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XM外汇:技术分析的三大假设、四大基本要素

2026-09-11 03:21:27 阅读(54)

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技术分析是什么

  技术分析是指以市场行为为研究对象,运用统计技术、图形分析等技巧以判断市场趋势并跟随趋势的周期性变化来进行交易决策的方法的总和。技术分析着重于分析标的价格的波动规律,而基本分析侧重于研究标的的长期投资价值。

  然而,部分投资者简单地将技术分析视为短期分析,将基本面分析视为长期分析,这是存在误解的,后面笔者将就该问题展开论述。

  如何定义“趋势”?

  要解决长期抑或短期的问题,首先我们要了结“趋势”的定义,因所有的分析方法均无法逃离对趋势的判断。事实上,自100多年前技术分析存在以来,“趋势”一词始终被予以重视。因此我们将对此“趋势”作出定义,这将有助于我们系统地了解技术分析。

  趋势主要分为两种:主趋势,亦称基本趋势、长期趋势。是大规模的、总体上的上下运动,通常持续一年或数年之久。次趋势,亦称中期趋势,是价格在沿着主要趋势演进过程中产生的重要反复,即在上涨的主要趋势中会出现中期回档下跌,在下跌的主要趋势中会出现中级反弹回升。

  笔者认为,若通过技术分析观察的“趋势”符合基本面研究的长期投资价值,则两者处于同周期之中。这同时意味,当通过技术观察的周期足够大,甚至可以将基本分析的牛熊贯穿。

  技术分析的三大假设

  第一假设:市场行为涵盖一切信息;(技术分析的基础)

  第二假设:价格跟随趋势移动;(技术分析最根本、最核心的因素)

  第三假设:历史会重演;(从人的心理因素方面考虑)

  第一假设的核心思想是影响价格变动的所有内外因素都将反映在价格中,没有必要对影响价格因素的具体内容给予过多的关心。根据有效市场假说认为,在法律健全、功能良好、透明度高、竞争充分的市场,一切有价值的信息已经及时、准确、充分地反映在股价走势当中。当然,与有效市场假说同为有关金融资产定价和市场波动逻辑的代表性理论——随机漫步理论则认为,价格形成是市场对随机到来的事件信息作出的反应,现今的价格已基本反映了供求关系具有随机漫步的特点,其变动路径没有任何规律可循。因此,价格波动是不可预测的。

  总体而言,笔者认为技术分析的第一假设具有一定合理性的。但需留意的是,第一假设作为技术分析的基础,若这一前提条件不被承认,技术分析所推导出的任何结论均是无效的。

  第二假设的核心思想是价格的变动按一定规律进行,价格有保持原来方向运动的惯性。技术分析法认为供求关系是一种理性和非理性力量的综合,价格运动反映了一定时期内供求关系的变化。供求关系一旦确定,价格的变动趋势就会一直持续下上。只要供求关系不发生彻底改变,价格走势就不会发生反转。

  第二假设被视为技术分析最根本、最核心的因素,因而趋势分析亦自然成为技术分析里核心中的核心。

  第三假设是从人的心理因素方面考虑的,即当市场出现和过去相同或相似的情况时,投资者会根据过去的成功经验或失败教训来作出目前的投资选择,市场行为和证券价格走势会出现历史重演。

  因此,技术分析法认为,根据历史资料概括出来的规律已经包含了未来证券市场一切变动的趋势,所以可以根据历史预测未来。

  笔者提醒,由于技术的第一假设市场涵盖一切信息难以得到完美证实。由于信息损失是必然的,因此市场行为包括一切信息也只能是理想状态。在第一假设受到挑战时,技术分析的有效性将受到冲击。从历史经验来看,当价格进入长期低波动的横向状态时,技术分析的有效性将大打折扣,这往往由于市场关注度下降,进而导致信息损失变得更大。相反,在市场高度关注的市场中,价格往往大幅波动,而在此过程中技术分析的有效性将大大提高。

  技术分析的四大基本要素

  技术分析四大要素:成交价格、成交量、时间、空间。简单归结为价、量、时、空四者关系的分析。

  成交价格和成交量是市场行为中最基本的表现,在某一时间的价格和成交量反映的是买卖双方在这个时间的共同的市场行为,是双方暂时的均衡点。买卖双方对价格的认同程度通过成交量的大小得到确认。认同程度小,分歧大,成交量大;认同程度大,分歧小,成交量小。

  时间和空间。在技术分析中,“时间”是指完成某个过程所经过的时间长短,通常是指一个波段或一个升降周期所经过的时间。“空间”是指价格的升降所能够达到的程度。时间将指出“价格有可能在何时出现上升或下降”,空间指出“价格有可能上升或下降到什么地方”。一般来说,对于时间长的周期,今后价格变动的空间也应该大;对于时间短的周期,今后价格变动的空间也应该小。

  最后,笔者提醒在现存的技术分析经典理论中对于价、量、时、空四者的论述侧重点有所不同的。《波浪理论》、《缠论》、《日本蜡烛图技术》、《道氏理论》、《三角洲理论》、《江恩理论》等等均是广受市场欢迎的技术分析理论。其中笔者认为能够较为全面涉及技术分析四要素的是艾略特波浪理论、缠论。当然,投资者亦可以分别对应四大要素并结合市场经验从而构建独有的观察市场方式。

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    "description": "技术分析是什么 技术分析是指以市场行为为研究对象,运用统计技术、图形分析等技巧以判断市场趋势并跟随趋势的周期性变化来进行交易决策的方法的总和。技术分析着重于分析标的价格的波动规律,而基本分析侧重于研究标的的长期投资价值。 然而,部分投资者简单地将技术分析视为短期分析,将基本面分析视为长期分析,这是存在误解的,后面笔者将就该问题展开论述。 如何定义“趋势”? 要解决长期抑或短期的问题,首先我们要了结",
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