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伊朗战争揭示「精准规模」时代!低成本无人机改变攻防成本、美军武器库存成瓶颈

2026-09-30 16:29:13 网络 阅读(1)

美以对伊朗发动大规模空袭,虽摧毁大量军事目标并击毙伊朗高层,却未能迅速瓦解德黑兰政权。伊朗透过大量低成本无人机与导弹持续反击,也让美军面临昂贵拦截弹大量消耗的困境。美国外交关系协会(CFR)技术与创新高级研究员霍罗威兹(Michael C. Horowitz)指出,这场战争凸显「精准规模」正在成为现代战争的新趋势:当低成本、可大量生产的精准武器改变攻防成本,美国即使拥有AI等先进作战能力,武器库存与组织转型仍可能成为新的制约。

伊朗战争揭示「精准规模」时代!低成本无人机改变攻防成本、美军武器库存成瓶颈

霍罗威兹在《外交事务》(Foreign Affairs)撰文指出,美国与以色列在战事前24小时内攻击约1000个目标,后续37天又摧毁约1.2万个目标,包括伊朗部分高层领导人及大量军事基础设施。

然而,伊朗并未因此迅速瓦解。德黑兰在高层遭到打击后立即安排官员接替阵亡人士,同时利用既有的无人机与导弹库存展开反击,并封锁荷姆兹海峡、推升全球能源价格,进一步增加自身的谈判筹码。

霍罗威兹认为,伊朗能够承受大规模空袭,其中一项关键因素,就是战前已经为可能遭受美以攻击做好准备,包括建立分散的地下导弹设施与生产能力,以及囤积大量成本相对低廉、具备精准打击能力的无人机与导弹。

低成本精准武器正在改变攻防成本

霍罗威兹指出,伊朗的作战方式反映出「精准规模」时代已经到来,也就是大量部署低成本、可消耗且具精准打击能力的武器系统。

过去军事强国往往依赖少量昂贵的「精致武器」,但这类武器难以快速大量生产。相较之下,低成本无人机与导弹可以透过大规模使用,对军事基地及关键基础设施形成持续压力。

其中一项核心问题在于攻防成本失衡。霍罗威兹以美国「爱国者」拦截弹与伊朗沙赫德-136攻击无人机为例,前者单枚约400万美元,后者约3.5万美元。当攻击方可以用数万美元的武器迫使防御方消耗数百万美元的拦截弹时,长期防御将面临极高成本。

这意味着,即使军事强国拥有技术更先进的武器,也不代表能够单靠少量高价系统取得全面战争的优势。

霍罗威兹表示,伊朗无法与美军的高端武器正面竞争,但透过大量远程单程攻击无人机及低成本弹道导弹,仍能对美军基地及区域重要基础设施发动攻击。

美国虽然能对伊朗造成数十亿美元损失,却同时大量消耗「战斧」(Tomahawk)与「SM-6」等昂贵武器,使自身及包括乌克兰在内的伙伴面临补充库存的压力。

高科技强国也面临组织转型难题

霍罗威兹认为,「精准规模」不只是武器技术的变化,也要求军队重新调整训练方式、组织架构与作战思维。

传统军事强国长期围绕少量昂贵武器与平台建立作战体系,例如战斧巡弋飞弹与F-35战机。部队必须避免浪费这些昂贵装备,并降低遭到摧毁的风险。

但在「精准规模」作战模式下,军队需要大量使用可消耗武器,并快速投入战场,而不是等待最理想的作战条件。这也使得原本建立在高价武器上的军事组织难以迅速适应。

霍罗威兹指出,军事强国过去的成功往往形成庞大的官僚体系与既有思维,反而可能让组织在面对颠覆性的新能力时更难调整。

伊朗则因无法取得部分先进军事能力,转而大量投入远程单程攻击系统与低成本弹道导弹。战争结果显示,这种策略使伊朗即使面对军事能力远胜自身的美军,也能维持一定程度的攻击能力。

他指出,这也意味着财力不再是弱国参与军事力量竞争的唯一门槛。

目前,包括北韩、奈及利亚、波兰、法国、德国、英国、沙乌地阿拉伯及日本等国,都在增加对攻击无人机或低成本精准武器的投入。

例如,北韩从俄罗斯取得沙赫德无人机相关技术与生产设备;尼日利亚企业与土耳其制造商签约,计划在当地组装生产10万架单程攻击无人机;波兰则大幅增加无人机及反无人机系统支出,并在国内建立无人机工厂。

欧洲方面,法国、德国、英国等6国已签署意向书,计划共同研发航程超过300英里、目标成本低于10万美元的单程攻击无人机。沙乌地阿拉伯也推出仿照沙赫德设计的国产攻击无人机,日本执政党则提出大规模采购攻击无人机的国防预算要求。

防御成本仍远高于进攻

伊朗战争另一项明显特征,是防御大规模精准攻击仍然非常昂贵。

霍罗威兹指出,目前可靠且单价低于100万美元的拦截武器仍相当有限。为抵御伊朗的大规模精准打击,美国据称消耗约65%的「爱国者」拦截弹及35%的「萨德」(THAAD)拦截弹,剩余数量分别约1000枚及250枚,中东盟友也面临防空武器库存下降的问题。

美国目前正尝试发展更便宜的防御手段,包括定向能武器、高功率微波系统,以及不需要直接撞击目标、只要在无人机附近引爆即可摧毁目标的拦截系统。

乌克兰也已开始使用单价约1400美元的拦截无人机,欧洲与海湾地区的新创企业则投入更低成本拦截武器的研发。不过,这些系统目前仍未达到大规模部署的条件。

AI提高美军打击速度 但武器库存成新瓶颈

另一方面,这场战争也凸显美国在人工智慧(AI)及情报整合方面的优势。

霍罗威兹指出,美军已使用能够整合多种情报来源、并向指挥官提供目标选择建议的AI系统,包括「Maven智慧系统」(Maven Smart System),协助大幅提高军事打击频率。

不过,AI并非没有风险。文中指出,Maven系统可能因错误情报输入、缺乏相应核查机制等问题,将伊朗一所学校错误标记为打击目标,最终导致一场造成逾百名儿童死亡的攻击。

快速的目标选择也可能增加「自动化偏误」风险,也就是人类过度依赖演算法判断,而忽略自身的审查与决策责任。

霍罗威兹认为,美国在AI领域的优势并不主要来自最新、最先进的模型,而是来自更完善的资料架构,以及将既有模型整合进军事组织的能力。

随着低成本开源模型持续发展,其他国家也可能逐渐取得类似能力。Anthropic曾表示,伊朗试图利用其大型语言模型Claude,为驻扎在该地区的美军寻找攻击目标。

这也代表,未来限制美军作战速度的主要瓶颈,可能逐渐从情报处理能力转向武器库存。

「精准规模」成军事竞争新方向

霍罗威兹认为,美以对伊朗的战争显示,单纯依靠昂贵且高科技的武器系统,已不足以确保战争胜利或保护盟友。

低成本、可大量生产的精准武器正在降低弱国进入军事竞争的门槛,同时也让军事强国面临昂贵的防御成本与武器库存压力。

因此,美国除了扩大低成本精准打击能力,也需要投入更便宜的防御系统,并调整军事组织,使其能够有效运用大量、可消耗的武器。

霍罗威兹指出,美国国防体系长期依赖高精尖系统,若国防预算缩减,决策者也可能更倾向维持既有且经过验证的装备,而非投入新的作战模式。此外,军事指挥官与国防高级文官频繁更替,也可能影响相关改革的持续推进。

在他看来,攻击能力领域的新一轮技术创新,正在缩小富裕国家与较弱国家之间的军事差距。对美国而言,能否适应「精准规模」作战模式,将成为维持军事优势的重要课题。

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          "pid": 10,
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              "pid": 61,
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        {
          "id": 45,
          "pid": 36,
          "name": "期货公司",
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    "description": "美以空袭伊朗逾1.2万目标、击毙高层,伊朗靠无人机与导弹反击,未迅速瓦解政权
CFR霍罗威兹称低成本精准武器成「精准规模」趋势,爱国者拦截弹约400万美元、沙赫德-136约3.5万美元
美军AI可加快打击,但武器库存与更便宜防御系统、组织转型将成新瓶颈",
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    "content": "<p>美以对伊朗发动大规模空袭,虽摧毁大量军事目标并击毙伊朗高层,却未能迅速瓦解德黑兰政权。伊朗透过大量低成本无人机与导弹持续反击,也让美军面临昂贵拦截弹大量消耗的困境。美国外交关系协会(CFR)技术与创新高级研究员霍罗威兹(Michael C. Horowitz)指出,这场战争凸显「精准规模」正在成为现代战争的新趋势:当低成本、可大量生产的精准武器改变攻防成本,美国即使拥有AI等先进作战能力,武器库存与组织转型仍可能成为新的制约。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6618489/l/93b8076523549aa929f0b03ece4ac152.jpg\" alt=\"伊朗战争揭示「精准规模」时代!低成本无人机改变攻防成本、美军武器库存成瓶颈\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>霍罗威兹在《外交事务》(Foreign Affairs)撰文指出,美国与以色列在战事前24小时内攻击约1000个目标,后续37天又摧毁约1.2万个目标,包括伊朗部分高层领导人及大量军事基础设施。</p>\n\n<p>然而,伊朗并未因此迅速瓦解。德黑兰在高层遭到打击后立即安排官员接替阵亡人士,同时利用既有的无人机与导弹库存展开反击,并封锁荷姆兹海峡、推升全球能源价格,进一步增加自身的谈判筹码。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹认为,伊朗能够承受大规模空袭,其中一项关键因素,就是战前已经为可能遭受美以攻击做好准备,包括建立分散的地下导弹设施与生产能力,以及囤积大量成本相对低廉、具备精准打击能力的无人机与导弹。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>低成本精准武器正在改变攻防成本</strong></h6>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹指出,伊朗的作战方式反映出「精准规模」时代已经到来,也就是大量部署低成本、可消耗且具精准打击能力的武器系统。</p>\n\n<p>过去军事强国往往依赖少量昂贵的「精致武器」,但这类武器难以快速大量生产。相较之下,低成本无人机与导弹可以透过大规模使用,对军事基地及关键基础设施形成持续压力。</p>\n\n<p>其中一项核心问题在于攻防成本失衡。霍罗威兹以美国「爱国者」拦截弹与伊朗沙赫德-136攻击无人机为例,前者单枚约400万美元,后者约3.5万美元。当攻击方可以用数万美元的武器迫使防御方消耗数百万美元的拦截弹时,长期防御将面临极高成本。</p>\n\n<p>这意味着,即使军事强国拥有技术更先进的武器,也不代表能够单靠少量高价系统取得全面战争的优势。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹表示,伊朗无法与美军的高端武器正面竞争,但透过大量远程单程攻击无人机及低成本弹道导弹,仍能对美军基地及区域重要基础设施发动攻击。</p>\n\n<p>美国虽然能对伊朗造成数十亿美元损失,却同时大量消耗「战斧」(Tomahawk)与「SM-6」等昂贵武器,使自身及包括乌克兰在内的伙伴面临补充库存的压力。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>高科技</strong><strong>强</strong><strong>国也面临组织转型难题</strong></h6>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹认为,「精准规模」不只是武器技术的变化,也要求军队重新调整训练方式、组织架构与作战思维。</p>\n\n<p>传统军事强国长期围绕少量昂贵武器与平台建立作战体系,例如战斧巡弋飞弹与F-35战机。部队必须避免浪费这些昂贵装备,并降低遭到摧毁的风险。</p>\n\n<p>但在「精准规模」作战模式下,军队需要大量使用可消耗武器,并快速投入战场,而不是等待最理想的作战条件。这也使得原本建立在高价武器上的军事组织难以迅速适应。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹指出,军事强国过去的成功往往形成庞大的官僚体系与既有思维,反而可能让组织在面对颠覆性的新能力时更难调整。</p>\n\n<p>伊朗则因无法取得部分先进军事能力,转而大量投入远程单程攻击系统与低成本弹道导弹。战争结果显示,这种策略使伊朗即使面对军事能力远胜自身的美军,也能维持一定程度的攻击能力。</p>\n\n<p>他指出,这也意味着财力不再是弱国参与军事力量竞争的唯一门槛。</p>\n\n<p>目前,包括北韩、奈及利亚、波兰、法国、德国、英国、沙乌地阿拉伯及日本等国,都在增加对攻击无人机或低成本精准武器的投入。</p>\n\n<p>例如,北韩从俄罗斯取得沙赫德无人机相关技术与生产设备;尼日利亚企业与土耳其制造商签约,计划在当地组装生产10万架单程攻击无人机;波兰则大幅增加无人机及反无人机系统支出,并在国内建立无人机工厂。</p>\n\n<p>欧洲方面,法国、德国、英国等6国已签署意向书,计划共同研发航程超过300英里、目标成本低于10万美元的单程攻击无人机。沙乌地阿拉伯也推出仿照沙赫德设计的国产攻击无人机,日本执政党则提出大规模采购攻击无人机的国防预算要求。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>防御成本仍远高于进攻</strong></h6>\n\n<p>伊朗战争另一项明显特征,是防御大规模精准攻击仍然非常昂贵。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹指出,目前可靠且单价低于100万美元的拦截武器仍相当有限。为抵御伊朗的大规模精准打击,美国据称消耗约65%的「爱国者」拦截弹及35%的「萨德」(THAAD)拦截弹,剩余数量分别约1000枚及250枚,中东盟友也面临防空武器库存下降的问题。</p>\n\n<p>美国目前正尝试发展更便宜的防御手段,包括定向能武器、高功率微波系统,以及不需要直接撞击目标、只要在无人机附近引爆即可摧毁目标的拦截系统。</p>\n\n<p>乌克兰也已开始使用单价约1400美元的拦截无人机,欧洲与海湾地区的新创企业则投入更低成本拦截武器的研发。不过,这些系统目前仍未达到大规模部署的条件。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>提高美军打击速度</strong><strong> </strong><strong>但武器库存成新</strong><strong>瓶</strong><strong>颈</strong></h6>\n\n<p>另一方面,这场战争也凸显美国在人工智慧(AI)及情报整合方面的优势。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹指出,美军已使用能够整合多种情报来源、并向指挥官提供目标选择建议的AI系统,包括「Maven智慧系统」(Maven Smart System),协助大幅提高军事打击频率。</p>\n\n<p>不过,AI并非没有风险。文中指出,Maven系统可能因错误情报输入、缺乏相应核查机制等问题,将伊朗一所学校错误标记为打击目标,最终导致一场造成逾百名儿童死亡的攻击。</p>\n\n<p>快速的目标选择也可能增加「自动化偏误」风险,也就是人类过度依赖演算法判断,而忽略自身的审查与决策责任。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹认为,美国在AI领域的优势并不主要来自最新、最先进的模型,而是来自更完善的资料架构,以及将既有模型整合进军事组织的能力。</p>\n\n<p>随着低成本开源模型持续发展,其他国家也可能逐渐取得类似能力。Anthropic曾表示,伊朗试图利用其大型语言模型Claude,为驻扎在该地区的美军寻找攻击目标。</p>\n\n<p>这也代表,未来限制美军作战速度的主要瓶颈,可能逐渐从情报处理能力转向武器库存。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>「精准规模」成军事竞争新方向</strong></h6>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹认为,美以对伊朗的战争显示,单纯依靠昂贵且高科技的武器系统,已不足以确保战争胜利或保护盟友。</p>\n\n<p>低成本、可大量生产的精准武器正在降低弱国进入军事竞争的门槛,同时也让军事强国面临昂贵的防御成本与武器库存压力。</p>\n\n<p>因此,美国除了扩大低成本精准打击能力,也需要投入更便宜的防御系统,并调整军事组织,使其能够有效运用大量、可消耗的武器。</p>\n\n<p>霍罗威兹指出,美国国防体系长期依赖高精尖系统,若国防预算缩减,决策者也可能更倾向维持既有且经过验证的装备,而非投入新的作战模式。此外,军事指挥官与国防高级文官频繁更替,也可能影响相关改革的持续推进。</p>\n\n<p>在他看来,攻击能力领域的新一轮技术创新,正在缩小富裕国家与较弱国家之间的军事差距。对美国而言,能否适应「精准规模」作战模式,将成为维持军事优势的重要课题。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17884.html\" title=\"Fed官员密集放鹰!威廉斯:年内还需升息但不急、10月升息预期降温\">Fed官员密集放鹰!威廉斯:年内还需升息但不急、10月升息预期降温</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17852.html\" title=\"从373.9到478.6兆!晶片荣景让南韩税收一年狂飙28%  刷新2022年纪录\">从373.9到478.6兆!晶片荣景让南韩税收一年狂飙28%  刷新2022年纪录</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17849.html\" title=\"日本在中国企业数量 锐减近30%\">日本在中国企业数量 锐减近30%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17845.html\" title=\"美国选前再压油价 释4,000万桶储备油 促欧洲跟进\">美国选前再压油价 释4,000万桶储备油 促欧洲跟进</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17920.html\" title=\"英国第2季GDP优于预期 但经济学家忧下半年表现\">英国第2季GDP优于预期 但经济学家忧下半年表现</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-17871.html\" title=\"伊朗称再次捕获美国无人潜航器 美伊水下暗战升级\">伊朗称再次捕获美国无人潜航器 美伊水下暗战升级</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-09-30T08:10:11.000Z",
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