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〈分析〉Trainium拟2027年走出AWS:亚马逊AI晶片下一步怎么赚?

2026-10-30 09:18:09 网络 阅读(3)

亚马逊 (Amazon) (AMZN-US) 自研AI晶片Trainium准备跨出AWS生态系,下一步不只是扩大晶片使用量,更牵涉一门新的商业模式:究竟要直接出售晶片与伺服器、透过其他云端平台提供运算服务,还是采取不同形式的合作?这些选择将决定亚马逊能从强劲的晶片需求中创造多少收入,以及必须承担多少硬体投资与现金流压力。

〈分析〉Trainium拟2027年走出AWS:亚马逊AI晶片下一步怎么赚?

亚马逊执行长贾西 (Andy Jassy) 周四 (29日) 在第三季财报电话会议上表示,随着Trainium需求强劲,客户也持续要求将这款自研AI晶片开放至AWS以外的环境,公司计划在2027年底让Trainium「在AWS之外可用」。不过,贾西并未说明具体交易形式,也没有公布合作对象、供应规模或定价方式。这项计划目前能确认的是Trainium将扩大AWS以外的使用范围,并不代表亚马逊已决定直接向客户出售晶片。

目前Trainium主要透过AWS云端执行个体 (instance) 提供,客户向AWS租用运算资源,而不是直接购买晶片。若未来改采硬体销售,亚马逊可能需要承担晶片制造、伺服器组装、库存及交付成本;若透过其他云端平台提供使用权,则可能扩大客户触及范围,但仍须厘清硬体由谁持有、谁负责部署,以及亚马逊如何从合作中收取费用。交易形式不同,对营收认列、资本支出与利润率的影响也会截然不同。

Trainium走向外部市场的背景,是亚马逊自研晶片与AI云端服务需求同步升温。亚马逊7月曾揭露,AI云端业务与晶片业务的年化营收均已超过250亿美元,且都维持三位数年增幅。贾西周四进一步透露,上一代Trainium执行个体的短期产能已供不应求,售价高于今年上半年,显示客户对现有运算资源的需求相当强劲。

AWS第三季营收达459.8亿美元,年增39.3%,换算年化营收规模约1,840亿美元;AWS整体积压订单 (backlog) 则达5,780亿美元,年增幅达三位数。不过,这笔积压订单涵盖AWS整体云端业务,亚马逊并未单独揭露Trainium的订单规模,因此不能直接将AWS积压订单视为Trainium的潜在收入。

亚马逊也持续强化自研晶片的成本优势。贾西表示,第三季采用亚马逊自研晶片的客户,累计节省超过20亿美元成本。公司推出Graviton 5处理器后,前一代Graviton执行个体的积压订单较前一季增加逾一倍;Graviton相较于x86替代方案,价格效能可提升30%至40%。亚马逊并开源TorchNeuron,让开发者能在Trainium上执行PyTorch程式码,不必大幅改写原有程式。

在AI服务方面,AWS推论业务营收已占AWS AI营收逾一半,且仍持续成长。贾西认为,未来客户不会只依赖单一AI模型,而是会根据不同工作负载选择适合的模型。他预期,未来两至三年内,市场可能出现6至8个具竞争力、足以满足95%以上工作负载需求的模型。AWS Bedrock生成式AI服务也有机会成长至与EC2相当的规模,让亚马逊不只从晶片本身获利,也能透过云端运算、模型部署及推论服务创造更多收入。

不过,Trainium若要走出AWS,Google TPU的外部供应经验提供了重要参照。Google母公司Alphabet (GOOGL-US) 已开始将自研张量处理器 (TPU) 推向外部市场。《路透社》报导,Google对外销售TPU系统已带来数十亿美元收入,但这种模式也伴随硬体投资与现金回收的时间差。尚未售出的TPU系统必须先列入存货,代表Google需要在客户付款前投入硬体成本;Alphabet财务长艾许肯纳吉 (Anat Ashkenazi) 也表示,既有TPU合约收入大部分要到2027年才会认列。

获利能力方面,TD Cowen估计,Google TPU销售业务的营业利益率约20%,低于Google Cloud整体约35%的水准。Alphabet尚未单独公布TPU营收与利润率,因此这些数字仍属分析师估算,不能视为公司正式财务指引。这也凸显硬体销售与云端服务的差异:即使外部需求强劲,供应商仍须先承担硬体成本,并面对备货、交付与收款之间的资金落差。

另一种模式则是让自研晶片登上其他云端平台。Alphabet周二 (27日) 宣布,甲骨文 (Oracle) (ORCL-US) 将自2027年起,让Oracle Cloud客户使用Google TPU。这是Google TPU首度登上Google以外的超大规模云端平台。Google也已从第二季起向外部资料中心开放TPU,扩大晶片的使用场景。

不过,Google与甲骨文之间的供应条件并未公开,包括TPU究竟以出售、出租或其他合作形式提供,外界仍无法判断双方各自承担多少资本支出,以及Google如何回收硬体投资。Google Cloud执行长库里安 (Thomas Kurian) 曾表示,Google的AI伺服器不到两年即可回本,而采用自家晶片的伺服器,回本时间约可再缩短一半。这显示自研晶片除了降低运算成本,也可能改善资料中心投资的回收效率,但实际效益仍取决于设备利用率、客户合约与供应条件。

Anthropic的采购布局则反映大型AI业者对多种晶片架构的需求。Anthropic周一提交的上市申请文件显示,公司同时使用Google、亚马逊、辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US) 及超微 (AMD) (AMD-US) 的晶片,依照不同工作负载选择成本与效能较合适的产品。文件并披露,Anthropic承诺在2026年4月至2033年7月期间,投入1,145亿美元采购Google算力资源。这是长期采购承诺,不代表Google已在相关期间认列相同金额的收入,也不能将全部金额直接视为TPU营收。

此前市场也传出Anthropic扩大采用Google TPU的规模,并与Google及其他供应商洽谈大量算力资源。这类需求显示,AI模型业者正积极寻找辉达GPU以外的替代方案,透过多晶片供应商策略降低成本与供应风险。对亚马逊而言,若Trainium能在AWS之外取得更多客户,将有机会把原本绑定自家云端平台的晶片技术,转化为更广泛的外部市场收入。

Google TPU的营收潜力也受到华尔街关注。瑞穗预估,Google TPU营收可能从2026年的280亿美元,增加至2027年的670亿美元,并于2028年达到1,000亿美元。TD Cowen的估算更为乐观,预测2028年TPU营收可达1,380亿美元,约合184兆韩元,相当于Google Cloud营收的34%。这些数字均为分析师预测,并非Alphabet公布的营收目标,也不代表Google已确认所有外部供应合约。

对亚马逊来说,Trainium外部供应的商业模式尤其重要,因为公司正处于资本支出快速扩张阶段。亚马逊过去12个月自由现金流为流出423.6亿美元,与前一年同期仍有147.9亿美元流入形成明显反差;今年资本支出预计约2,200亿美元,贾西并表示2027年支出将「大幅高于」今年。公司持续投资资料中心、晶片与AI基础设施,虽然有助于掌握长期需求,但也使现金流与投资回收速度成为市场关注焦点。

贾西在财报电话会议上强调,AWS采取的是长期平台策略,与主要代管GPU、出租短期资料中心产能的模式不同,并表示公司资本支出的回收速度持续加快。这代表亚马逊希望透过晶片、云端平台、AI模型服务与推论需求形成完整生态系,而不只是单纯出售硬体。

从营收模式来看,若亚马逊直接销售Trainium系统,便有机会在AWS之外创造硬体收入,但必须先承担库存、制造与交付成本,并面临类似Google TPU销售模式的现金回收时间差。若采取授权或与其他云端业者合作,则可能降低部分直接销售与部署负担,但收入分配、定价权及客户关系也可能受到合作条件限制。若维持以云端服务出租为主,则能延续AWS既有的服务模式,但外部客户仍须透过合作平台或特定基础设施使用Trainium。

因此,Trainium在2027年底走出AWS,真正值得观察的并非单纯多了多少潜在客户,而是亚马逊选择哪一种商业模式,以及能否在扩大供应的同时维持投资报酬率。现阶段可确认的是,客户已主动要求Trainium开放至AWS以外,亚马逊也已提出2027年底的规画,现有部分产能需求强劲;但交易形式、定价、供应规模及合作对象都尚未公布。

在这些关键条件明朗前,将亚马逊的计划直接定义为「开始对外卖晶片」仍嫌过早。Google的经验已显示,自研AI晶片外部供应确实可能成为数十亿美元甚至更大规模的收入来源,但背后也伴随存货、资本支出与现金回收压力。对亚马逊而言,Trainium能否从AWS内部的成本优势,进一步转变为AWS之外可独立获利的生意,将是2027年最值得追踪的AI晶片布局之一。

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              "pid": 61,
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          "id": 71,
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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        {
          "id": 43,
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          "name": "股指期货",
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    "title": "〈分析〉Trainium拟2027年走出AWS:亚马逊AI晶片下一步怎么赚?",
    "shortTitle": "〈分析〉Trainium拟2027年走出AWS:亚马逊AI晶",
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    "description": "亚马逊拟2027年底让Trainium在AWS之外可用,客户已要求扩大使用,但交易形式、合作对象与定价尚未确定。
外部供应模式将影响营收认列、资本支出与现金流,亚马逊今年资本支出预计约2,200亿美元。
AWS第三季营收459.8亿美元,年增39.3%;自研晶片为客户省逾20亿美元。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6641370/l/d85ec725b53f94e89bb6363c760ba1bd.jpg",
    "content": "<p>亚马逊 (Amazon) (AMZN-US) 自研AI晶片Trainium准备跨出AWS生态系,下一步不只是扩大晶片使用量,更牵涉一门新的商业模式:究竟要直接出售晶片与伺服器、透过其他云端平台提供运算服务,还是采取不同形式的合作?这些选择将决定亚马逊能从强劲的晶片需求中创造多少收入,以及必须承担多少硬体投资与现金流压力。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6641370/l/d85ec725b53f94e89bb6363c760ba1bd.jpg\" alt=\"〈分析〉Trainium拟2027年走出AWS:亚马逊AI晶片下一步怎么赚?\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>亚马逊执行长贾西 (Andy Jassy) 周四 (29日) 在第三季财报电话会议上表示,随着Trainium需求强劲,客户也持续要求将这款自研AI晶片开放至AWS以外的环境,公司计划在2027年底让Trainium「在AWS之外可用」。不过,贾西并未说明具体交易形式,也没有公布合作对象、供应规模或定价方式。这项计划目前能确认的是Trainium将扩大AWS以外的使用范围,并不代表亚马逊已决定直接向客户出售晶片。</p>\n\n<p>目前Trainium主要透过AWS云端执行个体 (instance) 提供,客户向AWS租用运算资源,而不是直接购买晶片。若未来改采硬体销售,亚马逊可能需要承担晶片制造、伺服器组装、库存及交付成本;若透过其他云端平台提供使用权,则可能扩大客户触及范围,但仍须厘清硬体由谁持有、谁负责部署,以及亚马逊如何从合作中收取费用。交易形式不同,对营收认列、资本支出与利润率的影响也会截然不同。</p>\n\n<p>Trainium走向外部市场的背景,是亚马逊自研晶片与AI云端服务需求同步升温。亚马逊7月曾揭露,AI云端业务与晶片业务的年化营收均已超过250亿美元,且都维持三位数年增幅。贾西周四进一步透露,上一代Trainium执行个体的短期产能已供不应求,售价高于今年上半年,显示客户对现有运算资源的需求相当强劲。</p>\n\n<p>AWS第三季营收达459.8亿美元,年增39.3%,换算年化营收规模约1,840亿美元;AWS整体积压订单 (backlog) 则达5,780亿美元,年增幅达三位数。不过,这笔积压订单涵盖AWS整体云端业务,亚马逊并未单独揭露Trainium的订单规模,因此不能直接将AWS积压订单视为Trainium的潜在收入。</p>\n\n<p>亚马逊也持续强化自研晶片的成本优势。贾西表示,第三季采用亚马逊自研晶片的客户,累计节省超过20亿美元成本。公司推出Graviton 5处理器后,前一代Graviton执行个体的积压订单较前一季增加逾一倍;Graviton相较于x86替代方案,价格效能可提升30%至40%。亚马逊并开源TorchNeuron,让开发者能在Trainium上执行PyTorch程式码,不必大幅改写原有程式。</p>\n\n<p>在AI服务方面,AWS推论业务营收已占AWS AI营收逾一半,且仍持续成长。贾西认为,未来客户不会只依赖单一AI模型,而是会根据不同工作负载选择适合的模型。他预期,未来两至三年内,市场可能出现6至8个具竞争力、足以满足95%以上工作负载需求的模型。AWS Bedrock生成式AI服务也有机会成长至与EC2相当的规模,让亚马逊不只从晶片本身获利,也能透过云端运算、模型部署及推论服务创造更多收入。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Trainium若要走出AWS,Google TPU的外部供应经验提供了重要参照。Google母公司Alphabet (GOOGL-US) 已开始将自研张量处理器 (TPU) 推向外部市场。《路透社》报导,Google对外销售TPU系统已带来数十亿美元收入,但这种模式也伴随硬体投资与现金回收的时间差。尚未售出的TPU系统必须先列入存货,代表Google需要在客户付款前投入硬体成本;Alphabet财务长艾许肯纳吉 (Anat Ashkenazi) 也表示,既有TPU合约收入大部分要到2027年才会认列。</p>\n\n<p>获利能力方面,TD Cowen估计,Google TPU销售业务的营业利益率约20%,低于Google Cloud整体约35%的水准。Alphabet尚未单独公布TPU营收与利润率,因此这些数字仍属分析师估算,不能视为公司正式财务指引。这也凸显硬体销售与云端服务的差异:即使外部需求强劲,供应商仍须先承担硬体成本,并面对备货、交付与收款之间的资金落差。</p>\n\n<p>另一种模式则是让自研晶片登上其他云端平台。Alphabet周二 (27日) 宣布,甲骨文 (Oracle) (ORCL-US) 将自2027年起,让Oracle Cloud客户使用Google TPU。这是Google TPU首度登上Google以外的超大规模云端平台。Google也已从第二季起向外部资料中心开放TPU,扩大晶片的使用场景。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Google与甲骨文之间的供应条件并未公开,包括TPU究竟以出售、出租或其他合作形式提供,外界仍无法判断双方各自承担多少资本支出,以及Google如何回收硬体投资。Google Cloud执行长库里安 (Thomas Kurian) 曾表示,Google的AI伺服器不到两年即可回本,而采用自家晶片的伺服器,回本时间约可再缩短一半。这显示自研晶片除了降低运算成本,也可能改善资料中心投资的回收效率,但实际效益仍取决于设备利用率、客户合约与供应条件。</p>\n\n<p>Anthropic的采购布局则反映大型AI业者对多种晶片架构的需求。Anthropic周一提交的上市申请文件显示,公司同时使用Google、亚马逊、辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US) 及超微 (AMD) (AMD-US) 的晶片,依照不同工作负载选择成本与效能较合适的产品。文件并披露,Anthropic承诺在2026年4月至2033年7月期间,投入1,145亿美元采购Google算力资源。这是长期采购承诺,不代表Google已在相关期间认列相同金额的收入,也不能将全部金额直接视为TPU营收。</p>\n\n<p>此前市场也传出Anthropic扩大采用Google TPU的规模,并与Google及其他供应商洽谈大量算力资源。这类需求显示,AI模型业者正积极寻找辉达GPU以外的替代方案,透过多晶片供应商策略降低成本与供应风险。对亚马逊而言,若Trainium能在AWS之外取得更多客户,将有机会把原本绑定自家云端平台的晶片技术,转化为更广泛的外部市场收入。</p>\n\n<p>Google TPU的营收潜力也受到华尔街关注。瑞穗预估,Google TPU营收可能从2026年的280亿美元,增加至2027年的670亿美元,并于2028年达到1,000亿美元。TD Cowen的估算更为乐观,预测2028年TPU营收可达1,380亿美元,约合184兆韩元,相当于Google Cloud营收的34%。这些数字均为分析师预测,并非Alphabet公布的营收目标,也不代表Google已确认所有外部供应合约。</p>\n\n<p>对亚马逊来说,Trainium外部供应的商业模式尤其重要,因为公司正处于资本支出快速扩张阶段。亚马逊过去12个月自由现金流为流出423.6亿美元,与前一年同期仍有147.9亿美元流入形成明显反差;今年资本支出预计约2,200亿美元,贾西并表示2027年支出将「大幅高于」今年。公司持续投资资料中心、晶片与AI基础设施,虽然有助于掌握长期需求,但也使现金流与投资回收速度成为市场关注焦点。</p>\n\n<p>贾西在财报电话会议上强调,AWS采取的是长期平台策略,与主要代管GPU、出租短期资料中心产能的模式不同,并表示公司资本支出的回收速度持续加快。这代表亚马逊希望透过晶片、云端平台、AI模型服务与推论需求形成完整生态系,而不只是单纯出售硬体。</p>\n\n<p>从营收模式来看,若亚马逊直接销售Trainium系统,便有机会在AWS之外创造硬体收入,但必须先承担库存、制造与交付成本,并面临类似Google TPU销售模式的现金回收时间差。若采取授权或与其他云端业者合作,则可能降低部分直接销售与部署负担,但收入分配、定价权及客户关系也可能受到合作条件限制。若维持以云端服务出租为主,则能延续AWS既有的服务模式,但外部客户仍须透过合作平台或特定基础设施使用Trainium。</p>\n\n<p>因此,Trainium在2027年底走出AWS,真正值得观察的并非单纯多了多少潜在客户,而是亚马逊选择哪一种商业模式,以及能否在扩大供应的同时维持投资报酬率。现阶段可确认的是,客户已主动要求Trainium开放至AWS以外,亚马逊也已提出2027年底的规画,现有部分产能需求强劲;但交易形式、定价、供应规模及合作对象都尚未公布。</p>\n\n<p>在这些关键条件明朗前,将亚马逊的计划直接定义为「开始对外卖晶片」仍嫌过早。Google的经验已显示,自研AI晶片外部供应确实可能成为数十亿美元甚至更大规模的收入来源,但背后也伴随存货、资本支出与现金回收压力。对亚马逊而言,Trainium能否从AWS内部的成本优势,进一步转变为AWS之外可独立获利的生意,将是2027年最值得追踪的AI晶片布局之一。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4743.html\" title=\"日产美国大改革!新执行长拒打价格战 誓言摆脱「租车品牌」形象\">日产美国大改革!新执行长拒打价格战 誓言摆脱「租车品牌」形象</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4922.html\" title=\"小摩示警:AI硬体股飙涨、超大规模云端设备股承压 走势分化雷同1999年网路泡沫前夕\">小摩示警:AI硬体股飙涨、超大规模云端设备股承压 走势分化雷同1999年网路泡沫前夕</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-17557.html\" title=\"中国考虑放行辉达晶片!要求阿里、字节跳动提交采购RTX PRO 5500计划\">中国考虑放行辉达晶片!要求阿里、字节跳动提交采购RTX PRO 5500计划</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4670.html\" title=\"期货未平仓合约激增30% 交易员积极建立空头部位押注7月升息\">期货未平仓合约激增30% 交易员积极建立空头部位押注7月升息</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3646.html\" title=\"裴洛西加码英特尔与Uber 长天期买权曝光\">裴洛西加码英特尔与Uber 长天期买权曝光</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-21166.html\" title=\"CoreWeave违约避险成本飙至近3倍 当心股价「诱空陷阱」\">CoreWeave违约避险成本飙至近3倍 当心股价「诱空陷阱」</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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