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中国经济不能再靠出口 IMF:让民众敢花钱才是关键

2026-10-06 11:37:16 网络 阅读(1)

国际货币基金(IMF)指出,中国过去依靠投资、制造业与出口带动经济成长的模式,已逐渐显现局限,出口不可能继续充当主要成长引擎。面对关键转型期,中国需要转向以居民消费、服务业及生产力提升为核心的新模式,并透过社会保障、企业与财政金融改革提供支撑。

中国经济不能再靠出口 IMF:让民众敢花钱才是关键

IMF发布《迈向中国经济成长新模式》指出,中国历经40多年快速成长,已成为全球主要经济体之一,但未来必须改善资源配置,为新的成长动力创造空间。

让民众敢花钱 先减少后顾之忧

IMF指出,中国居民储蓄明显高于同类国家,高储蓄也推动经济过度依赖投资。强化社会保障、扩大保障范围,并提高税制累进性以缩小所得差距,有助于降低预防性储蓄,带来更具韧性、包容性与更绿色的成长。

政策尤其应提高农村医疗与社会保障支出。IMF研究显示,有针对性地增加这些支出,可显著降低农村居民储蓄率。

城市地区则需加速户籍改革。未取得城镇户口的流动人口,因难以充分享有社会福利,储蓄倾向通常较高;新迁入城镇并取得户口的家庭,储蓄率甚至低于一直持有城镇户口的家庭。

近期房地产市场调整,也透过财富效应与消费者信心走弱,推高家庭储蓄、压抑消费。IMF认为,应推动更有效率、时间更短的房市调整,同时维护居民财富。

财政少做低效投资 多补社会保障

IMF认为,中国未来几年的主要财政挑战,是推动经济从投资转向消费,同时避免地方政府过度紧缩,并确保财政可持续性。

将更多财政资源从低效率投资转向社会保障,可降低居民储蓄需求、提高消费。IMF估算,优化公共投资结构,潜在节省规模约相当于国内生产毛额(GDP)的6%,有助改善经济效率与财政可持续性。

税制方面,IMF提出调整部分消费税、改革特定租税优惠等建议。综合税制改革可使中期税收占GDP比重提高5至6个百分点,新增收入约一半归地方政府,有助缓解地方财政压力。财政规划也应从年度预算转向中期框架。

退休金改革迫切 农村保障也要提高

IMF预估,若不改革,中国公共退休金成本将从2024年约占GDP的5%,升至本世纪中叶的15%左右。

IMF指出,2024年前中国法定退休年龄处于全球最低水准之列。若在2040年将男女退休年龄均提高至65岁,2050年实质GDP可提高3%,退休金支出占GDP比重可降低1.8个百分点。

退休金给付参数也需配合预期寿命趋势调整,可使公共退休金支出最多降低相当于GDP的1.3个百分点,并透过提高劳动参与率,让2050年实质GDP提高2%。

另一方面,居民退休金水准偏低,仍需提高。IMF估算,将居民退休金给付提高一倍,到2050年仅额外增加相当于GDP 0.6%的财政支出,却可使农村家庭消费提高约4%。

新企业长不大 资源配置需要改革

IMF强调,人工智慧等新技术虽可提升生产力,但公平竞争与企业活力同样重要。资本在企业、产业间的错配日益加剧,已抑制生产力成长,高生产力的新兴企业与民营企业近年成长也放缓。

中国成立未满10年的年轻企业,营收占比从2003至2004年间约70%,降至2017至2018年间约30%。若融资充足,这些企业可成为提高整体生产力的重要力量。

IMF建议,在监管、融资、土地、投入品取得及政府采购等方面建立公平竞争环境,并降低对银行信贷的依赖,扩大股票市场与民营创投的作用。产业政策则应更多使用透明度较高、扭曲较小的预算工具。

低效企业有序退出 金融风险也要管

IMF建议,扩大重整框架对国企与民企的适用,加速亏损、低效率企业有序退出,释放资源给其他企业。改革包括完善《企业破产法》、提升司法能力与破产管理人监管,并加强集团及跨国破产制度。

社会保障、失业保险与积极的劳动市场政策,可缓解资源重新配置带来的失业冲击,也能减轻国企稳定就业的压力。对不具存续能力的地方政府融资平台(LGFV),则可透过企业破产机制重组债务,缓解地方债务积压。

货币政策应简化框架,以国内物价稳定为核心,更好地发挥利率作用。金融监管则需加强系统性风险监测、压力测试,以及对中小型银行资产品质和治理的监督,并提高资讯透明度。

服务业接棒 关键是开放市场

在供给端,IMF认为服务业是尚未充分开发的成长动力,可逐步取代建筑相关产业与传统制造业,创造就业,并满足收入提高、人口老化带来的服务需求。

服务业扩张不必然拖累生产力。只要高生产力的市场化服务业持续创新,提高其附加价值占比,就能带动整体生产力成长。不过,服务业仍有资本与劳动力错配问题,改善资源配置至关重要。

IMF建议降低部分服务业进入门槛,促进跨省贸易、扩大服务贸易开放,推动服务业国企改革,并提高劳动力流动性。建构全国统一大市场、开放服务贸易与投资等政策应加速落实,户籍改革与社会保障也有助提高劳动市场弹性。

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IMF吁财税、退休金与企业改革并进,优化资源配置、促进低效企业退出,支撑长期成长",
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    "content": "<p>国际货币基金(IMF)指出,中国过去依靠投资、制造业与出口带动经济成长的模式,已逐渐显现局限,出口不可能继续充当主要成长引擎。面对关键转型期,中国需要转向以居民消费、服务业及生产力提升为核心的新模式,并透过社会保障、企业与财政金融改革提供支撑。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6622297/l/471ee9eee77b4f9719dd1eb3fe74a97c.jpg\" alt=\"中国经济不能再靠出口 IMF:让民众敢花钱才是关键\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>IMF发布《迈向中国经济成长新模式》指出,中国历经40多年快速成长,已成为全球主要经济体之一,但未来必须改善资源配置,为新的成长动力创造空间。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>让民众敢花钱 先减少后顾之忧</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>IMF指出,中国居民储蓄明显高于同类国家,高储蓄也推动经济过度依赖投资。强化社会保障、扩大保障范围,并提高税制累进性以缩小所得差距,有助于降低预防性储蓄,带来更具韧性、包容性与更绿色的成长。</p>\n\n<p>政策尤其应提高农村医疗与社会保障支出。IMF研究显示,有针对性地增加这些支出,可显著降低农村居民储蓄率。</p>\n\n<p>城市地区则需加速户籍改革。未取得城镇户口的流动人口,因难以充分享有社会福利,储蓄倾向通常较高;新迁入城镇并取得户口的家庭,储蓄率甚至低于一直持有城镇户口的家庭。</p>\n\n<p>近期房地产市场调整,也透过财富效应与消费者信心走弱,推高家庭储蓄、压抑消费。IMF认为,应推动更有效率、时间更短的房市调整,同时维护居民财富。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>财政少做低效投资 多补社会保障</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>IMF认为,中国未来几年的主要财政挑战,是推动经济从投资转向消费,同时避免地方政府过度紧缩,并确保财政可持续性。</p>\n\n<p>将更多财政资源从低效率投资转向社会保障,可降低居民储蓄需求、提高消费。IMF估算,优化公共投资结构,潜在节省规模约相当于国内生产毛额(GDP)的6%,有助改善经济效率与财政可持续性。</p>\n\n<p>税制方面,IMF提出调整部分消费税、改革特定租税优惠等建议。综合税制改革可使中期税收占GDP比重提高5至6个百分点,新增收入约一半归地方政府,有助缓解地方财政压力。财政规划也应从年度预算转向中期框架。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>退休金改革迫切 农村保障也要提高</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>IMF预估,若不改革,中国公共退休金成本将从2024年约占GDP的5%,升至本世纪中叶的15%左右。</p>\n\n<p>IMF指出,2024年前中国法定退休年龄处于全球最低水准之列。若在2040年将男女退休年龄均提高至65岁,2050年实质GDP可提高3%,退休金支出占GDP比重可降低1.8个百分点。</p>\n\n<p>退休金给付参数也需配合预期寿命趋势调整,可使公共退休金支出最多降低相当于GDP的1.3个百分点,并透过提高劳动参与率,让2050年实质GDP提高2%。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,居民退休金水准偏低,仍需提高。IMF估算,将居民退休金给付提高一倍,到2050年仅额外增加相当于GDP 0.6%的财政支出,却可使农村家庭消费提高约4%。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>新企业长不大 资源配置需要改革</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>IMF强调,人工智慧等新技术虽可提升生产力,但公平竞争与企业活力同样重要。资本在企业、产业间的错配日益加剧,已抑制生产力成长,高生产力的新兴企业与民营企业近年成长也放缓。</p>\n\n<p>中国成立未满10年的年轻企业,营收占比从2003至2004年间约70%,降至2017至2018年间约30%。若融资充足,这些企业可成为提高整体生产力的重要力量。</p>\n\n<p>IMF建议,在监管、融资、土地、投入品取得及政府采购等方面建立公平竞争环境,并降低对银行信贷的依赖,扩大股票市场与民营创投的作用。产业政策则应更多使用透明度较高、扭曲较小的预算工具。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>低效企业有序退出 金融风险也要管</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>IMF建议,扩大重整框架对国企与民企的适用,加速亏损、低效率企业有序退出,释放资源给其他企业。改革包括完善《企业破产法》、提升司法能力与破产管理人监管,并加强集团及跨国破产制度。</p>\n\n<p>社会保障、失业保险与积极的劳动市场政策,可缓解资源重新配置带来的失业冲击,也能减轻国企稳定就业的压力。对不具存续能力的地方政府融资平台(LGFV),则可透过企业破产机制重组债务,缓解地方债务积压。</p>\n\n<p>货币政策应简化框架,以国内物价稳定为核心,更好地发挥利率作用。金融监管则需加强系统性风险监测、压力测试,以及对中小型银行资产品质和治理的监督,并提高资讯透明度。</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>服务业接棒 关键是开放市场</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>在供给端,IMF认为服务业是尚未充分开发的成长动力,可逐步取代建筑相关产业与传统制造业,创造就业,并满足收入提高、人口老化带来的服务需求。</p>\n\n<p>服务业扩张不必然拖累生产力。只要高生产力的市场化服务业持续创新,提高其附加价值占比,就能带动整体生产力成长。不过,服务业仍有资本与劳动力错配问题,改善资源配置至关重要。</p>\n\n<p>IMF建议降低部分服务业进入门槛,促进跨省贸易、扩大服务贸易开放,推动服务业国企改革,并提高劳动力流动性。建构全国统一大市场、开放服务贸易与投资等政策应加速落实,户籍改革与社会保障也有助提高劳动市场弹性。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18745.html\" title=\"美宾州麻疹病例破千、5人亡 全美疫情规模创1991年以来最高\">美宾州麻疹病例破千、5人亡 全美疫情规模创1991年以来最高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18717.html\" title=\"黄金被低估了!德银:超卖且低配  2027年环境将更佳\">黄金被低估了!德银:超卖且低配  2027年环境将更佳</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18735.html\" title=\"〈能源盘后〉中东原油供应回温+G7释储 油价跌逾1%回落近2美元 但每桶仍站百美元\">〈能源盘后〉中东原油供应回温+G7释储 油价跌逾1%回落近2美元 但每桶仍站百美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18758.html\" title=\"「麦加防务联盟」决定启动集体防御机制 在沙国部署兵力\">「麦加防务联盟」决定启动集体防御机制 在沙国部署兵力</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18759.html\" title=\"油价上涨、司机短缺 美国学生没校车坐了\">油价上涨、司机短缺 美国学生没校车坐了</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-18800.html\" title=\"美股真的这么贵?这项指标创30年新低\">美股真的这么贵?这项指标创30年新低</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-06T03:10:17.000Z",
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