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川普关税理由站不住脚?《纽时》美最高法院、国会面临制衡行政权关键考验

2026-08-26 17:45:16 网络 阅读(1)

美国总统川普第二任期的关税政策持续引发法律与经济争议。随着川普对加拿大商品再度祭出高额关税,相关政策不仅遭质疑法律依据薄弱,也引发外界对行政权是否凌驾司法裁决的担忧,国会与法院能否有效约束川普不断扩张的行政权,正面临关键考验。

川普关税理由站不住脚?《纽时》美最高法院、国会面临制衡行政权关键考验

根据《纽约时报》报导,批评者指出,川普政府的关税措施已从法律依据可疑,进一步演变为公然挑战法院裁决。国会与司法部门如今面临压力,必须制止行政部门持续扩张关税权限,避免美国工人与消费者承担政策成本。

美国最高法院今年2月已裁定川普部分关税措施违法,但川普并未因此停止相关政策。裁决公布数小时后,他便公开表示最高法院的判决「是错的」,并表明不会因此罢手。

报导指出,美国历任总统过去也曾以不同方式回应不利的最高法院裁决,例如放弃遭法院否决的政策,再寻找其他法律途径达成类似目标。

不过,川普对司法裁决的抗拒程度仍被认为格外突出。川普不仅多次试图绕过最高法院对关税的裁决,也持续透过新的法律依据推出相近政策。相关做法被法律学者形容为「以法律包装的不服从」,即利用牵强的法律论证与技术性说法,掩盖对司法监督的实际抵制。

这种模式不只出现在关税政策。川普政府在移民及政府拨款等议题上,同样被批评采取类似做法。相较于过去历任总统,川普提出部分政策的法律依据也被认为更加薄弱。

最新一轮全球关税便是一例。川普政府援引1974年法律中的相关条款,主张总统有权对进口强迫劳动产品的国家课征关税。上月,政府便以此为依据,对几乎所有进口美国的商品加征关税。

这项措施取代了最高法院今年2月否决的一轮大规模关税,也取代川普在最高法院裁决后推出的临时关税。不过,由数名联邦法官组成的合议庭同样已裁定,这项临时关税违法。

批评者并未否认强迫劳动是需要处理的问题,但指出联邦政府早已拥有其他法律工具,包括直接禁止强迫劳动产品进口。川普政府却以此为由,对80多个国家加征关税,而这些国家合计占美国进口总额逾99%。

分析指出,川普相关做法等于主张,加拿大、日本、南韩、英国及法国等数十个国家都存在足以成为广泛关税依据的强迫劳动问题,甚至连长期积极打击强迫劳动的挪威也被纳入关税适用范围。

川普近期针对加拿大商品加征关税的法律依据同样受到质疑。他援引1930年法律中的相关条款,而在此之前从未有美国总统依据该条款征收关税。批评者认为,川普政府不仅忽略后来制定的法律,也无视其第一任期与加拿大谈判达成的贸易协议。

川普政府指控加拿大歧视美国商品,并以此为由对大量加拿大商品加征50%关税。但批评者指出,这场贸易争端本身就是由川普政府挑起,而美国长期存在的部分贸易问题也无法归咎于加拿大。加拿大更是美国出口商品最大的买家。

在关税争议持续升温之际,美国国会也被认为可以扮演更重要角色。即使共和党内部已有部分议员对川普关税政策不满,国会仍拥有阻止相关措施的权力。

批评者认为,对政策不满的共和党议员可以先透过公开反对提高川普维持关税的政治成本;若川普仍不愿退让,国会则应透过立法堵住相关法律漏洞。例如针对加拿大关税,国会可以明确规定总统不得利用1930年法律大规模加征关税。

同时,司法部门同样可能成为另一道防线。以强迫劳动为由征收的关税目前已进入美国国际贸易法院审理程序,相关案件应由法院尽速裁决。美国25州的领导人在诉讼文件中主张,这项关税措施「武断、反复无常且违反法律」,并批评政府对强迫劳动法律的解释已背离该法律原本目的。

不过,川普政府不断推出新措施,也凸显司法程序面临的困境。当法院裁定某项政策违法后,行政部门可能迅速改用另一项政策,以追求相近的政策目标,导致法院审理速度难以跟上行政措施的变化。

相关强迫劳动关税案件最终可能再次上诉至最高法院。面对川普政府与联邦司法权之间持续升高的冲突,最高法院也面临更大压力,必须处理行政权与宪法所确立的权力制衡问题。

最高法院过去已在关税、出生公民权及选举舞弊指控等议题上,阻止川普政府部分被认为严重扩张行政权的措施。

不过,批评者认为,最高法院有时对川普政府过于宽容,甚至限制下级法院法官阻止违法政策的能力。相较之下,拜登政府时期,最高法院曾迅速暂停多项被认定可能违法的政策,包括拜登第二度推动学生贷款减免的措施。

此外,面对川普对法律的公然蔑视,由共和党总统任命的大法官占多数的最高法院,有时却迟迟不作处理,或者回避裁决,让川普的政策则在此期间不断造成损害。

关税政策的经济代价也逐渐浮现。耶鲁大学预算实验室资料显示,最高法院推翻川普最初的关税政策后,美国进口商品的平均有效关税税率一度从14%降至7%,但之后又回升至11%。

从目前结果来看,川普的关税政策并未带来预期中的制造业就业复苏,反而推高多项商品价格。近几个月,美国整体就业及经济成长也有所放缓,但川普并未因此降低贸易政策力道,反而持续扩大关税措施。

尤其值得注意的是,川普此次针对加拿大加征关税所援引的1930年法律,正是历史上著名的《斯姆特-霍利关税法案》(Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act),该法因被认为加剧大萧条而声名狼藉。

不过,这场关税争议真正涉及的核心并不只是贸易或经济政策,而是美国宪政体制下行政、立法与司法三权之间的界线。

《纽时》指出,随着川普持续推动关税措施,国会与法院能否有效限制行政权,将成为接下来的重要考验。

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      "id": 71,
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      "name": "经纪商 ",
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    "description": "川普持续扩大关税战,对加拿大加征高额关税,法律依据遭质疑;最高法院曾判部分关税违法,国会与司法能否制衡行政权成焦点。",
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    "content": "<p>美国总统川普第二任期的关税政策持续引发法律与经济争议。随着川普对加拿大商品再度祭出高额关税,相关政策不仅遭质疑法律依据薄弱,也引发外界对行政权是否凌驾司法裁决的担忧,国会与法院能否有效约束川普不断扩张的行政权,正面临关键考验。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6587605/l/f94db3700a9205d59dcba19536e98928.jpg\" alt=\"川普关税理由站不住脚?《纽时》美最高法院、国会面临制衡行政权关键考验\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>根据《纽约时报》报导,批评者指出,川普政府的关税措施已从法律依据可疑,进一步演变为公然挑战法院裁决。国会与司法部门如今面临压力,必须制止行政部门持续扩张关税权限,避免美国工人与消费者承担政策成本。</p>\n\n<p>美国最高法院今年2月已裁定川普部分关税措施违法,但川普并未因此停止相关政策。裁决公布数小时后,他便公开表示最高法院的判决「是错的」,并表明不会因此罢手。</p>\n\n<p>报导指出,美国历任总统过去也曾以不同方式回应不利的最高法院裁决,例如放弃遭法院否决的政策,再寻找其他法律途径达成类似目标。</p>\n\n<p>不过,川普对司法裁决的抗拒程度仍被认为格外突出。川普不仅多次试图绕过最高法院对关税的裁决,也持续透过新的法律依据推出相近政策。相关做法被法律学者形容为「以法律包装的不服从」,即利用牵强的法律论证与技术性说法,掩盖对司法监督的实际抵制。</p>\n\n<p>这种模式不只出现在关税政策。川普政府在移民及政府拨款等议题上,同样被批评采取类似做法。相较于过去历任总统,川普提出部分政策的法律依据也被认为更加薄弱。</p>\n\n<p>最新一轮全球关税便是一例。川普政府援引1974年法律中的相关条款,主张总统有权对进口强迫劳动产品的国家课征关税。上月,政府便以此为依据,对几乎所有进口美国的商品加征关税。</p>\n\n<p>这项措施取代了最高法院今年2月否决的一轮大规模关税,也取代川普在最高法院裁决后推出的临时关税。不过,由数名联邦法官组成的合议庭同样已裁定,这项临时关税违法。</p>\n\n<p>批评者并未否认强迫劳动是需要处理的问题,但指出联邦政府早已拥有其他法律工具,包括直接禁止强迫劳动产品进口。川普政府却以此为由,对80多个国家加征关税,而这些国家合计占美国进口总额逾99%。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,川普相关做法等于主张,加拿大、日本、南韩、英国及法国等数十个国家都存在足以成为广泛关税依据的强迫劳动问题,甚至连长期积极打击强迫劳动的挪威也被纳入关税适用范围。</p>\n\n<p>川普近期针对加拿大商品加征关税的法律依据同样受到质疑。他援引1930年法律中的相关条款,而在此之前从未有美国总统依据该条款征收关税。批评者认为,川普政府不仅忽略后来制定的法律,也无视其第一任期与加拿大谈判达成的贸易协议。</p>\n\n<p>川普政府指控加拿大歧视美国商品,并以此为由对大量加拿大商品加征50%关税。但批评者指出,这场贸易争端本身就是由川普政府挑起,而美国长期存在的部分贸易问题也无法归咎于加拿大。加拿大更是美国出口商品最大的买家。</p>\n\n<p>在关税争议持续升温之际,美国国会也被认为可以扮演更重要角色。即使共和党内部已有部分议员对川普关税政策不满,国会仍拥有阻止相关措施的权力。</p>\n\n<p>批评者认为,对政策不满的共和党议员可以先透过公开反对提高川普维持关税的政治成本;若川普仍不愿退让,国会则应透过立法堵住相关法律漏洞。例如针对加拿大关税,国会可以明确规定总统不得利用1930年法律大规模加征关税。</p>\n\n<p>同时,司法部门同样可能成为另一道防线。以强迫劳动为由征收的关税目前已进入美国国际贸易法院审理程序,相关案件应由法院尽速裁决。美国25州的领导人在诉讼文件中主张,这项关税措施「武断、反复无常且违反法律」,并批评政府对强迫劳动法律的解释已背离该法律原本目的。</p>\n\n<p>不过,川普政府不断推出新措施,也凸显司法程序面临的困境。当法院裁定某项政策违法后,行政部门可能迅速改用另一项政策,以追求相近的政策目标,导致法院审理速度难以跟上行政措施的变化。</p>\n\n<p>相关强迫劳动关税案件最终可能再次上诉至最高法院。面对川普政府与联邦司法权之间持续升高的冲突,最高法院也面临更大压力,必须处理行政权与宪法所确立的权力制衡问题。</p>\n\n<p>最高法院过去已在关税、出生公民权及选举舞弊指控等议题上,阻止川普政府部分被认为严重扩张行政权的措施。</p>\n\n<p>不过,批评者认为,最高法院有时对川普政府过于宽容,甚至限制下级法院法官阻止违法政策的能力。相较之下,拜登政府时期,最高法院曾迅速暂停多项被认定可能违法的政策,包括拜登第二度推动学生贷款减免的措施。</p>\n\n<p>此外,面对川普对法律的公然蔑视,由共和党总统任命的大法官占多数的最高法院,有时却迟迟不作处理,或者回避裁决,让川普的政策则在此期间不断造成损害。</p>\n\n<p>关税政策的经济代价也逐渐浮现。耶鲁大学预算实验室资料显示,最高法院推翻川普最初的关税政策后,美国进口商品的平均有效关税税率一度从14%降至7%,但之后又回升至11%。</p>\n\n<p>从目前结果来看,川普的关税政策并未带来预期中的制造业就业复苏,反而推高多项商品价格。近几个月,美国整体就业及经济成长也有所放缓,但川普并未因此降低贸易政策力道,反而持续扩大关税措施。</p>\n\n<p>尤其值得注意的是,川普此次针对加拿大加征关税所援引的1930年法律,正是历史上著名的《斯姆特-霍利关税法案》(Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act),该法因被认为加剧大萧条而声名狼藉。</p>\n\n<p>不过,这场关税争议真正涉及的核心并不只是贸易或经济政策,而是美国宪政体制下行政、立法与司法三权之间的界线。</p>\n\n<p>《纽时》指出,随着川普持续推动关税措施,国会与法院能否有效限制行政权,将成为接下来的重要考验。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12815.html\" title=\"中国「富豪第一城」换人 深圳一年暴增47人、挤下上海\">中国「富豪第一城」换人 深圳一年暴增47人、挤下上海</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12912.html\" title=\"联合干预难敌卖压 忧日元汇率再逼近160关卡 日企要求5-10年「超长天期」避险\">联合干预难敌卖压 忧日元汇率再逼近160关卡 日企要求5-10年「超长天期」避险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12890.html\" title=\"〈陆股盘后〉午后两市维持高档震荡 三大指数走高\">〈陆股盘后〉午后两市维持高档震荡 三大指数走高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12823.html\" title=\"川普连晒三张与金正恩合照 再次释出对话信号\">川普连晒三张与金正恩合照 再次释出对话信号</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12863.html\" title=\"美加贸易战导火线曝!传卢特尼克最后一刻「介入」追加条件\">美加贸易战导火线曝!传卢特尼克最后一刻「介入」追加条件</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-12868.html\" title=\"美关税威胁引发囤货潮 纽约铜价创历史新高\">美关税威胁引发囤货潮 纽约铜价创历史新高</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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