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台积电CoWoS遇天花板?玻璃基板接棒、英特尔抢先量产

2026-09-10 20:44:34 网络 阅读(56)

过去五年,台积电 (2330-TW) 的 CoWoS 先进封装技术几乎成了 AI 晶片的「标准配备」。不过,这项技术正面临一道隐藏的天花板。CoWoS 所采用的矽中介层虽然效能优异,却同时受困于成本高、尺寸受限、易翘曲三大瓶颈。业界因此将目光转向新一代材料:玻璃基板,视其为下一阶段先进封装的接棒者。

台积电CoWoS遇天花板?玻璃基板接棒、英特尔抢先量产

分析指出,要理解玻璃基板的价值,得先认识 AI 晶片封装的特殊需求。所谓 2.5D 封装,是将 GPU 与 HBM 记忆体等多颗晶片并排放置于一片「中介层」上,透过中介层内部密集的微细线路,将各晶片高速连接。

而台积电的 CoWoS 正是目前最主流的 2.5D 封装方案。

之所以需要这种技术,是因为传统 PCB 电路板线宽过粗,讯号传输距离与速度皆受限。一颗 GPU 往往需同时连接四到八颗 HBM,频宽需求高达每秒数 TB,唯有矽中介层的超细线路才能负荷如此庞大的传输量。

值得一提的是,CoWoS 的诞生本身就是一次「救火」之举。2008 年晶片尺寸放大后,基板与晶片之间的热应力不匹配问题浮现,台积电遂以矽片制作中介层强行转接,由此开创了 2.5D 封装时代。

但如今,这层曾经救急的矽材料,本身却开始拖累整体封装效能。

CoWoS 的三大结构性难题

业界人士指出,矽中介层目前面临三大结构性难题。

其一是成本高昂。 12 吋矽中介层单片成本逾百美元,占整体封装成本一半以上;若加上微凸块、底部填充、封装基板等项目,整套 CoWoS 封装成本可占晶片总成本的二到三成。

对单价动辄数万美元的辉达 (NVDA-US) H100 等高阶晶片而言,这样的成本尚可承受,但若套用于中低阶晶片,经济性便难以成立,且晶片尺寸与走线数量持续增加,矽中介层成本只会节节攀升。

其二是尺寸做不大。 台积电最先进的 CoWoS-L 方案最大可做到 5.5 倍光罩尺寸,面积上限约 4719 平方毫米。

然而以辉达 B200 为例,其封装面积已达单片矽中介层承载极限的三到四倍,下一代 Rubin GPU 的晶片尺寸更为庞大,目前仅能透过局部矽桥搭配有机基板的「补丁」方式应急,显示矽中介层的尺寸瓶颈已难以回避。

其三是翘曲问题。 矽中介层的热膨胀系数与矽晶片相当接近 (约 2.6 至 3 ppm/°C),但其下方的有机封装基板热膨胀系数却明显偏高 (约 13 至 20 ppm/°C)。

两种材料受热膨胀程度差异悬殊,如同金属与塑胶粘合受热后产生的应力差,会使整体结构弯曲变形。

晶片尺寸愈大,翘曲愈严重,良率也随之下滑。CoWoS-L 采用的局部矽桥方案能缓解部分翘曲,但终究只是治标而非治本。

玻璃基板凭何突围

面对三大难题,玻璃基板被视为较具优势的替代材料,主要展现在三个层面。

第一,玻璃的热膨胀系数可调整,翘曲问题大幅缓解。透过精确控制,低膨胀系数玻璃可调整至 3 至 5 ppm/°C,与矽几乎一致,搭配晶片使用时几乎不产生热应力,大尺寸封装下可将翘曲降低八成以上,有助延长焊点与封装结构的使用寿命及稳定性。

第二,玻璃基板尺寸不受限制。采用面板级工艺,玻璃基板可做到 500×500mm 以上的规格。

英特尔 (INTC-US) 在 NEPCON Japan 展示的玻璃基板方案,封装面积已达 78mm×77mm (约 6006 平方毫米),超越矽中介层的最大可行面积,搭配多层线路重布层与堆叠结构,承载能力可望进一步翻倍,这对辉达 Rubin 等级的大尺寸晶片而言至关重要。

第三,玻璃基板可实现更细线宽,容纳更高密度的线路。其线宽线距可做到 2 至 5 微米,相较有机基板普遍在 10 微米以上的规格,互连密度明显提升。

此外,玻璃属绝缘材料,讯号损耗远低于有机基板,有助支援 1.6T、3.2T 等超高速互连需求。

替代、互补,还是共存?

对于玻璃基板是否将全面取代矽中介层,业界普遍认为答案更接近「分工互补」,在矽中介层力有未逮的领域,玻璃基板将扮演更具优势的替代角色。

短期而言,以台积电 CoWoS 为代表的矽中介层技术成熟、互连密度高、已大规模量产,仍将是 2.5D 封装的主力方案。

与此同时,以英特尔、台积电 CoPoS 以及三星为代表的玻璃中介层则凭借成本较低、尺寸不受限、无翘曲与低讯号损耗等特性,预期 2026 年小批量出货,2028 年起加速渗透,逐步接棒矽中介层在 2.5D 封装中的角色。

传统有机基板成本低、供应链成熟,但高阶市场版图预期将逐步被玻璃基板取代,退守中低阶应用。

此外,结合玻璃大尺寸优势与矽桥高密度互连特性的混合方案,也被视为英特尔等厂商的旗舰级选择。

多家券商机构将 2026 年视为半导体玻璃基板商业化验证的元年,但真正大规模渗透的时间节点,预期要到 2028 年前后才会到来。

根据中信证券测算,若 2030 年渗透率达 30%,全球玻璃基载板潜在市场空间将突破 600 亿元人民币;兴业证券则估计,2026 年全球玻璃基板市场规模约 186 亿美元,2026 至 2030 年复合成长率达 14.5%,远高于有机基板约 6% 的成长速度。

不过,业界也提醒商业化进程仍须谨慎看待。目前市场主流时间表为 2026 年建立 mini line、2027 年小量试产、2028 至 2029 年才迈向量产。

核心瓶颈在于 TGV 玻璃通孔工艺的良率,在超高密度场景下目前仍不足 40%;台积电的 CoPoS 技术也要等到 2028 年才会量产,显示这条技术路线并无捷径可走。

各方布局:英特尔领跑,台积电急追

玻璃基板产业化的拐点已在 2026 年浮现,各大厂商动作频仍。

其中,英特尔起步最早。 2026 年 1 月 CES 展会上,英特尔发表搭载玻璃芯基板的商用 CPU:Xeon 6+ Clearwater Forest 处理器,产业链讯息显示该产品已进入出货阶段,是目前进度最快的厂商。

台积电则是急起直追。 2026 年 6 月,台积电明确表态,其 CoPoS 玻璃基板封装技术试产线已于 2 月交付设备、6 月完成建设,计划于 2028 至 2029 年大幅提升产量,目标直指取代既有 CoWoS 地位,抢占下一代先进封装的主导权。

三星则低调布局。 三星电机与日本住友化学合资成立公司,共同开发玻璃芯材料,同时积极测试将玻璃基板应用于下一代 HBM4 记忆体封装,一旦技术成熟,AI 晶片的记忆体频宽可望再上一个台阶。

三星计划于 2026 年下半年建立量产试产线,2027 年后启动批量生产。

中国厂商仍有落差。 京东方 A(000725-CN) 与美国康宁 (GLW-US) 签署三年合作备忘录,沃格光电 (603773-CN) 则持续推进送样验证,但整体进度仍处于送样验证到小批量之间的阶段,距离英特尔的量产出货状态仍有一段距离。

业界分析指出,玻璃基板的竞争门槛主要集中在材料与设备端,能否掌握玻璃通孔 (TGV) 设备与低热膨胀系数玻璃配方,将决定上游话语权,而陆厂目前卡关于送样验证阶段,后续进展值得持续关注。

分析称,CoWoS 技术本身并非不堪用,而是矽中介层在成本、尺寸与翘曲上的三重压力,随着 AI 晶片运算规模持续放大而愈发沉重。2.5D 封装仍离不开中介层,但玻璃材料正逐步接过矽的接力棒。

从玻璃通孔设备、电镀添加剂,到玻璃基板制造与先进封装服务,整条供应链上的相关环节,都可能成为这波材料升级浪潮中的潜在受惠者。技术路线的转移往往非一蹴而就,但材料基础一旦生变,整个产业链格局也将随之重塑。

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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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          "id": 43,
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    "description": "随着 AI 晶片规模持续扩大,台积电 CoWoS 先进封装面临成本高、尺寸受限与翘曲问题等三大瓶颈。玻璃基板凭借低成本、大尺寸、高密度互连与低讯号损耗优势快速崛起,英特尔、台积电与三星积极布局,预计 2028 年后加速量产,成为下一",
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    "content": "<p>过去五年,台积电 (<a data-symbol-template=\"TWS:2330:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">2330-TW</a>) 的 CoWoS 先进封装技术几乎成了 AI 晶片的「标准配备」。不过,这项技术正面临一道隐藏的天花板。CoWoS 所采用的矽中介层虽然效能优异,却同时受困于成本高、尺寸受限、易翘曲三大瓶颈。业界因此将目光转向新一代材料:玻璃基板,视其为下一阶段先进封装的接棒者。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6506287/l/ef872d004a07fcd4b1761468099c18ad.jpg\" alt=\"台积电CoWoS遇天花板?玻璃基板接棒、英特尔抢先量产\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>分析指出,要理解玻璃基板的价值,得先认识 AI 晶片封装的特殊需求。所谓 2.5D 封装,是将 GPU 与 HBM 记忆体等多颗晶片并排放置于一片「中介层」上,透过中介层内部密集的微细线路,将各晶片高速连接。</p>\n\n<p>而台积电的 CoWoS 正是目前最主流的 2.5D 封装方案。</p>\n\n<p>之所以需要这种技术,是因为传统 PCB 电路板线宽过粗,讯号传输距离与速度皆受限。一颗 GPU 往往需同时连接四到八颗 HBM,频宽需求高达每秒数 TB,唯有矽中介层的超细线路才能负荷如此庞大的传输量。</p>\n\n<p>值得一提的是,CoWoS 的诞生本身就是一次「救火」之举。2008 年晶片尺寸放大后,基板与晶片之间的热应力不匹配问题浮现,台积电遂以矽片制作中介层强行转接,由此开创了 2.5D 封装时代。</p>\n\n<p>但如今,这层曾经救急的矽材料,本身却开始拖累整体封装效能。</p>\n\n<h6>CoWoS 的三大结构性难题</h6>\n\n<p>业界人士指出,矽中介层目前面临三大结构性难题。</p>\n\n<p>其一是成本高昂。 12 吋矽中介层单片成本逾百美元,占整体封装成本一半以上;若加上微凸块、底部填充、封装基板等项目,整套 CoWoS 封装成本可占晶片总成本的二到三成。</p>\n\n<p>对单价动辄数万美元的辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) H100 等高阶晶片而言,这样的成本尚可承受,但若套用于中低阶晶片,经济性便难以成立,且晶片尺寸与走线数量持续增加,矽中介层成本只会节节攀升。</p>\n\n<p>其二是尺寸做不大。 台积电最先进的 CoWoS-L 方案最大可做到 5.5 倍光罩尺寸,面积上限约 4719 平方毫米。</p>\n\n<p>然而以辉达 B200 为例,其封装面积已达单片矽中介层承载极限的三到四倍,下一代 Rubin GPU 的晶片尺寸更为庞大,目前仅能透过局部矽桥搭配有机基板的「补丁」方式应急,显示矽中介层的尺寸瓶颈已难以回避。</p>\n\n<p>其三是翘曲问题。 矽中介层的热膨胀系数与矽晶片相当接近 (约 2.6 至 3 ppm/&deg;C),但其下方的有机封装基板热膨胀系数却明显偏高 (约 13 至 20 ppm/&deg;C)。</p>\n\n<p>两种材料受热膨胀程度差异悬殊,如同金属与塑胶粘合受热后产生的应力差,会使整体结构弯曲变形。</p>\n\n<p>晶片尺寸愈大,翘曲愈严重,良率也随之下滑。CoWoS-L 采用的局部矽桥方案能缓解部分翘曲,但终究只是治标而非治本。</p>\n\n<h6>玻璃基板凭何突围</h6>\n\n<p>面对三大难题,玻璃基板被视为较具优势的替代材料,主要展现在三个层面。</p>\n\n<p>第一,玻璃的热膨胀系数可调整,翘曲问题大幅缓解。透过精确控制,低膨胀系数玻璃可调整至 3 至 5 ppm/&deg;C,与矽几乎一致,搭配晶片使用时几乎不产生热应力,大尺寸封装下可将翘曲降低八成以上,有助延长焊点与封装结构的使用寿命及稳定性。</p>\n\n<p>第二,玻璃基板尺寸不受限制。采用面板级工艺,玻璃基板可做到 500&times;500mm 以上的规格。</p>\n\n<p>英特尔 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:INTC:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">INTC-US</a>) 在 NEPCON Japan 展示的玻璃基板方案,封装面积已达 78mm&times;77mm (约 6006 平方毫米),超越矽中介层的最大可行面积,搭配多层线路重布层与堆叠结构,承载能力可望进一步翻倍,这对辉达 Rubin 等级的大尺寸晶片而言至关重要。</p>\n\n<p>第三,玻璃基板可实现更细线宽,容纳更高密度的线路。其线宽线距可做到 2 至 5 微米,相较有机基板普遍在 10 微米以上的规格,互连密度明显提升。</p>\n\n<p>此外,玻璃属绝缘材料,讯号损耗远低于有机基板,有助支援 1.6T、3.2T 等超高速互连需求。</p>\n\n<h6>替代、互补,还是共存?</h6>\n\n<p>对于玻璃基板是否将全面取代矽中介层,业界普遍认为答案更接近「分工互补」,在矽中介层力有未逮的领域,玻璃基板将扮演更具优势的替代角色。</p>\n\n<p>短期而言,以台积电 CoWoS 为代表的矽中介层技术成熟、互连密度高、已大规模量产,仍将是 2.5D 封装的主力方案。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,以英特尔、台积电 CoPoS 以及三星为代表的玻璃中介层则凭借成本较低、尺寸不受限、无翘曲与低讯号损耗等特性,预期 2026 年小批量出货,2028 年起加速渗透,逐步接棒矽中介层在 2.5D 封装中的角色。</p>\n\n<p>传统有机基板成本低、供应链成熟,但高阶市场版图预期将逐步被玻璃基板取代,退守中低阶应用。</p>\n\n<p>此外,结合玻璃大尺寸优势与矽桥高密度互连特性的混合方案,也被视为英特尔等厂商的旗舰级选择。</p>\n\n<p>多家券商机构将 2026 年视为半导体玻璃基板商业化验证的元年,但真正大规模渗透的时间节点,预期要到 2028 年前后才会到来。</p>\n\n<p>根据中信证券测算,若 2030 年渗透率达 30%,全球玻璃基载板潜在市场空间将突破 600 亿元人民币;兴业证券则估计,2026 年全球玻璃基板市场规模约 186 亿美元,2026 至 2030 年复合成长率达 14.5%,远高于有机基板约 6% 的成长速度。</p>\n\n<p>不过,业界也提醒商业化进程仍须谨慎看待。目前市场主流时间表为 2026 年建立 mini line、2027 年小量试产、2028 至 2029 年才迈向量产。</p>\n\n<p>核心瓶颈在于 TGV 玻璃通孔工艺的良率,在超高密度场景下目前仍不足 40%;台积电的 CoPoS 技术也要等到 2028 年才会量产,显示这条技术路线并无捷径可走。</p>\n\n<h6>各方布局:英特尔领跑,台积电急追</h6>\n\n<p>玻璃基板产业化的拐点已在 2026 年浮现,各大厂商动作频仍。</p>\n\n<p>其中,英特尔起步最早。 2026 年 1 月 CES 展会上,英特尔发表搭载玻璃芯基板的商用 CPU:Xeon 6+ Clearwater Forest 处理器,产业链讯息显示该产品已进入出货阶段,是目前进度最快的厂商。</p>\n\n<p>台积电则是急起直追。 2026 年 6 月,台积电明确表态,其 CoPoS 玻璃基板封装技术试产线已于 2 月交付设备、6 月完成建设,计划于 2028 至 2029 年大幅提升产量,目标直指取代既有 CoWoS 地位,抢占下一代先进封装的主导权。</p>\n\n<p>三星则低调布局。 三星电机与日本住友化学合资成立公司,共同开发玻璃芯材料,同时积极测试将玻璃基板应用于下一代 HBM4 记忆体封装,一旦技术成熟,AI 晶片的记忆体频宽可望再上一个台阶。</p>\n\n<p>三星计划于 2026 年下半年建立量产试产线,2027 年后启动批量生产。</p>\n\n<p>中国厂商仍有落差。 京东方 A(<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:000725:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">000725-CN</a>) 与美国康宁 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GLW:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GLW-US</a>) 签署三年合作备忘录,沃格光电 (<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:603773:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">603773-CN</a>) 则持续推进送样验证,但整体进度仍处于送样验证到小批量之间的阶段,距离英特尔的量产出货状态仍有一段距离。</p>\n\n<p>业界分析指出,玻璃基板的竞争门槛主要集中在材料与设备端,能否掌握玻璃通孔 (TGV) 设备与低热膨胀系数玻璃配方,将决定上游话语权,而陆厂目前卡关于送样验证阶段,后续进展值得持续关注。</p>\n\n<p>分析称,CoWoS 技术本身并非不堪用,而是矽中介层在成本、尺寸与翘曲上的三重压力,随着 AI 晶片运算规模持续放大而愈发沉重。2.5D 封装仍离不开中介层,但玻璃材料正逐步接过矽的接力棒。</p>\n\n<p>从玻璃通孔设备、电镀添加剂,到玻璃基板制造与先进封装服务,整条供应链上的相关环节,都可能成为这波材料升级浪潮中的潜在受惠者。技术路线的转移往往非一蹴而就,但材料基础一旦生变,整个产业链格局也将随之重塑。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1845.html\" title=\"债券交易员下注:本周美国CPI会爆、加剧Fed升息压力\">债券交易员下注:本周美国CPI会爆、加剧Fed升息压力</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1579.html\" title=\"涨破1000美元大关!受辉达发布超级晶片激励 美光科技盘前大涨逾4%\">涨破1000美元大关!受辉达发布超级晶片激励 美光科技盘前大涨逾4%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15764.html\" title=\"AI不能有自己的目的!微软首度划下安全红线\">AI不能有自己的目的!微软首度划下安全红线</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3369.html\" title=\"SpaceX连跌3天 「木头姐」利用大跌日狂买逾3200万美元\">SpaceX连跌3天 「木头姐」利用大跌日狂买逾3200万美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11674.html\" title=\"Cybercab商业化进入倒数 特斯拉传8月在奥斯汀启动员工试乘\">Cybercab商业化进入倒数 特斯拉传8月在奥斯汀启动员工试乘</a></li>\n    <li><a 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