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《经济学人》辉达中国市占跌至8%!华为AI晶片夺半壁江山、出口管制改写市场

2026-09-24 16:16:32 网络 阅读(65)

《经济学人》于周二(14 日)引述研究机构 Bernstein 的最新估算,首度完整揭露中国人工智慧(AI)晶片市场的供应版图。数据显示,中国市场在短短三年内已彻底翻转,曾经几近垄断的辉达 (NVDA-US) ,如今合规出货份额已跌落至个位数百分比;而中国本土厂商华为,则一举拿下半壁江山。

《经济学人》辉达中国市占跌至8%!华为AI晶片夺半壁江山、出口管制改写市场

根据 Bernstein 的估算,华为目前囊括中国 AI 加速器市场约 50% 的占有率,年销售额达 121 亿美元,稳居龙头地位。

相较之下,三年前市占率一度逼近独占的辉达,合规出货份额已重挫至仅 8%,年销售额约 20 亿美元。

此外,超微半导体 (AMD-US) 则以约 12% 的市占率、约 30 亿美元的年销售额紧追在后;中国本土业者寒武纪 (688256-CN) 与海光信息 (688041-CN) 则分别缴出 21 亿美元与 20 亿美元的成绩单。

此外,阿里巴巴 (09988-HK、12 亿美元)、百度集团 (09888-HK、7 亿美元)等自主研发晶片的科技巨头,也已跻身主要供应商之列。

辉达执行长黄仁勋今年稍早公开坦言,该公司在中国 AI 晶片市场的份额已从巅峰时期的约 95%,跌至「基本上为零」。

Bernstein 估算的 8% 残存占有率,还包含符合出口规范的低阶产品,以及极少量透过美国政府特别许可放行的出货。

《彭博》与雅虎财经此前均曾报导,近期确实有少量辉达与 AMD 的先进 AI 晶片,借由美国政府核发的特别许可进入中国市场,消息一度小幅推升两家公司股价。

然而,报导同时指出,此类许可被严格限定在「少量」范畴,难以扭转辉达在中国市场整体边缘化的大局。

报导并提到,为配合审查程序,辉达已大幅收缩亚洲客户的核准名单,超过半数的中国客户遭到除名,每笔交易都须额外通过合规审查。

综合 Bernstein 与市调机构 IDC 的数据,2025 年中国本土 AI 晶片供应商在 AI 加速伺服器市场的合计份额约在 41% 至 46% 之间;到了 2026 年,这一比例已攀升至约 56%。

其中华为一家的市占率,就从 2025 年的约 39% 扩张至 50%,销售额几乎等同其余五家中外竞争对手的总和。

分析认为,推动这波市占率跃升的关键,并非单纯的商业竞争,而是美国出口管制所催生的「强制性替代需求」。

自 2022 年 10 月美国一步步加码对中国先进 AI 晶片的出口限制以来,辉达的 H100、H200 乃至于为中国市场特别降规的 H20,都无法稳定供货,迫使中国大型网路企业与 AI 实验室全面转向本土晶片。

值得注意的是,管制原意在于切断中国取得先进运算能力的管道,实际效果却意外铲平了原有的市场壁垒,为华为升腾系列等国产晶片腾出一片近乎真空的市场空间。

尽管官方数据显示辉达已近乎出局,市场上仍流传着另一套剧本。据悉,部分中国头部大型语言模型团队在建置万卡级训练丛集时,会采取「华为升腾丛集搭配非正规管道取得的辉达晶片」分区运作的混合架构,借此在合规风险与训练效率之间寻求平衡。

雅虎财经与《The Information》的报导也指出,即便在美国严格管制下,辉达次世代 B300 级伺服器仍持续透过非正规管道流入中国,每台叫价约 100 万美元,远高于正常市场行情,却依然供不应求。

分析指出,这类辉达完全无法从中获利的地下交易,恰恰证明在最尖端的训练运算需求上,中国 AI 业者对辉达晶片仍存在难以取代的刚性需求。

升腾 950PR:推理领域的世代领先,训练领域仍有差距

值得注意的是,若将焦点从训练转向推理与规模化部署,华为升腾 950PR 的纸面规格已展现出具说服力的替代能力。

根据华为公布的参数,升腾 950PR 的 FP4 峰值算力达 1.56 PFLOPS,约为特供版 H20 的 2.8 倍;FP8 算力则达 1 PFLOPS,搭配 112GB 高频宽记忆体,晶片间互联频宽达 2TB/s。

相较之下,受出口管制规格限制的 H20,FP4 算力仅约 0.56 PFLOPS,互联频宽仅 900GB/s。

在推理与多模态生成等应用场景,升腾 950PR 对合规版 H20 已可实现世代领先,构成华为承接大规模国产替代需求的技术基础。

然而,若将比较对象换成辉达全球旗舰产品,差距依然明显。辉达 H100 的 FP8 算力达 3.96 PFLOPS,采用 Blackwell 架构的 B200 在 FP4 算力上更高达 18 PFLOPS,记忆体频宽达 8TB/s。

在高密度训练与超大规模模型预训练所需的混合精度浮点运算能力与记忆体频宽上,华为仍落后约一个世代。

在软体生态方面,华为 CANN Next 软体堆叠号称已达到约 80% 的 CUDA 相容度,但对第一线演算法工程师而言,模型迁移与调优的实务成本,仍是日常工作中真实存在的问题。

管制的辩证效应:短期遏制,长期反成助力

分析指出,美国出口管制政策的实际效果,正呈现出一种辩证结构。

短期而言,限制先进 GPU 出口确实对中国训练超大规模尖端模型构成硬性制约,包括 DeepSeek、智谱 (02513-HK) 等中国 AI 团队都曾将「算力瓶颈」列为首要挑战,管制在过去两到三年间确实产生了迟滞效果。

但若拉长至十年的时间来看,高强度的封锁反而可能加速国产替代形成「需求—规模—更新」的正向循环。

类似情形已在半导体设备领域上演。中芯国际 (00981-HK) 在极紫外曝光机(EUV)遭禁之后,仍凭借深紫外多重曝光技术推进了 7 奈米制程晶片的量产,显示产业链在极限条件下的适应与重构能力,往往超出纸上推演的预期。

Bernstein 的模型进一步推演出一组具长期指标意义的曲线:中国 AI 晶片国产销售额正以 74% 的年复合成长率攀升。

以此推算,2026 年中国本土晶片供应可覆盖全国需求的 39%;到 2028 年,这一比例将突破 100%,代表中国国内产能将首次超越需求,出现净盈余。

换言之,由出口管制意外揭开的这扇窗口,正从一场被动的替代方案,逐步沉淀为一次彻底的产能与供应链重建。

然而,分析亦指出,华为、寒武纪、海光等中国业者接下来要面对的,不只是产能问题,更是生态系建构与获利能力的考验。

辉达晶片在非正规市场上依然存在的溢价,以及市场对其产品持续旺盛的非常规需求,时刻提醒着一个事实:这场市占率洗牌,主要是出口管制政策促成的结果,而非单纯凭借产品竞争力赢得的胜利。

随着 2028 年中国国产晶片预期不再面临物理性短缺,华为等业者能否让市占率持续向上攀升,届时将取决于浮点运算密度、软体工具链成熟度,以及开发者生态系的黏着度等更根本的产品竞争力指标。

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      "id": 69,
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    "content": "<p>《经济学人》于周二(14 日)引述研究机构 Bernstein 的最新估算,首度完整揭露中国人工智慧(AI)晶片市场的供应版图。数据显示,中国市场在短短三年内已彻底翻转,曾经几近垄断的辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) ,如今合规出货份额已跌落至个位数百分比;而中国本土厂商华为,则一举拿下半壁江山。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6535690/l/fab69a48b23adc43e55d844f291269f5.jpg\" alt=\"《经济学人》辉达中国市占跌至8%!华为AI晶片夺半壁江山、出口管制改写市场\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>根据 Bernstein 的估算,华为目前囊括中国 AI 加速器市场约 50% 的占有率,年销售额达 121 亿美元,稳居龙头地位。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,三年前市占率一度逼近独占的辉达,合规出货份额已重挫至仅 8%,年销售额约 20 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>此外,超微半导体 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMD:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMD-US</a>) 则以约 12% 的市占率、约 30 亿美元的年销售额紧追在后;中国本土业者寒武纪 (<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:688256:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">688256-CN</a>) 与海光信息 (<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:688041:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">688041-CN</a>) 则分别缴出 21 亿美元与 20 亿美元的成绩单。</p>\n\n<p>此外,阿里巴巴 (<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:09988:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">09988-HK</a>、12 亿美元)、百度集团 (<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:09888:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">09888-HK</a>、7 亿美元)等自主研发晶片的科技巨头,也已跻身主要供应商之列。</p>\n\n<p>辉达执行长黄仁勋今年稍早公开坦言,该公司在中国 AI 晶片市场的份额已从巅峰时期的约 95%,跌至「基本上为零」。</p>\n\n<p>Bernstein 估算的 8% 残存占有率,还包含符合出口规范的低阶产品,以及极少量透过美国政府特别许可放行的出货。</p>\n\n<p>《彭博》与雅虎财经此前均曾报导,近期确实有少量辉达与 AMD 的先进 AI 晶片,借由美国政府核发的特别许可进入中国市场,消息一度小幅推升两家公司股价。</p>\n\n<p>然而,报导同时指出,此类许可被严格限定在「少量」范畴,难以扭转辉达在中国市场整体边缘化的大局。</p>\n\n<p>报导并提到,为配合审查程序,辉达已大幅收缩亚洲客户的核准名单,超过半数的中国客户遭到除名,每笔交易都须额外通过合规审查。</p>\n\n<p>综合 Bernstein 与市调机构 IDC 的数据,2025 年中国本土 AI 晶片供应商在 AI 加速伺服器市场的合计份额约在 41% 至 46% 之间;到了 2026 年,这一比例已攀升至约 56%。</p>\n\n<p>其中华为一家的市占率,就从 2025 年的约 39% 扩张至 50%,销售额几乎等同其余五家中外竞争对手的总和。</p>\n\n<p>分析认为,推动这波市占率跃升的关键,并非单纯的商业竞争,而是美国出口管制所催生的「强制性替代需求」。</p>\n\n<p>自 2022 年 10 月美国一步步加码对中国先进 AI 晶片的出口限制以来,辉达的 H100、H200 乃至于为中国市场特别降规的 H20,都无法稳定供货,迫使中国大型网路企业与 AI 实验室全面转向本土晶片。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,管制原意在于切断中国取得先进运算能力的管道,实际效果却意外铲平了原有的市场壁垒,为华为升腾系列等国产晶片腾出一片近乎真空的市场空间。</p>\n\n<p>尽管官方数据显示辉达已近乎出局,市场上仍流传着另一套剧本。据悉,部分中国头部大型语言模型团队在建置万卡级训练丛集时,会采取「华为升腾丛集搭配非正规管道取得的辉达晶片」分区运作的混合架构,借此在合规风险与训练效率之间寻求平衡。</p>\n\n<p>雅虎财经与《The Information》的报导也指出,即便在美国严格管制下,辉达次世代 B300 级伺服器仍持续透过非正规管道流入中国,每台叫价约 100 万美元,远高于正常市场行情,却依然供不应求。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,这类辉达完全无法从中获利的地下交易,恰恰证明在最尖端的训练运算需求上,中国 AI 业者对辉达晶片仍存在难以取代的刚性需求。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>升腾</strong><strong> 950PR</strong><strong>:推理领域的世代领先,训练领域仍有差距</strong></h6>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,若将焦点从训练转向推理与规模化部署,华为升腾 950PR 的纸面规格已展现出具说服力的替代能力。</p>\n\n<p>根据华为公布的参数,升腾 950PR 的 FP4 峰值算力达 1.56 PFLOPS,约为特供版 H20 的 2.8 倍;FP8 算力则达 1 PFLOPS,搭配 112GB 高频宽记忆体,晶片间互联频宽达 2TB/s。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,受出口管制规格限制的 H20,FP4 算力仅约 0.56 PFLOPS,互联频宽仅 900GB/s。</p>\n\n<p>在推理与多模态生成等应用场景,升腾 950PR 对合规版 H20 已可实现世代领先,构成华为承接大规模国产替代需求的技术基础。</p>\n\n<p>然而,若将比较对象换成辉达全球旗舰产品,差距依然明显。辉达 H100 的 FP8 算力达 3.96 PFLOPS,采用 Blackwell 架构的 B200 在 FP4 算力上更高达 18 PFLOPS,记忆体频宽达 8TB/s。</p>\n\n<p>在高密度训练与超大规模模型预训练所需的混合精度浮点运算能力与记忆体频宽上,华为仍落后约一个世代。</p>\n\n<p>在软体生态方面,华为 CANN Next 软体堆叠号称已达到约 80% 的 CUDA 相容度,但对第一线演算法工程师而言,模型迁移与调优的实务成本,仍是日常工作中真实存在的问题。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>管制的辩证效应:短期遏制,长期反成助力</strong></h6>\n\n<p>分析指出,美国出口管制政策的实际效果,正呈现出一种辩证结构。</p>\n\n<p>短期而言,限制先进 GPU 出口确实对中国训练超大规模尖端模型构成硬性制约,包括 DeepSeek、智谱 (<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:02513:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">02513-HK</a>) 等中国 AI 团队都曾将「算力瓶颈」列为首要挑战,管制在过去两到三年间确实产生了迟滞效果。</p>\n\n<p>但若拉长至十年的时间来看,高强度的封锁反而可能加速国产替代形成「需求&mdash;规模&mdash;更新」的正向循环。</p>\n\n<p>类似情形已在半导体设备领域上演。中芯国际 (<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:00981:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">00981-HK</a>) 在极紫外曝光机(EUV)遭禁之后,仍凭借深紫外多重曝光技术推进了 7 奈米制程晶片的量产,显示产业链在极限条件下的适应与重构能力,往往超出纸上推演的预期。</p>\n\n<p>Bernstein 的模型进一步推演出一组具长期指标意义的曲线:中国 AI 晶片国产销售额正以 74% 的年复合成长率攀升。</p>\n\n<p>以此推算,2026 年中国本土晶片供应可覆盖全国需求的 39%;到 2028 年,这一比例将突破 100%,代表中国国内产能将首次超越需求,出现净盈余。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,由出口管制意外揭开的这扇窗口,正从一场被动的替代方案,逐步沉淀为一次彻底的产能与供应链重建。</p>\n\n<p>然而,分析亦指出,华为、寒武纪、海光等中国业者接下来要面对的,不只是产能问题,更是生态系建构与获利能力的考验。</p>\n\n<p>辉达晶片在非正规市场上依然存在的溢价,以及市场对其产品持续旺盛的非常规需求,时刻提醒着一个事实:这场市占率洗牌,主要是出口管制政策促成的结果,而非单纯凭借产品竞争力赢得的胜利。</p>\n\n<p>随着 2028 年中国国产晶片预期不再面临物理性短缺,华为等业者能否让市占率持续向上攀升,届时将取决于浮点运算密度、软体工具链成熟度,以及开发者生态系的黏着度等更根本的产品竞争力指标。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4984.html\" title=\"Bitget 推出加密产业首个美股选择权交易服务\">Bitget 推出加密产业首个美股选择权交易服务</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1719.html\" title=\"美股空头大撤退!高盛:避险基金以半年最快速度追涨\">美股空头大撤退!高盛:避险基金以半年最快速度追涨</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11473.html\" title=\"〈13F〉桥水几乎清仓美光!Q2大幅减持半导体、增持标普500指数ETF防御\">〈13F〉桥水几乎清仓美光!Q2大幅减持半导体、增持标普500指数ETF防御</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1435.html\" title=\"特斯拉FSD遭控消费诈欺 中国首例集体诉讼开审\">特斯拉FSD遭控消费诈欺 中国首例集体诉讼开审</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4117.html\" title=\"AI之外的投资主线?美银揭2026中小型股「8大」潜力名单\">AI之外的投资主线?美银揭2026中小型股「8大」潜力名单</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15926.html\" title=\"全球市场双重警报!油价飙破107美元、10年期美债殖利率攻上5%\">全球市场双重警报!油价飙破107美元、10年期美债殖利率攻上5%</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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