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美国45% AI资料中心扩建计划恐遭冻结!德州政坛变天 13GW容量陷监管风暴

2026-11-06 08:29:52 网络 阅读(1)

美国AI资料中心建设正面临新的政策风险。民主党在2026年期中选举取得多州执政权,尤其德州州长及副州长选举双双翻盘,让原本已因电力与用水审查而暂停部分审批的资料中心计划,面临更长时间的监管不确定性。

美国45% AI资料中心扩建计划恐遭冻结!德州政坛变天 13GW容量陷监管风暴

高盛估计,可能受到民主党州政府限制的地区,约占美国规划中资料中心扩建容量的45%,其中德州单独占25%,成为全美AI基础建设最受关注的政策风险中心。

根据美联社选举结果,民主党籍候选人吉娜·伊诺霍萨 (Gina Hinojosa) 以约52.8%得票率击败共和党现任州长格雷格·艾伯特 (Greg Abbott),后者得票率约45.7%。这是民主党自1995年以来首次重新取得德州州长职位。伊诺霍萨在竞选期间多次主张暂停新资料中心审批,直到州议会制定新的监管保障措施。

更值得注意的是,民主党籍维琪·古德温 (Vikki Goodwin) 也击败共和党籍副州长丹·派翠克 (Dan Patrick),成为27年来首位民主党籍德州副州长。副州长在德州参议院拥有重要议程安排权力,能影响委员会分配及法案审议进度,因此这项选举结果进一步提高资料中心监管政策改变的可能性。

不过,德州参议院仍由共和党掌握多数席次,并非民主党全面控制州议会。民主党此次同时取得州众议院多数,州政府权力结构出现重大变化,但新政策仍须经过立法程序,不能视为所有资料中心已经遭到正式冻结。

高盛首席经济学家简·哈齐乌斯 (Jan Hatzius) 指出,此次选举对联邦层级AI监管的影响可能有限,因为相关立法仍须取得两党支持,才能在参议院通过并避免总统否决。然而,民主党在州及地方层级的胜利,可能促使多个州短期内推出资料中心暂停令,影响约45%的美国规划中资料中心扩建容量。

高盛根据Cleanview资料估算,德州、乔治亚州、密西根州、内华达州及俄亥俄州等地,合计约占美国规划资料中心容量的45%。其中德州约占25%,是单一州中曝险最高的地区。潜在限制措施包括取消特定税务优惠、提高环保及用水标准,以及赋予地方政府更大权力,决定是否暂停当地资料中心开发。

德州的监管风暴其实在选举前就已经开始。艾伯特8月3日要求德州公用事业委员会 (PUCT) 及电力可靠性委员会 (ERCOT),全面审查正在申请电网并网的资料中心计划,检视其电力需求、供水来源、能源使用及对地方社区的影响。

9月21日,艾伯特进一步指示德州环境品质委员会 (TCEQ) 暂停核发资料中心相关许可,直到电网及水资源审查完成。ERCOT预计于12月10日前提交相关审查报告,原本市场预期,若审查结束,部分审批程序可能重新启动。

然而,伊诺霍萨主张将暂停措施延续至州议会通过新法规为止,让原本与行政审查进度挂钩的冻结措施,可能转变成与立法进度挂钩的长期限制。德州第90届州议会将于2027年1月12日开议,常规会期预计于5月31日结束,意味着相关政策可能要到明年5月底才有机会出现明确进展。

《Texas Tribune》报导也证实,伊诺霍萨承诺在新法规建立之前暂停资料中心审批,主要理由是大型资料中心可能推高居民电费、增加地方用水压力,并让社区缺乏参与开发决策的权力。NBC出口民调另显示,约75%的德州选民反对在居住社区附近兴建新的资料中心,反映地方民意已成为政策转向的重要推力。

市场最关注的问题,是究竟有多少资料中心容量可能因此延后。GLJ Research分析师戈登·强森 (Gordon Johnson) 估计,约13GW德州资料中心容量直接暴露于伊诺霍萨胜选后的政策风险。其他市场分析人士引用杰富瑞 (Jefferies) 的估算,将相关容量列为约13.3GW。这些数字代表潜在受影响的规划容量,并不意味着所有项目都已取消。

强森将相关项目分成不同风险层级:已取得电力、许可及完成钢结构工程的项目,仍有较高机会继续施工;已取得电力但尚未取得州环保许可的项目,可能延迟12至18个月;至于尚未取得电力及许可的计划,则可能转往路易斯安那州、奥克拉荷马州等监管环境较友善的地区,甚至直接取消。

资料中心建设延迟也将波及电力设备供应商。富国银行 (Wells Fargo) (WFC-US) 分析师追踪约37GW的往复式发动机及卡特彼勒燃气涡轮机相关项目,其中约3GW的卡特彼勒及康明斯供货容量涉及德州开发案,可能受到审批延迟影响。

康明斯 (Cummins) (CMI-US) 方面,富国银行追踪的主要曝险约为2.0GW,集中于西德州HPC园区Circe Energy项目,相关交付时程延伸至2030年。卡特彼勒 (Caterpillar) (CAT-US) 则有至少约1.1GW、估计价值约12亿美元的燃气涡轮机设备涉及德州项目,主要包括微软 (Microsoft) (MSFT-US) 与雪佛龙 (Chevron) (CVX-US) 合作的Kilby项目,以及Stargate在阿比林的资料中心园区。

此外,设备供应商INNIO的VoltaGrid订单,在德州沙克尔福德县另有约1.5GW相关容量。分析师提醒,由于追踪资料中仍有未公开项目,实际受到影响的设备订单规模可能高于目前估算。

设备交货期也是另一项风险。部分大型电力设备的交付时程已延伸至2030年,远长于空气排放许可约18个月的可预测期间。一旦资料中心建设延迟,原本预留的设备交付时段可能被迫调整,甚至转配给其他客户,增加供应商排程及营收认列的不确定性。

更重要的是,德州现行审查措施也涵盖资料中心自备发电设施。这代表开发商即使不依赖公共电网,而是自行兴建燃气发电设备,也不能完全避开州政府的许可程序,降低了透过自备电力绕过电网并网限制的可能性。

除了监管与设备问题,资料中心融资能力也逐渐成为市场关注焦点。富国银行指出,过去分析主要集中于设备供应、许可及电网并网等实体限制,却将融资视为可以取得的资源。随着信用违约交换 (CDS) 市场风险指标自9月以来上升,分析师开始重新评估资料中心开发商及相关企业的融资成本。

根据莱斯大学贝克研究所 (Baker Institute) 研究,德州资料中心投资额预估将从2025年的521亿美元升至2026年的662亿美元,2027年进一步达到850亿美元。该研究估计,2028年、2029年及2030年的投资额将分别达950亿、1,000亿及1,050亿美元,显示德州已成为美国AI基础设施投资最集中的地区之一。

富国银行估算,若德州资料中心投资规模减少10%,可能使全美AI资本支出受到约1.6%的冲击。另一方面,市场分析人士指出,AI相关投资近期已对美国GDP成长贡献约1.2个百分点,显示AI基础设施建设不仅影响科技企业,也逐渐成为美国整体经济成长的重要来源。

超大型云端服务商 (Hyperscalers) 的资本支出规模更凸显这项风险。市场分析估计,五大超大型云端服务商单季资本支出已达2,370亿美元,年增99%,而2027年投资指引仍持续上调。若德州及其他州的资料中心许可延迟,可能影响相关企业的建设进度、设备采购与未来营收认列。

另一方面,市场也开始重新检视AI基础设施的资金结构。部分大型云端服务商自由现金流已转负,约三分之一的相关建设资金仰赖债务融资。当建设许可、电力供应与融资成本同时受到限制,AI投资热潮可能从单纯的资本支出竞赛,转变为资金回收能力与财务承受力的考验。

德州的政策转向也可能向其他州扩散。高盛及杰富瑞指出,乔治亚州、俄亥俄州、密西根州、内华达州、威斯康辛州及爱荷华州等地,都可能透过暂停令、税务优惠调整或提高资料中心承担的能源成本,限制新建计划。

乔治亚州方面,民主党籍候选人基莎·兰斯·波顿斯 (Keisha Lance Bottoms) 主张全州暂停资料中心开发,民主党也在公共服务委员会选举取得突破,可能改变当地能源监管方向。高盛分析师认为,这对南方公司 (Southern Company) (SO-US) 的大型电力需求管道构成潜在压力,因为该公司约56%的费率基础位于乔治亚州。

俄亥俄州则由民主党籍艾美·艾克顿 (Amy Acton) 击败共和党候选人维韦克·拉马斯瓦米 (Vivek Ramaswamy)。艾克顿主张资料中心必须承担全部公用事业成本、自行提供部分电力、采用工会劳工,并终止部分保密协议。高盛原先估计,俄亥俄州至2030年约有8GW资料中心容量可投入运作,现在则面临更严格审查的可能性。

密西根州民主党籍州长候选人乔丝琳·班森 (Jocelyn Benson) 也主张,在建立水资源、电费及地方决策保障之前,应暂停部分资料中心开发。威斯康辛州及爱荷华州则可能透过取消资料中心销售税豁免及投资优惠,提高开发成本。

不过,并非所有州都朝向限制资料中心建设。佛罗里达州共和党候选人拜伦·唐纳兹 (Byron Donalds) 胜选,降低全州暂停资料中心开发的政策风险;路易斯安那州共和党也扩大对公共服务委员会的控制,当地监管方向较倾向要求资料中心签署长期合约,并自行承担能源及基础设施成本,而非全面禁止建设。

对于可能受到影响的企业,《路透社》11月5日报导指出,资料中心开发商Cipher Mining (CIFR-US)、MARA Holdings (MARA-US) 及Galaxy Digital (GLXY-US),以及电力供应商Vistra (VST-US)、NRG Energy (NRG-US)、Constellation Energy (CEG-US) 和Talen Energy (TLN-US),都可能面临德州及其他州监管政策收紧的风险。

云端服务商甲骨文(ORCL-US) 及CoreWeave (CRWV-US) 也可能因资料中心建设延迟而受到影响。相较之下,亚马逊 (AMZN-US)、微软及Alphabet (GOOGL-US) 等大型云端业者,因拥有较多既有运算资源与资金调度能力,可能在新建供给受限时,受惠于既有资料中心容量的稀缺性。

此外,Applied Digital (APLD-US) 及TeraWulf (WULF-US) 等德州曝险相对较低的开发商,可能比高度集中于德州的业者更具韧性。设备供应商方面,INNIO的天然气发动机业务被视为较直接的潜在受害者,而GE Vernova (GEV-US) 因业务布局较多元,受到单一州政策变化的冲击可能相对有限。

市场对资料中心的反对声浪也正在扩大。杰富瑞引用Heatmap调查指出,强烈反对在居住地附近兴建资料中心的美国民众比例,从2025年9月的24%升至2026年8月的61%;强烈支持者则从13%降至4%。电费上涨、用水竞争及地方环境影响,正使资料中心从原本受到欢迎的科技投资,逐渐成为地方政治争议。

政策风险也不只存在于德州。维吉尼亚州作为美国重要的资料中心聚落,相关暂停令法案也正在推进,预计于明年1月13日立法会议前提交。沃尔夫研究指出,德州目前已公布约1,000个资料中心项目,接近维吉尼亚州约570个的两倍,显示任何政策变化都可能对全美资料中心建设产生重大影响。

华盛顿方面,联邦政府短期内也不太可能直接介入,推翻各州的资料中心监管措施。高盛认为,联邦层级的资料中心规则仍须取得两党支持,才能在参议院通过并避免总统否决,而民主党掌控国会后,也缺乏替大型科技企业限制民主党州政府政策的政治诱因。

此外,国会接下来还将面临政府拨款、债务上限及伊朗战争等重大议题,资料中心监管未必会成为优先处理事项。杰富瑞认为,民主党选举大胜可能提高联邦电费保障法案的通过机率,进一步要求资料中心自行承担能源成本,让大型开发商面临更严格的财务责任。

整体而言,美国AI资料中心产业正面临政策、电力、设备与融资四重压力。德州州长及副州长同时由民主党胜出,可能让原本预计在审查结束后恢复的许可程序,延长至2027年州议会完成立法之后。若乔治亚、俄亥俄及密西根等州跟进,潜在受影响的美国资料中心规划容量可能达45%。

不过,这并不代表AI基础设施需求消失,而是建设地点、审批时程及资金配置可能重新洗牌。短期而言,德州约13GW潜在曝险容量、设备交货排程及融资成本将是市场观察重点;中长期则须留意资料中心是否转往路易斯安那、奥克拉荷马及佛罗里达等政策环境较友善的州。AI产业下一阶段的竞争,可能不再只是晶片与算力之争,也将取决于谁能取得稳定电力、土地、用水及长期建设许可。

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      "name": "外汇开户",
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          "id": 67,
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          "id": 68,
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          "id": 69,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "Doo Prime德璞资本",
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "0",
          "listView": "list.html",
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          "id": 70,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "FXTM富拓",
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          "id": 72,
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          "name": "EC外汇",
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      "description": "美国联准会 (Fed) 副主席 Philip Jefferson 今 (28) 日在东京演讲时明确表示,鉴于美国劳动市场对近期能源冲击展现出「很强的韧性」,货币政策应更聚焦于将通膨率拉回 2% 的目标水准。 这是 Jefferson 自上周五 (22 日)Fed 新任主席华许上任后,首度公开评论货币政策前景。 Jefferson 说:「每次进行政策决策时,我都绝对专注于物价稳定。但在职责范围内,我也必须考量劳动市场的状况。」 他强调,当前美国劳动市场的强劲表现,赋予 Fed 更多空间来对抗顽固的",
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      "title": "联发科独家接单!郭明?:谷歌开发TPU v9晶片加强版「Triggerfish」 主打AI推理能力升级",
      "shortTitle": "联发科独家接单!郭明?:谷歌开发TPU v9晶片加强版「Tr",
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      "description": "天风国际证券分析师郭明?今 (22) 日表示,谷歌将在代号「Humufish」的 TPU v9 自研 AI 晶片基础上,推出一款主打 AI 推理能力升级的改版晶片,代号疑似为「Triggerfish」,并由联发科独家取得新增订单。 郭明?指出,Triggerfish 旨在缓解 AI ASIC 常见的「CPU 墙」与「记忆体墙 (Memory Wall)」瓶颈。 相较于 Humufish,Triggerfish 片内 SRAM 快取容量提升至 2-3 倍,可将更大规模活跃工作集保留于 TPU,",
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      "id": 4142,
      "title": "本周操盘笔记:美国6月非农就业、Fed主席华许全球舞台首秀、亚洲半导体行情",
      "shortTitle": "本周操盘笔记:美国6月非农就业、Fed主席华许全球舞台首秀、",
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      "description": "本周国际大事包括美国 6 月非农在内的多项就业报告,发布时机正逢联准会 (Fed) 升息预期转浓之际,而 Fed 主席华许将出席国际央行论坛,是他上任以来首次在全球舞台亮相,将与三位同样历经 2008 年金融海啸的央行官员同台。在此同时,随着金融市场年剧烈震荡的上半走势即将告一段落,投资人正从人工智慧 (AI) 浪潮与美国总统川普掀起的地缘政治风暴中,推敲下半年的方向。 本周操盘笔记 (20260629-0704) 1、美国就业报告,牵动 Fed 升息预期 本周因适逢 7 月 4 日美国独立纪念",
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    "title": "美国45% AI资料中心扩建计划恐遭冻结!德州政坛变天 13GW容量陷监管风暴",
    "shortTitle": "美国45% AI资料中心扩建计划恐遭冻结!德州政坛变天 13",
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    "description": "民主党在德州州长、副州长选举翻盘,伊诺霍萨主张新法规前暂停资料中心审批。
高盛估约45%美国规划中扩建容量受民主党州政策限制,德州单独占25%。
德州约13GW资料中心曝险,恐延迟设备、融资与AI资本支出,供应链也承压。",
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    "content": "<p>美国AI资料中心建设正面临新的政策风险。民主党在2026年期中选举取得多州执政权,尤其德州州长及副州长选举双双翻盘,让原本已因电力与用水审查而暂停部分审批的资料中心计划,面临更长时间的监管不确定性。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6649299/l/f68365c676490215bec4b5c96549a01b.jpg\" alt=\"美国45% AI资料中心扩建计划恐遭冻结!德州政坛变天 13GW容量陷监管风暴\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>高盛估计,可能受到民主党州政府限制的地区,约占美国规划中资料中心扩建容量的45%,其中德州单独占25%,成为全美AI基础建设最受关注的政策风险中心。</p>\n\n<p>根据美联社选举结果,民主党籍候选人吉娜&middot;伊诺霍萨 (Gina Hinojosa) 以约52.8%得票率击败共和党现任州长格雷格&middot;艾伯特 (Greg Abbott),后者得票率约45.7%。这是民主党自1995年以来首次重新取得德州州长职位。伊诺霍萨在竞选期间多次主张暂停新资料中心审批,直到州议会制定新的监管保障措施。</p>\n\n<p>更值得注意的是,民主党籍维琪&middot;古德温 (Vikki Goodwin) 也击败共和党籍副州长丹&middot;派翠克 (Dan Patrick),成为27年来首位民主党籍德州副州长。副州长在德州参议院拥有重要议程安排权力,能影响委员会分配及法案审议进度,因此这项选举结果进一步提高资料中心监管政策改变的可能性。</p>\n\n<p>不过,德州参议院仍由共和党掌握多数席次,并非民主党全面控制州议会。民主党此次同时取得州众议院多数,州政府权力结构出现重大变化,但新政策仍须经过立法程序,不能视为所有资料中心已经遭到正式冻结。</p>\n\n<p>高盛首席经济学家简&middot;哈齐乌斯 (Jan Hatzius) 指出,此次选举对联邦层级AI监管的影响可能有限,因为相关立法仍须取得两党支持,才能在参议院通过并避免总统否决。然而,民主党在州及地方层级的胜利,可能促使多个州短期内推出资料中心暂停令,影响约45%的美国规划中资料中心扩建容量。</p>\n\n<p>高盛根据Cleanview资料估算,德州、乔治亚州、密西根州、内华达州及俄亥俄州等地,合计约占美国规划资料中心容量的45%。其中德州约占25%,是单一州中曝险最高的地区。潜在限制措施包括取消特定税务优惠、提高环保及用水标准,以及赋予地方政府更大权力,决定是否暂停当地资料中心开发。</p>\n\n<p>德州的监管风暴其实在选举前就已经开始。艾伯特8月3日要求德州公用事业委员会 (PUCT) 及电力可靠性委员会 (ERCOT),全面审查正在申请电网并网的资料中心计划,检视其电力需求、供水来源、能源使用及对地方社区的影响。</p>\n\n<p>9月21日,艾伯特进一步指示德州环境品质委员会 (TCEQ) 暂停核发资料中心相关许可,直到电网及水资源审查完成。ERCOT预计于12月10日前提交相关审查报告,原本市场预期,若审查结束,部分审批程序可能重新启动。</p>\n\n<p>然而,伊诺霍萨主张将暂停措施延续至州议会通过新法规为止,让原本与行政审查进度挂钩的冻结措施,可能转变成与立法进度挂钩的长期限制。德州第90届州议会将于2027年1月12日开议,常规会期预计于5月31日结束,意味着相关政策可能要到明年5月底才有机会出现明确进展。</p>\n\n<p>《Texas Tribune》报导也证实,伊诺霍萨承诺在新法规建立之前暂停资料中心审批,主要理由是大型资料中心可能推高居民电费、增加地方用水压力,并让社区缺乏参与开发决策的权力。NBC出口民调另显示,约75%的德州选民反对在居住社区附近兴建新的资料中心,反映地方民意已成为政策转向的重要推力。</p>\n\n<p>市场最关注的问题,是究竟有多少资料中心容量可能因此延后。GLJ Research分析师戈登&middot;强森 (Gordon Johnson) 估计,约13GW德州资料中心容量直接暴露于伊诺霍萨胜选后的政策风险。其他市场分析人士引用杰富瑞 (Jefferies) 的估算,将相关容量列为约13.3GW。这些数字代表潜在受影响的规划容量,并不意味着所有项目都已取消。</p>\n\n<p>强森将相关项目分成不同风险层级:已取得电力、许可及完成钢结构工程的项目,仍有较高机会继续施工;已取得电力但尚未取得州环保许可的项目,可能延迟12至18个月;至于尚未取得电力及许可的计划,则可能转往路易斯安那州、奥克拉荷马州等监管环境较友善的地区,甚至直接取消。</p>\n\n<p>资料中心建设延迟也将波及电力设备供应商。富国银行 (Wells Fargo) (WFC-US) 分析师追踪约37GW的往复式发动机及卡特彼勒燃气涡轮机相关项目,其中约3GW的卡特彼勒及康明斯供货容量涉及德州开发案,可能受到审批延迟影响。</p>\n\n<p>康明斯 (Cummins) (CMI-US) 方面,富国银行追踪的主要曝险约为2.0GW,集中于西德州HPC园区Circe Energy项目,相关交付时程延伸至2030年。卡特彼勒 (Caterpillar) (CAT-US) 则有至少约1.1GW、估计价值约12亿美元的燃气涡轮机设备涉及德州项目,主要包括微软 (Microsoft) (MSFT-US) 与雪佛龙 (Chevron) (CVX-US) 合作的Kilby项目,以及Stargate在阿比林的资料中心园区。</p>\n\n<p>此外,设备供应商INNIO的VoltaGrid订单,在德州沙克尔福德县另有约1.5GW相关容量。分析师提醒,由于追踪资料中仍有未公开项目,实际受到影响的设备订单规模可能高于目前估算。</p>\n\n<p>设备交货期也是另一项风险。部分大型电力设备的交付时程已延伸至2030年,远长于空气排放许可约18个月的可预测期间。一旦资料中心建设延迟,原本预留的设备交付时段可能被迫调整,甚至转配给其他客户,增加供应商排程及营收认列的不确定性。</p>\n\n<p>更重要的是,德州现行审查措施也涵盖资料中心自备发电设施。这代表开发商即使不依赖公共电网,而是自行兴建燃气发电设备,也不能完全避开州政府的许可程序,降低了透过自备电力绕过电网并网限制的可能性。</p>\n\n<p>除了监管与设备问题,资料中心融资能力也逐渐成为市场关注焦点。富国银行指出,过去分析主要集中于设备供应、许可及电网并网等实体限制,却将融资视为可以取得的资源。随着信用违约交换 (CDS) 市场风险指标自9月以来上升,分析师开始重新评估资料中心开发商及相关企业的融资成本。</p>\n\n<p>根据莱斯大学贝克研究所 (Baker Institute) 研究,德州资料中心投资额预估将从2025年的521亿美元升至2026年的662亿美元,2027年进一步达到850亿美元。该研究估计,2028年、2029年及2030年的投资额将分别达950亿、1,000亿及1,050亿美元,显示德州已成为美国AI基础设施投资最集中的地区之一。</p>\n\n<p>富国银行估算,若德州资料中心投资规模减少10%,可能使全美AI资本支出受到约1.6%的冲击。另一方面,市场分析人士指出,AI相关投资近期已对美国GDP成长贡献约1.2个百分点,显示AI基础设施建设不仅影响科技企业,也逐渐成为美国整体经济成长的重要来源。</p>\n\n<p>超大型云端服务商 (Hyperscalers) 的资本支出规模更凸显这项风险。市场分析估计,五大超大型云端服务商单季资本支出已达2,370亿美元,年增99%,而2027年投资指引仍持续上调。若德州及其他州的资料中心许可延迟,可能影响相关企业的建设进度、设备采购与未来营收认列。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,市场也开始重新检视AI基础设施的资金结构。部分大型云端服务商自由现金流已转负,约三分之一的相关建设资金仰赖债务融资。当建设许可、电力供应与融资成本同时受到限制,AI投资热潮可能从单纯的资本支出竞赛,转变为资金回收能力与财务承受力的考验。</p>\n\n<p>德州的政策转向也可能向其他州扩散。高盛及杰富瑞指出,乔治亚州、俄亥俄州、密西根州、内华达州、威斯康辛州及爱荷华州等地,都可能透过暂停令、税务优惠调整或提高资料中心承担的能源成本,限制新建计划。</p>\n\n<p>乔治亚州方面,民主党籍候选人基莎&middot;兰斯&middot;波顿斯 (Keisha Lance Bottoms) 主张全州暂停资料中心开发,民主党也在公共服务委员会选举取得突破,可能改变当地能源监管方向。高盛分析师认为,这对南方公司 (Southern Company) (SO-US) 的大型电力需求管道构成潜在压力,因为该公司约56%的费率基础位于乔治亚州。</p>\n\n<p>俄亥俄州则由民主党籍艾美&middot;艾克顿 (Amy Acton) 击败共和党候选人维韦克&middot;拉马斯瓦米 (Vivek Ramaswamy)。艾克顿主张资料中心必须承担全部公用事业成本、自行提供部分电力、采用工会劳工,并终止部分保密协议。高盛原先估计,俄亥俄州至2030年约有8GW资料中心容量可投入运作,现在则面临更严格审查的可能性。</p>\n\n<p>密西根州民主党籍州长候选人乔丝琳&middot;班森 (Jocelyn Benson) 也主张,在建立水资源、电费及地方决策保障之前,应暂停部分资料中心开发。威斯康辛州及爱荷华州则可能透过取消资料中心销售税豁免及投资优惠,提高开发成本。</p>\n\n<p>不过,并非所有州都朝向限制资料中心建设。佛罗里达州共和党候选人拜伦&middot;唐纳兹 (Byron Donalds) 胜选,降低全州暂停资料中心开发的政策风险;路易斯安那州共和党也扩大对公共服务委员会的控制,当地监管方向较倾向要求资料中心签署长期合约,并自行承担能源及基础设施成本,而非全面禁止建设。</p>\n\n<p>对于可能受到影响的企业,《路透社》11月5日报导指出,资料中心开发商Cipher Mining (CIFR-US)、MARA Holdings (MARA-US) 及Galaxy Digital (GLXY-US),以及电力供应商Vistra (VST-US)、NRG Energy (NRG-US)、Constellation Energy (CEG-US) 和Talen Energy (TLN-US),都可能面临德州及其他州监管政策收紧的风险。</p>\n\n<p>云端服务商甲骨文(ORCL-US) 及CoreWeave (CRWV-US) 也可能因资料中心建设延迟而受到影响。相较之下,亚马逊 (AMZN-US)、微软及Alphabet (GOOGL-US) 等大型云端业者,因拥有较多既有运算资源与资金调度能力,可能在新建供给受限时,受惠于既有资料中心容量的稀缺性。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Applied Digital (APLD-US) 及TeraWulf (WULF-US) 等德州曝险相对较低的开发商,可能比高度集中于德州的业者更具韧性。设备供应商方面,INNIO的天然气发动机业务被视为较直接的潜在受害者,而GE Vernova (GEV-US) 因业务布局较多元,受到单一州政策变化的冲击可能相对有限。</p>\n\n<p>市场对资料中心的反对声浪也正在扩大。杰富瑞引用Heatmap调查指出,强烈反对在居住地附近兴建资料中心的美国民众比例,从2025年9月的24%升至2026年8月的61%;强烈支持者则从13%降至4%。电费上涨、用水竞争及地方环境影响,正使资料中心从原本受到欢迎的科技投资,逐渐成为地方政治争议。</p>\n\n<p>政策风险也不只存在于德州。维吉尼亚州作为美国重要的资料中心聚落,相关暂停令法案也正在推进,预计于明年1月13日立法会议前提交。沃尔夫研究指出,德州目前已公布约1,000个资料中心项目,接近维吉尼亚州约570个的两倍,显示任何政策变化都可能对全美资料中心建设产生重大影响。</p>\n\n<p>华盛顿方面,联邦政府短期内也不太可能直接介入,推翻各州的资料中心监管措施。高盛认为,联邦层级的资料中心规则仍须取得两党支持,才能在参议院通过并避免总统否决,而民主党掌控国会后,也缺乏替大型科技企业限制民主党州政府政策的政治诱因。</p>\n\n<p>此外,国会接下来还将面临政府拨款、债务上限及伊朗战争等重大议题,资料中心监管未必会成为优先处理事项。杰富瑞认为,民主党选举大胜可能提高联邦电费保障法案的通过机率,进一步要求资料中心自行承担能源成本,让大型开发商面临更严格的财务责任。</p>\n\n<p>整体而言,美国AI资料中心产业正面临政策、电力、设备与融资四重压力。德州州长及副州长同时由民主党胜出,可能让原本预计在审查结束后恢复的许可程序,延长至2027年州议会完成立法之后。若乔治亚、俄亥俄及密西根等州跟进,潜在受影响的美国资料中心规划容量可能达45%。</p>\n\n<p>不过,这并不代表AI基础设施需求消失,而是建设地点、审批时程及资金配置可能重新洗牌。短期而言,德州约13GW潜在曝险容量、设备交货排程及融资成本将是市场观察重点;中长期则须留意资料中心是否转往路易斯安那、奥克拉荷马及佛罗里达等政策环境较友善的州。AI产业下一阶段的竞争,可能不再只是晶片与算力之争,也将取决于谁能取得稳定电力、土地、用水及长期建设许可。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a 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