司长协舱位和大客户资源的头部货代,在爆舱行情下,稳定舱位成为稀缺资源,可收取舱位服务费,并通过清关、多式联运等增值服务提升综合收益。」</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,郑静文认为,目前处于弱势地位的还有货主。她表示,面对高企的海运价格,货主缺少有效的办法应对运价上涨。大型货主还可以通过长协锁定价格,规避风险,但中小货主如果拿不到优惠的长协价,或是货代不愿意与其签订长协,他们将会面临较大的压力。</p><div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a 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    "createdAt": "2026-09-22T21:42:09.000Z",
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