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辉达CUDA神话没松动?SemiAnalysis转赞vLLM、AMD追赶的不只是硬体

2026-09-24 08:22:09 网络 阅读(72)

半导体研究机构 SemiAnalysis 周一(13 日)发文指出,辉达 (NVDA-US) 近期针对开源推理引擎 vLLM 的最佳化成果表现亮眼,在推理效能方面展现明显优势;相较之下,超微半导体 (AMD-US) 在部分模型的 vLLM 支援与最佳化程度仍有进一步提升空间。

辉达CUDA神话没松动?SemiAnalysis转赞vLLM、AMD追赶的不只是硬体

值得注意的是,该机构两周前才指出,辉达的「CUDA 护城河正遭缓慢侵蚀」,公司面临的最大竞争压力,来自愈来愈多超大规模云端业者与 AI 模型公司转向自研 ASIC 晶片,针对训练或推理等特定场景打造专属晶片架构。

分析指出,这两则相互呼应的判断,将 AI 晶片竞争的焦点从「谁的硬体更强」拉回一个更根本的问题,即在推理时代的规模化部署中,软体生态的深度,可能比单一世代 GPU 的硬体领先更具决定性。

对于每天执行数十亿次推理调用的 AI 企业而言,「部分模型支援良好」与「所有模型稳定优化」之间的落差,会在规模效应下被急剧放大。

vLLM 目前是大型语言模型推理领域应用最广泛的开源引擎,SemiAnalysis 选择以此作为评判基准,本身即传达一项讯息,即开源推理生态正成为衡量 AI 晶片真实性能的关键战场。

以千亿参数等级的混合专家(MoE)模型 Kimi K2.5 为例,辉达与 AMD 的差距尤其明显。

辉达 GB200 NVL72 透过机架级 NVLink 将 72 张 GPU 高速互联,支援规模达 8 至 16 的宽专家并行。

此架构让每张 GPU 承载的专家权重大幅减少,HBM 频宽压力随之降低,All-to-All 通讯也能在高速 NVLink 域内完成,而非透过较慢的 InfiniBand 网路传输,最终使每 GPU 吞吐量可达每秒 12,000 个 token 以上。

相较之下,基于 AMD MI355X 难以实现同等规模的专家并行与机架级互联,在同一测试中表现明显逊色。

在软体层面,辉达推出的 Dynamo 分散式推理框架与 vLLM 深度整合,针对 MoE 模型实现了预填充与解码分离、高效 KV 快取传输及双批次重叠等优化,能在 NVL72 上充分发挥硬体潜力。

反观 AMD 目前仍主要依赖标准 vLLM 与 DISAGG 版本,针对超大型 MoE 模型与宽并行场景的深度优化尚未跟上。

「部分模型」措背后的全面性鸿沟

SemiAnalysis 将 AMD 的落后限定在「部分模型」。分析认为,这项措辞其实包含两层讯息。

其一,AMD 并非全面落后。在通用运算场景中,其 MI 系列 GPU 已具备一定竞争力,Meta(META-US) 近期签署的巨额采购订单即是佐证。

其二,「部分」二字恰恰凸显了当前差距的核心:全面性软体生态覆盖的缺失。

分析指出,在 AI 推理场景中,企业客户追求的是稳定、可预期的部署体验,维护两套软体堆叠以覆盖不同模型的成本,往往是决策时的关键因素。

AMD 若要完成从「部分领先」到「全面可用」的跨越,所需投入的软体工程恐怕比硬体更新更加耗时。

这不只是撰写更多驱动程式与适配层的问题,更代表必须在数以千计的模型架构、不断演进的开源框架,以及分散的开发者社群中,建立起广泛的相容性与信任。

推理时代,软体才是正的护城河

随着 AI 产业重心从训练转向推理,软硬体的战略价值正经历结构性重估。

训练任务相对集中、可控,硬体性能差距可靠资本投入弥补;推理则属于分散式、持续性的运算,微秒级的延迟差异会在每天数十亿次调用中被层层放大,直接转化为成本结构的分化。

分析指出,辉达的软体生态壁垒由三个层面叠加构成:

  • 涵盖约 400 万名开发者的 CUDA 工具链及其二十年积累;
  • 对所有主流机器学习框架的优先适配;
  • 以及 cuDNN、TensorRT、NCCL 等优化函式库所形成的深度绑定。

三者叠加产生的移转成本,远超任何单一硬体规格上的差距。

这项判断也与 SemiAnalysis 两周前的分析相互呼应。该机构当时指出,Anthropic 已形成由 Google(GOOGL-US) TPU、亚马逊 (AMZN-US) Trainium 与辉达 GPU 共同构成的多平台算力架构。

大量 Claude 模型的训练运行于 TPU,Claude Code 的推理则愈来愈多部署于 Trainium,显示辉达 GPU 的市占正遭自研 ASIC 缓慢蚕食。

然而,此次针对 vLLM 性能的正面评价显示,辉达在推理软体堆叠上的深度优化领先幅度,并未随着硬体竞争格局的演变而同步收窄。

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    "description": "SemiAnalysis 最新分析指出,辉达在开源推理引擎 vLLM 的最佳化表现仍明显领先 AMD,尤其在大型 MoE 模型推理与 NVLink 互联架构上展现优势。报告认为,AI 竞争焦点正从 GPU 硬体转向软体生态,CUDA、Tens",
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    "content": "<p>半导体研究机构 SemiAnalysis 周一(13 日)发文指出,辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 近期针对开源推理引擎 vLLM 的最佳化成果表现亮眼,在推理效能方面展现明显优势;相较之下,超微半导体 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMD:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMD-US</a>) 在部分模型的 vLLM 支援与最佳化程度仍有进一步提升空间。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6534273/l/aaf0d75d4af77b706d585d6de4a969aa.jpg\" alt=\"辉达CUDA神话没松动?SemiAnalysis转赞vLLM、AMD追赶的不只是硬体\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>值得注意的是,该机构两周前才指出,辉达的「CUDA 护城河正遭缓慢侵蚀」,公司面临的最大竞争压力,来自愈来愈多超大规模云端业者与 AI 模型公司转向自研 ASIC 晶片,针对训练或推理等特定场景打造专属晶片架构。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,这两则相互呼应的判断,将 AI 晶片竞争的焦点从「谁的硬体更强」拉回一个更根本的问题,即在推理时代的规模化部署中,软体生态的深度,可能比单一世代 GPU 的硬体领先更具决定性。</p>\n\n<p>对于每天执行数十亿次推理调用的 AI 企业而言,「部分模型支援良好」与「所有模型稳定优化」之间的落差,会在规模效应下被急剧放大。</p>\n\n<p>vLLM 目前是大型语言模型推理领域应用最广泛的开源引擎,SemiAnalysis 选择以此作为评判基准,本身即传达一项讯息,即开源推理生态正成为衡量 AI 晶片真实性能的关键战场。</p>\n\n<p>以千亿参数等级的混合专家(MoE)模型 Kimi K2.5 为例,辉达与 AMD 的差距尤其明显。</p>\n\n<p>辉达 GB200 NVL72 透过机架级 NVLink 将 72 张 GPU 高速互联,支援规模达 8 至 16 的宽专家并行。</p>\n\n<p>此架构让每张 GPU 承载的专家权重大幅减少,HBM 频宽压力随之降低,All-to-All 通讯也能在高速 NVLink 域内完成,而非透过较慢的 InfiniBand 网路传输,最终使每 GPU 吞吐量可达每秒 12,000 个 token 以上。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,基于 AMD MI355X 难以实现同等规模的专家并行与机架级互联,在同一测试中表现明显逊色。</p>\n\n<p>在软体层面,辉达推出的 Dynamo 分散式推理框架与 vLLM 深度整合,针对 MoE 模型实现了预填充与解码分离、高效 KV 快取传输及双批次重叠等优化,能在 NVL72 上充分发挥硬体潜力。</p>\n\n<p>反观 AMD 目前仍主要依赖标准 vLLM 与 DISAGG 版本,针对超大型 MoE 模型与宽并行场景的深度优化尚未跟上。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>「部分模型」措</strong><strong>辞</strong><strong>背后的全面性鸿沟</strong></h6>\n\n<p>SemiAnalysis 将 AMD 的落后限定在「部分模型」。分析认为,这项措辞其实包含两层讯息。</p>\n\n<p>其一,AMD 并非全面落后。在通用运算场景中,其 MI 系列 GPU 已具备一定竞争力,Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 近期签署的巨额采购订单即是佐证。</p>\n\n<p>其二,「部分」二字恰恰凸显了当前差距的核心:全面性软体生态覆盖的缺失。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,在 AI 推理场景中,企业客户追求的是稳定、可预期的部署体验,维护两套软体堆叠以覆盖不同模型的成本,往往是决策时的关键因素。</p>\n\n<p>AMD 若要完成从「部分领先」到「全面可用」的跨越,所需投入的软体工程恐怕比硬体更新更加耗时。</p>\n\n<p>这不只是撰写更多驱动程式与适配层的问题,更代表必须在数以千计的模型架构、不断演进的开源框架,以及分散的开发者社群中,建立起广泛的相容性与信任。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>推理时代,软体才是</strong><strong>真</strong><strong>正的护城河</strong></h6>\n\n<p>随着 AI 产业重心从训练转向推理,软硬体的战略价值正经历结构性重估。</p>\n\n<p>训练任务相对集中、可控,硬体性能差距可靠资本投入弥补;推理则属于分散式、持续性的运算,微秒级的延迟差异会在每天数十亿次调用中被层层放大,直接转化为成本结构的分化。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,辉达的软体生态壁垒由三个层面叠加构成:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>涵盖约 400 万名开发者的 CUDA 工具链及其二十年积累;</li>\n<li>对所有主流机器学习框架的优先适配;</li>\n<li>以及 cuDNN、TensorRT、NCCL 等优化函式库所形成的深度绑定。</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>三者叠加产生的移转成本,远超任何单一硬体规格上的差距。</p>\n\n<p>这项判断也与 SemiAnalysis 两周前的分析相互呼应。该机构当时指出,Anthropic 已形成由 Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) TPU、亚马逊 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) Trainium 与辉达 GPU 共同构成的多平台算力架构。</p>\n\n<p>大量 Claude 模型的训练运行于 TPU,Claude Code 的推理则愈来愈多部署于 Trainium,显示辉达 GPU 的市占正遭自研 ASIC 缓慢蚕食。</p>\n\n<p>然而,此次针对 vLLM 性能的正面评价显示,辉达在推理软体堆叠上的深度优化领先幅度,并未随着硬体竞争格局的演变而同步收窄。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15627.html\" title=\"成立5年冲2兆估值?IPO前夕秀连两季获利成绩   Anthropic给「AI烧钱焦虑」打强心针\">成立5年冲2兆估值?IPO前夕秀连两季获利成绩   Anthropic给「AI烧钱焦虑」打强心针</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-16382.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉Fed升息后美元六连涨止步 英镑在央行按兵不动后走弱\">〈纽约汇市〉Fed升息后美元六连涨止步 英镑在央行按兵不动后走弱</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9407.html\" title=\"制药业大型并购案酝酿中|阿斯特捷利康传洽谈必治妥施贵宝\">制药业大型并购案酝酿中|阿斯特捷利康传洽谈必治妥施贵宝</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3834.html\" title=\"SK海力士拟登陆那斯达克发行ADR  市场检验「韩国折价」能否靠赴美IPO破解\">SK海力士拟登陆那斯达克发行ADR  市场检验「韩国折价」能否靠赴美IPO破解</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11631.html\" title=\"Fed今年真的不升息了?近八成经济学家押利率冻结至年底\">Fed今年真的不升息了?近八成经济学家押利率冻结至年底</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7243.html\" title=\"SK海力士周五逆势成最强晶片股 背后原因特殊\">SK海力士周五逆势成最强晶片股 背后原因特殊</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-07-14T09:00:05.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-24T00:22:09.000Z"
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