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英特尔2045年3D晶片布局曝光!高层示警先进晶圆产能难增10倍

2026-10-25 16:48:13 网络 阅读(1)

随着人工智慧(AI)算力需求持续攀升,先进晶圆制造的产能扩张正面临设备供应与制造成本等挑战。英特尔(INTC-US) 技术长Pushkar Ranade指出,以全球现有半导体制造设备规模来看,先进制程晶圆产量要扩大10倍并不容易,相较之下,提升至约2倍更具现实可能性。

英特尔2045年3D晶片布局曝光!高层示警先进晶圆产能难增10倍

根据科技Podcast《Dwarkesh Podcast》10月22日发布的英特尔晶圆厂探访与高阶主管访谈,先进制程的发展瓶颈不只在于晶片设计与制程微缩,还涉及极紫外光(EUV)微影设备、蚀刻与薄膜沉积设备等上游供应能力。若要进一步扩大产能,设备供应链也必须同步成长。

访谈也将焦点延伸至未来20年的晶片制造技术,涵盖英特尔14A制程、高数值孔径极紫外光(High-NA EUV)微影、背面供电、互补场效电晶体(CFET)及混合键合等技术,探讨晶圆厂如何突破现有制造模式的限制。

英特尔14A研发逾3年 避免重蹈10奈米延期覆辙

英特尔主管Chris Auth透露,14A制程已研发超过3年,一套先进制程涉及约2,000道制造步骤。从研发走向量产,除了设备配置与制程最佳化,缺陷控制及良率提升也是重要工作,必须确保制程能够稳定投入大规模生产。

英特尔过去曾因10奈米制程延迟而面临挑战,原因包括过于积极的电晶体密度提升目标,以及同时导入复杂的制程创新。

为降低类似风险,公司如今透过技术成熟度评估与阶段性审查机制,控制单一制程节点同时导入重大创新的数量,提升量产时程的可预测性。

在微影技术方面,High-NA EUV是14A的重要技术选项之一。这项技术将数值孔径从0.33提高至0.55,单次曝光的解析能力可提升约1.7倍。

英特尔认为,搭配背面供电技术,High-NA EUV有望减少部分复杂图形所需的多重曝光步骤,但实际采用与否,仍须考量成本及客户的晶片设计需求。

背面供电则是另一项重要发展方向。传统晶片的电源与讯号布线主要位于电晶体上方,背面供电技术将电源网路移至晶圆背面,释放正面布线空间,有助改善供电效率、减少互连拥挤,为先进制程持续微缩创造条件。

电晶体走向3D堆叠 钯以外的新材料也受关注

面向2045年的晶片制造,电晶体架构可能进一步从平面排列走向真正的3D堆叠。

英特尔正在研究CFET架构,将N型与P型电晶体上下堆叠,以提高单位面积内的电晶体密度。更长远来看,晶片可能形成多层电晶体与互连结构交替堆叠的设计,但散热、蚀刻、材料填充及制造成本,仍是必须克服的挑战。

晶片内部的金属互连也面临材料选择的问题。当互连间距缩小至约20奈米,传统铜互连所需的衬里材料会占据愈来愈多空间,压缩实际导电区域。英特尔因此研究钌(Ru)等材料,希望改善极细互连线的有效电阻表现;不过,在尺寸较大的互连结构中,铜仍将扮演重要角色。

先进封装则是提高晶片整合密度的另一条路径。英特尔的Foveros技术已实现25微米互连间距,并持续研究10微米以下的混合键合技术。访谈也提及,学术研究已展现0.45微米间距的可靠性成果。

混合键合有望进一步提高晶片之间的连接密度,降低资料传输功耗,让逻辑晶片与记忆体更紧密整合,成为未来高效能运算架构的重要技术方向。

追赶台积电不只看制程 晶圆厂也须重新设计

谈到与台积电(2330-TW) 的竞争,Ranade认为,不能只以电晶体密度、效能或功耗的细微差距衡量技术实力。晶圆厂规模、良率、客户生态系、准时交付能力及快速扩产的能力,同样是晶圆代工业者竞争力的重要组成部分。

他认为,英特尔在技术上已具备竞争能力,但在生产规模方面仍须追赶台积电。

另一方面,先进晶圆厂的建置成本持续攀升,High-NA EUV及相关设备的投资规模已达数亿美元等级。

Ranade指出,半导体产业不能永远沿用过去数十年的制造模式,必须重新检视无尘室设计、设备配置、制程流程及晶圆厂的建置方式,寻找成本更低、效率更高的生产体系。

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英特尔追赶台积电不只比制程,良率、产能、交付与扩产能力同样关键。",
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    "content": "<p>随着人工智慧(AI)算力需求持续攀升,先进晶圆制造的产能扩张正面临设备供应与制造成本等挑战。英特尔(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:INTC:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">INTC-US</a>) 技术长Pushkar Ranade指出,以全球现有半导体制造设备规模来看,先进制程晶圆产量要扩大10倍并不容易,相较之下,提升至约2倍更具现实可能性。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6637349/l/1b5b5df7e9323ccf704d517ec618b5e8.jpg\" alt=\"英特尔2045年3D晶片布局曝光!高层示警先进晶圆产能难增10倍\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>根据科技Podcast《Dwarkesh Podcast》10月22日发布的英特尔晶圆厂探访与高阶主管访谈,先进制程的发展瓶颈不只在于晶片设计与制程微缩,还涉及极紫外光(EUV)微影设备、蚀刻与薄膜沉积设备等上游供应能力。若要进一步扩大产能,设备供应链也必须同步成长。</p>\n\n<p>访谈也将焦点延伸至未来20年的晶片制造技术,涵盖英特尔14A制程、高数值孔径极紫外光(High-NA EUV)微影、背面供电、互补场效电晶体(CFET)及混合键合等技术,探讨晶圆厂如何突破现有制造模式的限制。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>英特尔</strong><strong>14A</strong><strong>研</strong><strong>发逾</strong><strong>3</strong><strong>年 避免重蹈</strong><strong>10</strong><strong>奈米延期覆辙</strong></h6>\n\n<p>英特尔主管Chris Auth透露,14A制程已研发超过3年,一套先进制程涉及约2,000道制造步骤。从研发走向量产,除了设备配置与制程最佳化,缺陷控制及良率提升也是重要工作,必须确保制程能够稳定投入大规模生产。</p>\n\n<p>英特尔过去曾因10奈米制程延迟而面临挑战,原因包括过于积极的电晶体密度提升目标,以及同时导入复杂的制程创新。</p>\n\n<p>为降低类似风险,公司如今透过技术成熟度评估与阶段性审查机制,控制单一制程节点同时导入重大创新的数量,提升量产时程的可预测性。</p>\n\n<p>在微影技术方面,High-NA EUV是14A的重要技术选项之一。这项技术将数值孔径从0.33提高至0.55,单次曝光的解析能力可提升约1.7倍。</p>\n\n<p>英特尔认为,搭配背面供电技术,High-NA EUV有望减少部分复杂图形所需的多重曝光步骤,但实际采用与否,仍须考量成本及客户的晶片设计需求。</p>\n\n<p>背面供电则是另一项重要发展方向。传统晶片的电源与讯号布线主要位于电晶体上方,背面供电技术将电源网路移至晶圆背面,释放正面布线空间,有助改善供电效率、减少互连拥挤,为先进制程持续微缩创造条件。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>电晶体走向</strong><strong>3D</strong><strong>堆叠 </strong><strong>钯</strong><strong>以外的新材料也受关注</strong></h6>\n\n<p>面向2045年的晶片制造,电晶体架构可能进一步从平面排列走向真正的3D堆叠。</p>\n\n<p>英特尔正在研究CFET架构,将N型与P型电晶体上下堆叠,以提高单位面积内的电晶体密度。更长远来看,晶片可能形成多层电晶体与互连结构交替堆叠的设计,但散热、蚀刻、材料填充及制造成本,仍是必须克服的挑战。</p>\n\n<p>晶片内部的金属互连也面临材料选择的问题。当互连间距缩小至约20奈米,传统铜互连所需的衬里材料会占据愈来愈多空间,压缩实际导电区域。英特尔因此研究钌(Ru)等材料,希望改善极细互连线的有效电阻表现;不过,在尺寸较大的互连结构中,铜仍将扮演重要角色。</p>\n\n<p>先进封装则是提高晶片整合密度的另一条路径。英特尔的Foveros技术已实现25微米互连间距,并持续研究10微米以下的混合键合技术。访谈也提及,学术研究已展现0.45微米间距的可靠性成果。</p>\n\n<p>混合键合有望进一步提高晶片之间的连接密度,降低资料传输功耗,让逻辑晶片与记忆体更紧密整合,成为未来高效能运算架构的重要技术方向。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>追</strong><strong>赶</strong><strong>台积电不只看制程 晶圆厂也须重新设计</strong></h6>\n\n<p>谈到与台积电(<a data-symbol-template=\"TWS:2330:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">2330-TW</a>) 的竞争,Ranade认为,不能只以电晶体密度、效能或功耗的细微差距衡量技术实力。晶圆厂规模、良率、客户生态系、准时交付能力及快速扩产的能力,同样是晶圆代工业者竞争力的重要组成部分。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,英特尔在技术上已具备竞争能力,但在生产规模方面仍须追赶台积电。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,先进晶圆厂的建置成本持续攀升,High-NA EUV及相关设备的投资规模已达数亿美元等级。</p>\n\n<p>Ranade指出,半导体产业不能永远沿用过去数十年的制造模式,必须重新检视无尘室设计、设备配置、制程流程及晶圆厂的建置方式,寻找成本更低、效率更高的生产体系。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1979.html\" title=\"辉达终于拿下苹果AI客户 为何股价仍跌?\">辉达终于拿下苹果AI客户 为何股价仍跌?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11049.html\" title=\"〈美股盘后〉温和CPI消除升息疑虑 费半强涨近2.5% 记忆体类股喷高\">〈美股盘后〉温和CPI消除升息疑虑 费半强涨近2.5% 记忆体类股喷高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-19537.html\" title=\"AI生产力效益还没现身「没关系」?《巴隆》庞大资本支出撑起美国经济、股市先受惠\">AI生产力效益还没现身「没关系」?《巴隆》庞大资本支出撑起美国经济、股市先受惠</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4545.html\" title=\"比特币跌破6万美元!Strategy策略转向引发市场忧虑\">比特币跌破6万美元!Strategy策略转向引发市场忧虑</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-238.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉美元走弱 债市抛售降温\">〈纽约汇市〉美元走弱 债市抛售降温</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8396.html\" title=\"美股重点新闻摘要2026年7月28日\">美股重点新闻摘要2026年7月28日</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-25T08:10:03.000Z",
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