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AI泡沫最危险的地方曝光!小摩:小心「二阶导数」反转 真正该怕的是「增速放缓」

2026-08-21 18:09:21 钜亨网 阅读(10)

AI热潮正从单纯的科技投资故事, 逐渐演变成庞大的融资与基础设施周期。摩根大通资产管理投资人Bill Eigen警告, 真正值得关注的不是AI营收、资本支出或估值目前有多高, 而是这些数据的成长速度是否开始放缓。一旦AI成长与资本支出的加速度下降, 目前建立在持续扩张预期上的金融架构可能面临压力。

AI泡沫最危险的地方曝光!小摩:小心「二阶导数」反转 真正该怕的是「增速放缓」

Eigen近日接受CNBC访问时表示, 投资人普遍关注AI营收规模与成长率, 但他更在意所谓的「二阶导数」, 也就是成长率本身的变化速度。他直言, 真正令他感到担忧的是, 「当这种增速开始放缓」。

Eigen认为, AI周期与其说是一轮单纯的科技产业周期, 不如说更接近房地产周期。原因在于目前AI热潮的核心并不只是软体与模型, 而是需要投入大量资金兴建资料中心、购买晶片、部署电力及网路设备, 再透过长期租赁、债务及其他融资方式支撑这些基础设施。

这种资本密集型特征正在让AI热潮与过去的房地产投资周期产生类似之处。阿波罗全球管理公司首席经济学家Torsten Slok近期估算, 超大规模云端服务商的资料中心资本支出占美国GDP比重, 可能从2025年的约1.4%升至2027年的3.1%。这代表短短两年增加约1.7个百分点, 增速甚至高于2002年至2005年房地产投资占GDP比重约每年0.5个百分点的增加速度。

如果以历史周期比较, 1990年代末电信与光纤建设热潮的资本支出占GDP比重高峰约为1.2%, 而AI资料中心投资若按照Slok的预测在2027年达到3.1%, 将超过电信泡沫高峰两倍以上。不过, 这仍低于2005年房地产投资约6.6%的GDP占比。

Eigen尤其担心资料中心融资中的「久期错配」。他指出, 投资人若购买与资料中心相关的30年期债务, 却用这些资金支应使用寿命可能只有3至6年的AI晶片, 就会产生明显的期限错配。一旦晶片快速汰换, 原本用长期债务支撑的基础设施可能需要持续投入新的资本, 但原有融资期限却仍在延续。

这个问题的重要性在于, AI资料中心的硬体更新速度可能远快于传统基础设施。伺服器、GPU及其他加速器需要持续升级, 但资料中心、租赁合约及相关债务往往以更长的期限存在。若AI需求与预期不符, 投资人可能面临资产价值下降速度快于债务到期速度的问题。

而这些未来财务义务有相当一部分并没有直接反映在企业目前公布的资产负债表中。高盛(Goldman Sachs, GS-US)估计, 超大规模云端服务商的租赁承诺合计约达1.5兆美元, 其中约1兆美元与尚未开始的租赁有关, 因此目前并未以相同方式反映在财务报表的资产负债表中。

Meta Platforms(META-US)的Hyperion资料中心项目就是其中一个受到市场关注的案例。该公司透过与Blue Owl成立的合资架构推进相关资料中心投资, 其中涉及约270亿美元规模的融资与租赁安排。相关结构让部分未开始的租赁义务不会立即以传统债务形式出现在Meta资产负债表上。

《华尔街日报》最新分析进一步显示, 9家大型科技企业合计约有3兆美元资产负债表外承诺, 主要与AI基础设施有关。这些承诺包括尚未开始的租赁、AI硬体采购协议以及未来能源合约, 规模远高于企业目前公布的资本支出。

《华尔街日报》指出, 这9家企业过去一年的资本支出约6000亿美元, 但相关资产负债表外承诺却达约3兆美元, 显示企业未来对AI基础设施的财务承诺可能远大於单看季度资本支出数字所呈现的规模。Alphabet(GOOGL-US)、Amazon.com(AMZN-US)、Microsoft(MSFT-US)、Meta及Nvidia(NVDA-US)等大型科技企业均被纳入这项分析。

这也使AI投资的真正成本更加难以从传统财务指标中完整观察。企业目前可能拥有强劲现金流与相对稳健的资产负债表, 但若将未来多年必须支付的租金、晶片采购及能源承诺纳入考量, 实际财务曝险可能明显高于表面数字。

信用市场已经开始出现部分值得注意的讯号。Eigen指出, 整体公开市场信用利差目前仍接近历史低点, 显示投资人对企业信用风险的定价依然非常乐观。然而, AI相关企业的信用违约交换(CDS)利差已开始扩大, 包括Nvidia在内的相关企业都出现这种现象。

这代表股票市场的高估值与信用市场的细微变化可能正在出现分歧。股价仍可能反映AI营收与获利持续高速成长的预期, 但信用市场若开始要求更高的风险溢价, 则可能意味着部分投资人已经开始重新评估AI基础设施扩张背后的财务风险。

AI基础设施的融资需求也正在迅速扩大。路透近期指出, 超大规模云端服务商的AI基础设施支出可能有高达3兆美元被资产负债表外的义务掩盖, 同时Amazon、Alphabet、Microsoft、Meta及Oracle等大型科技企业今年的债券发行规模可能大幅增加。

高盛此前也估计, Amazon、Microsoft、Alphabet、Meta及Oracle这5家超大规模云端服务商从2023年至2026年的AI相关资本支出可能累计达1.5兆美元, 而2026年单年资本支出预估约6670亿美元, 比2025年增加62%。

更值得注意的是, AI资本支出的成长可能开始接近高峰。高盛今年稍早预期, AI带动的超大型科技企业资本支出增速可能在2026年稍晚达到高峰, 若之后增速放缓, 将成为AI基础设施相关股票的重要压力来源。

Eigen并未因此选择直接放空AI相关资产。他表示, 自己没有做空AI, 因为没有人知道这个周期究竟会在什么时候结束; 但另一方面, 他也不愿意在目前的价格买进AI相关资产。

这种立场反映出他对AI长期趋势与短期估值的区分。他并非认为AI需求不存在, 而是认为目前市场价格已经反映相当高的成长预期, 投资人真正需要关注的是这种高速成长能否持续。

Eigen也指出, 主要超大规模云端服务商目前累计约有2兆美元剩余履约义务(RPO), 代表企业已签约但尚未认列的未来收入。他对此提出一个核心问题: 「这笔钱要怎么支付?」换言之, 即使企业已经签下大量未来AI服务合约, 最终能否产生足够的现金流来支应资料中心、晶片、能源与融资成本, 才是决定这轮AI资本支出能否持续的关键。

目前市场最大的矛盾就在于此。AI企业的营收与订单正在成长, 大型云端服务商也持续投入数千亿美元建设资料中心, 但如果未来AI应用无法以足够速度转化为现金流, 大量基础设施投资可能导致资本报酬率下降。

对投资人而言, 因此不能只看AI企业目前的营收成长率或资本支出总额, 更要观察增速是否正在下降。如果资本支出仍以极高速度成长, 市场可以继续接受高估值; 但如果资本支出增速先放缓, 同时AI营收成长也开始降速, 估值就可能面临重新定价。

这正是Eigen所谓「二阶导数」风险的核心。即使AI营收仍然成长, 只要成长率开始下降, 市场就可能从「AI需求有多大」转向「AI需求还能以多快速度成长」的问题。

从更大的金融市场角度来看, AI热潮目前已经不再只是几家科技公司的股票故事, 而是牵涉到银行、债券市场、私募信贷、资料中心房地产、能源基础设施及晶片供应链的跨市场资本循环。

这也是为何近期市场对AI「隐性杠杆」的讨论明显升温。金融机构若透过租赁、合资企业、供应商融资及其他架构为AI资料中心提供资金, 部分风险可能从大型科技企业资产负债表转移至金融市场其他环节。

不过, 这并不代表AI产业必然重演房地产泡沫或金融危机。大型科技企业与2000年代房地产市场相比, 拥有更强的现金流、更高的盈利能力及更大的资产规模, 而且AI服务已经产生实际商业收入。因此, Eigen的警告更接近于提醒投资人注意金融结构中的潜在脆弱点, 而非预测AI产业即将崩溃。

市场目前仍在等待一个最重要的答案: AI投资究竟能否产生足以支撑这场资本支出的回报。只要AI需求、企业营收与现金流持续快速增长, 高额资料中心投资与相关融资就可能维持下去; 但如果成长速度出现明显放缓, 长期债务、短周期晶片及大量资产负债表外承诺之间的错配, 就可能成为AI周期下一个最值得关注的风险来源。

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              "pid": 61,
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          "pid": 34,
          "name": "保险入门",
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      "level": 1
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      "pid": 10,
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      "target": "0",
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
      "pid": 10,
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          "pid": 36,
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          "id": 42,
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        {
          "id": 43,
          "pid": 36,
          "name": "股指期货",
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          "id": 69,
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          "id": 70,
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    "title": "AI泡沫最危险的地方曝光!小摩:小心「二阶导数」反转 真正该怕的是「增速放缓」",
    "shortTitle": "AI泡沫最危险的地方曝光!小摩:小心「二阶导数」反转 真正该",
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    "description": "AI资本支出持续创高之际, 摩根大通资产管理投资人Bill Eigen警告, 真正风险不是AI规模, 而是成长速度开始放缓。资料中心长债与短周期晶片的资金错配也成为新警讯。",
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    "content": "<p>AI热潮正从单纯的科技投资故事, 逐渐演变成庞大的融资与基础设施周期。摩根大通资产管理投资人Bill Eigen警告, 真正值得关注的不是AI营收、资本支出或估值目前有多高, 而是这些数据的成长速度是否开始放缓。一旦AI成长与资本支出的加速度下降, 目前建立在持续扩张预期上的金融架构可能面临压力。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6580811/l/72a3689b32c94b121718108b8bc3135f.jpg\" alt=\"AI泡沫最危险的地方曝光!小摩:小心「二阶导数」反转 真正该怕的是「增速放缓」\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Eigen近日接受CNBC访问时表示, 投资人普遍关注AI营收规模与成长率, 但他更在意所谓的「二阶导数」, 也就是成长率本身的变化速度。他直言, 真正令他感到担忧的是, 「当这种增速开始放缓」。</p>\n\n<p>Eigen认为, AI周期与其说是一轮单纯的科技产业周期, 不如说更接近房地产周期。原因在于目前AI热潮的核心并不只是软体与模型, 而是需要投入大量资金兴建资料中心、购买晶片、部署电力及网路设备, 再透过长期租赁、债务及其他融资方式支撑这些基础设施。</p>\n\n<p>这种资本密集型特征正在让AI热潮与过去的房地产投资周期产生类似之处。阿波罗全球管理公司首席经济学家Torsten Slok近期估算, 超大规模云端服务商的资料中心资本支出占美国GDP比重, 可能从2025年的约1.4%升至2027年的3.1%。这代表短短两年增加约1.7个百分点, 增速甚至高于2002年至2005年房地产投资占GDP比重约每年0.5个百分点的增加速度。</p>\n\n<p>如果以历史周期比较, 1990年代末电信与光纤建设热潮的资本支出占GDP比重高峰约为1.2%, 而AI资料中心投资若按照Slok的预测在2027年达到3.1%, 将超过电信泡沫高峰两倍以上。不过, 这仍低于2005年房地产投资约6.6%的GDP占比。</p>\n\n<p>Eigen尤其担心资料中心融资中的「久期错配」。他指出, 投资人若购买与资料中心相关的30年期债务, 却用这些资金支应使用寿命可能只有3至6年的AI晶片, 就会产生明显的期限错配。一旦晶片快速汰换, 原本用长期债务支撑的基础设施可能需要持续投入新的资本, 但原有融资期限却仍在延续。</p>\n\n<p>这个问题的重要性在于, AI资料中心的硬体更新速度可能远快于传统基础设施。伺服器、GPU及其他加速器需要持续升级, 但资料中心、租赁合约及相关债务往往以更长的期限存在。若AI需求与预期不符, 投资人可能面临资产价值下降速度快于债务到期速度的问题。</p>\n\n<p>而这些未来财务义务有相当一部分并没有直接反映在企业目前公布的资产负债表中。高盛(Goldman Sachs, GS-US)估计, 超大规模云端服务商的租赁承诺合计约达1.5兆美元, 其中约1兆美元与尚未开始的租赁有关, 因此目前并未以相同方式反映在财务报表的资产负债表中。</p>\n\n<p>Meta Platforms(META-US)的Hyperion资料中心项目就是其中一个受到市场关注的案例。该公司透过与Blue Owl成立的合资架构推进相关资料中心投资, 其中涉及约270亿美元规模的融资与租赁安排。相关结构让部分未开始的租赁义务不会立即以传统债务形式出现在Meta资产负债表上。</p>\n\n<p>《华尔街日报》最新分析进一步显示, 9家大型科技企业合计约有3兆美元资产负债表外承诺, 主要与AI基础设施有关。这些承诺包括尚未开始的租赁、AI硬体采购协议以及未来能源合约, 规模远高于企业目前公布的资本支出。</p>\n\n<p>《华尔街日报》指出, 这9家企业过去一年的资本支出约6000亿美元, 但相关资产负债表外承诺却达约3兆美元, 显示企业未来对AI基础设施的财务承诺可能远大於单看季度资本支出数字所呈现的规模。Alphabet(GOOGL-US)、Amazon.com(AMZN-US)、Microsoft(MSFT-US)、Meta及Nvidia(NVDA-US)等大型科技企业均被纳入这项分析。</p>\n\n<p>这也使AI投资的真正成本更加难以从传统财务指标中完整观察。企业目前可能拥有强劲现金流与相对稳健的资产负债表, 但若将未来多年必须支付的租金、晶片采购及能源承诺纳入考量, 实际财务曝险可能明显高于表面数字。</p>\n\n<p>信用市场已经开始出现部分值得注意的讯号。Eigen指出, 整体公开市场信用利差目前仍接近历史低点, 显示投资人对企业信用风险的定价依然非常乐观。然而, AI相关企业的信用违约交换(CDS)利差已开始扩大, 包括Nvidia在内的相关企业都出现这种现象。</p>\n\n<p>这代表股票市场的高估值与信用市场的细微变化可能正在出现分歧。股价仍可能反映AI营收与获利持续高速成长的预期, 但信用市场若开始要求更高的风险溢价, 则可能意味着部分投资人已经开始重新评估AI基础设施扩张背后的财务风险。</p>\n\n<p>AI基础设施的融资需求也正在迅速扩大。路透近期指出, 超大规模云端服务商的AI基础设施支出可能有高达3兆美元被资产负债表外的义务掩盖, 同时Amazon、Alphabet、Microsoft、Meta及Oracle等大型科技企业今年的债券发行规模可能大幅增加。</p>\n\n<p>高盛此前也估计, Amazon、Microsoft、Alphabet、Meta及Oracle这5家超大规模云端服务商从2023年至2026年的AI相关资本支出可能累计达1.5兆美元, 而2026年单年资本支出预估约6670亿美元, 比2025年增加62%。</p>\n\n<p>更值得注意的是, AI资本支出的成长可能开始接近高峰。高盛今年稍早预期, AI带动的超大型科技企业资本支出增速可能在2026年稍晚达到高峰, 若之后增速放缓, 将成为AI基础设施相关股票的重要压力来源。</p>\n\n<p>Eigen并未因此选择直接放空AI相关资产。他表示, 自己没有做空AI, 因为没有人知道这个周期究竟会在什么时候结束; 但另一方面, 他也不愿意在目前的价格买进AI相关资产。</p>\n\n<p>这种立场反映出他对AI长期趋势与短期估值的区分。他并非认为AI需求不存在, 而是认为目前市场价格已经反映相当高的成长预期, 投资人真正需要关注的是这种高速成长能否持续。</p>\n\n<p>Eigen也指出, 主要超大规模云端服务商目前累计约有2兆美元剩余履约义务(RPO), 代表企业已签约但尚未认列的未来收入。他对此提出一个核心问题: 「这笔钱要怎么支付?」换言之, 即使企业已经签下大量未来AI服务合约, 最终能否产生足够的现金流来支应资料中心、晶片、能源与融资成本, 才是决定这轮AI资本支出能否持续的关键。</p>\n\n<p>目前市场最大的矛盾就在于此。AI企业的营收与订单正在成长, 大型云端服务商也持续投入数千亿美元建设资料中心, 但如果未来AI应用无法以足够速度转化为现金流, 大量基础设施投资可能导致资本报酬率下降。</p>\n\n<p>对投资人而言, 因此不能只看AI企业目前的营收成长率或资本支出总额, 更要观察增速是否正在下降。如果资本支出仍以极高速度成长, 市场可以继续接受高估值; 但如果资本支出增速先放缓, 同时AI营收成长也开始降速, 估值就可能面临重新定价。</p>\n\n<p>这正是Eigen所谓「二阶导数」风险的核心。即使AI营收仍然成长, 只要成长率开始下降, 市场就可能从「AI需求有多大」转向「AI需求还能以多快速度成长」的问题。</p>\n\n<p>从更大的金融市场角度来看, AI热潮目前已经不再只是几家科技公司的股票故事, 而是牵涉到银行、债券市场、私募信贷、资料中心房地产、能源基础设施及晶片供应链的跨市场资本循环。</p>\n\n<p>这也是为何近期市场对AI「隐性杠杆」的讨论明显升温。金融机构若透过租赁、合资企业、供应商融资及其他架构为AI资料中心提供资金, 部分风险可能从大型科技企业资产负债表转移至金融市场其他环节。</p>\n\n<p>不过, 这并不代表AI产业必然重演房地产泡沫或金融危机。大型科技企业与2000年代房地产市场相比, 拥有更强的现金流、更高的盈利能力及更大的资产规模, 而且AI服务已经产生实际商业收入。因此, Eigen的警告更接近于提醒投资人注意金融结构中的潜在脆弱点, 而非预测AI产业即将崩溃。</p>\n\n<p>市场目前仍在等待一个最重要的答案: AI投资究竟能否产生足以支撑这场资本支出的回报。只要AI需求、企业营收与现金流持续快速增长, 高额资料中心投资与相关融资就可能维持下去; 但如果成长速度出现明显放缓, 长期债务、短周期晶片及大量资产负债表外承诺之间的错配, 就可能成为AI周期下一个最值得关注的风险来源。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-6714.html\" title=\"华为迎来最强对手!字节跳动杀进智驾 世界模型成最大武器\">华为迎来最强对手!字节跳动杀进智驾 世界模型成最大武器</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-4588.html\" title=\"AI热潮催动!新兴市场股市创2009年以来最佳季度表现\">AI热潮催动!新兴市场股市创2009年以来最佳季度表现</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-8500.html\" title=\"逾4个月最惨!韩股「黑色星期二」KOPSI崩近11% 杠杆ETF腰斩至260亿美元 去杠杆进入尾声?\">逾4个月最惨!韩股「黑色星期二」KOPSI崩近11% 杠杆ETF腰斩至260亿美元 去杠杆进入尾声?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-9960.html\" title=\"记忆体「三国」掀变局:三星市占重返39%登顶 美光紧咬SK海力士\">记忆体「三国」掀变局:三星市占重返39%登顶 美光紧咬SK海力士</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-8154.html\" title=\"机器人时代来临 宇树科技王兴兴登《时代》封面\">机器人时代来临 宇树科技王兴兴登《时代》封面</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-6082.html\" title=\"DRAM龙头长鑫科技申购倒数 中签率可望高出一般新股10倍\">DRAM龙头长鑫科技申购倒数 中签率可望高出一般新股10倍</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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