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纽约市议会提AI监管案!AI模型须设「关停开关」、违规最高罚2.5万美元

2026-09-28 16:47:03 网络 阅读(1)

纽约市议会近日公布一系列人工智慧(AI)监管提案,从模型上市前的第三方验证、人工紧急关停机制,到违规举报、损害追责与AI安全事件通报,试图将AI安全要求转化为具体的监管规范。

纽约市议会提AI监管案!AI模型须设「关停开关」、违规最高罚2.5万美元

其中一项提案要求,在纽约市推广、销售或部署的AI模型,必须具备「kill switch」(紧急关停开关),让人类操作人员能够暂时或永久停止模型运作,同时接受第三方验证。未符合要求的相关行为,拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款。

纽约市议会9月25日公布提案后,下一个重要节点为10月5日。市议会已安排全体委员会举行听证,并要求包括Meta(META-US) 执行长祖克柏(Mark Zuckerberg)、OpenAI执行长奥特曼(Sam Altman)等科技业高层出席。

10月5日举行AI监管听证

这波立法行动早在9月25日公布提案前便已展开。

纽约市议会议长梅宁(Julie Menin)9月16日宣布,将于10月5日召开全体委员会听证,并致函OpenAI执行长奥特曼及Anthropic执行长阿莫迪(Dario Amodei),要求两人出席。

该委员会由纽约市51名议员组成,通常负责涉及全市重大议题的事项,较少用于立法及监督听证。

纽约市议会表示,推动此次听证的背景之一,是AI模型能力快速提升所引发的安全疑虑。

议会并提及Anthropic研究人员Jacob Coxon近期离职后公开警告先进AI可能带来严重后果,认为有必要检视现有防护措施是否足够。

截至9月25日,梅宁发出的邀请对象还包括Meta执行长祖克柏、Google(GOOGL-US) 执行长皮查伊(Sundar Pichai)及马斯克等科技业人士。

梅宁表示,市议会期待相关企业负责人出席,必要时也保留动用传票权的可能性。

AI须具备人工关停能力 违规每次罚2.5万美元

在具体监管条文中,人工关停能力与第三方验证是重要要求。提案拟禁止在纽约市推广、要约出售、销售或部署未符合相关要求的AI模型。

所谓「关停」不只代表永久停止模型,也包括由人类操作人员让模型暂时停止运作;第三方验证机构则须确认这项能力确实存在且能正常运作。

验证范围还包括模型表现、资料来源、偏见及安全风险等。例如,模型面对与训练资料不同的实际使用资料时如何运作、是否对受保护群体造成不利影响,以及资料处理是否安全、合法等,都纳入检查项目。

此外,验证机构也必须揭露自身与AI模型及其开发商之间的利益关系。

对于未完成验证或未具备人工关停能力,却仍进行推广、销售或部署的行为,提案拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款;伪造验证资料也拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款。其他违反该子章规定的行为,则可能面临最高2.5万美元罚款。

除了处罚,提案也规划透过举报机制取得违规线索。符合条件的个人可向纽约市消费者及劳工保护局(DCWP)提出投诉,并提供掌握的重要证据及资讯。

若政府依据举报展开执法并追回款项,举报人可取得追回金额的25%;若举报人或其律师获得授权,依规定参与诉讼或送达违法通知,比例最高可提高至50%。

另一项提案则涉及举报人保护,拟保障揭露特定AI公共卫生或安全风险的市政府人员,以及符合条件的市政府承包商和分包商人员。

提案也将责任延伸至AI造成的损害。若第三方滥用AI造成可预见的损害,而AI提供者未采取合理防护措施,受害者可依提案规定对提供者提起民事诉讼。

至于涉及纽约市政府合约的AI安全事件,相关承包商或机构在知悉符合定义的事件后,须于24小时内通报;纽约市网路指挥机构知悉后,也须在24小时内公开规定资讯,同时保护商业机密及网路安全等敏感内容。

纽约州同步扩大AI及资料中心监管

纽约市此次提案,也是纽约州近期一连串AI监管行动的一部分。

纽约州议会2025年6月通过RAISE Act,州长霍楚尔(Kathy Hochul)同年12月19日签署成法。根据纽约州总检察长办公室今年9月说明,该法将于2027年1月1日生效,要求大型AI开发商公开安全措施,并及时通报安全事件。

监管范围也延伸至AI资料中心。霍楚尔7月14日签署第62号行政命令,在进行资料中心环境影响评估及制定相关标准期间,暂停处理符合条件的州环境保护部门许可申请。

行政命令涉及的问题包括资料中心电力需求、用水、水质、空气品质、噪音,以及设施对周边社区的影响。

此外,纽约州总检察长詹姆斯(Letitia James)9月17日也呼吁AI业界人士提供企业潜在违法行为线索,并表示可透过其办公室的安全举报管道匿名、保密提供资讯。

在联邦层级,美国政府近期也开始介入AI模型的跨境测试安排。《路透》9月24日引述Politico报导,白宫曾要求OpenAI及Anthropic在接受美方审查前,暂缓向英国测试机构提供新模型。

监管能否落地 执法能力成关键

纽约市过去的AI监管经验,也显示制定规范与实际执法之间仍存在落差。

纽约市2021年第144号地方法要求雇主及职业介绍机构,在使用适用的自动化就业决策工具时符合偏见审计、结果公开及告知等要求,DCWP自2023年7月5日起开始执法。

纽约州审计长办公室近期公布的执行审计涵盖2023年7月至2025年6月。报告指出,DCWP期间仅收到2宗相关投诉,且未检查投诉受理流程是否正常运作。

在企业检查方面,DCWP检查32家公司后仅发现1项不合规问题;州审计人员重新检视同一批公司,则发现至少17处潜在不合规情形。

报告指出,DCWP并未使用技术部门制定的正式检查程序,也没有涵盖法律要求的全部内容。部分工作人员缺乏评估相关工具所需的技术专业,却没有充分寻求技术部门支援;投诉处理流程也存在缺陷,无法确保所有投诉都被转交至负责执法的部门。

这些「潜在不合规情形」并不等同于17项已确认的违法行为,但反映出检查程序及专业支援会影响监管机构发现问题的能力。

此次提案引入举报奖励及第三方验证,可能增加违规线索及专业检查来源,但取得线索后如何调查、如何判断验证结果是否可信,以及最终由谁认定违规责任,仍须由执法机构处理。

即使是AI模型的「关停开关」,实际执行也涉及操作权限、停止模型后既有任务如何处理,以及连接外部工具的权限是否同步撤销等问题。

因此,10月5日的听证除了关注科技业者是否出席,也将涉及AI模型提供者的责任界线,以及纽约市规范如何与州级制度衔接。

分析指出,对纽约市而言,罚款只是监管机制的一环,如何发现违规、确认责任并实际完成执法,才是新制度能否落实的另一项关键。

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    "title": "纽约市议会提AI监管案!AI模型须设「关停开关」、违规最高罚2.5万美元",
    "shortTitle": "纽约市议会提AI监管案!AI模型须设「关停开关」、违规最高罚",
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    "description": "纽约市议会提AI监管案,要求市内AI模型具备人工关停开关并接受第三方验证。
违规行为拟按次罚2.5万美元,另设举报奖励、民事求偿及24小时安全事件通报。
10月5日将举行AI监管听证,邀祖克柏、奥特曼、皮查伊等科技业高层出席。",
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    "content": "<p>纽约市议会近日公布一系列人工智慧(AI)监管提案,从模型上市前的第三方验证、人工紧急关停机制,到违规举报、损害追责与AI安全事件通报,试图将AI安全要求转化为具体的监管规范。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6617031/l/29a08b258996bfd25ea3cce4b3a1e435.jpg\" alt=\"纽约市议会提AI监管案!AI模型须设「关停开关」、违规最高罚2.5万美元\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>其中一项提案要求,在纽约市推广、销售或部署的AI模型,必须具备「kill switch」(紧急关停开关),让人类操作人员能够暂时或永久停止模型运作,同时接受第三方验证。未符合要求的相关行为,拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款。</p>\n\n<p>纽约市议会9月25日公布提案后,下一个重要节点为10月5日。市议会已安排全体委员会举行听证,并要求包括Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 执行长祖克柏(Mark Zuckerberg)、OpenAI执行长奥特曼(Sam Altman)等科技业高层出席。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>10</strong><strong>月</strong><strong>5</strong><strong>日</strong><strong>举</strong><strong>行</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>监管听证</strong></h6>\n\n<p>这波立法行动早在9月25日公布提案前便已展开。</p>\n\n<p>纽约市议会议长梅宁(Julie Menin)9月16日宣布,将于10月5日召开全体委员会听证,并致函OpenAI执行长奥特曼及Anthropic执行长阿莫迪(Dario Amodei),要求两人出席。</p>\n\n<p>该委员会由纽约市51名议员组成,通常负责涉及全市重大议题的事项,较少用于立法及监督听证。</p>\n\n<p>纽约市议会表示,推动此次听证的背景之一,是AI模型能力快速提升所引发的安全疑虑。</p>\n\n<p>议会并提及Anthropic研究人员Jacob Coxon近期离职后公开警告先进AI可能带来严重后果,认为有必要检视现有防护措施是否足够。</p>\n\n<p>截至9月25日,梅宁发出的邀请对象还包括Meta执行长祖克柏、Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 执行长皮查伊(Sundar Pichai)及马斯克等科技业人士。</p>\n\n<p>梅宁表示,市议会期待相关企业负责人出席,必要时也保留动用传票权的可能性。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>须具备人工关停能力 违规每次罚</strong><strong>2.5</strong><strong>万美元</strong></h6>\n\n<p>在具体监管条文中,人工关停能力与第三方验证是重要要求。提案拟禁止在纽约市推广、要约出售、销售或部署未符合相关要求的AI模型。</p>\n\n<p>所谓「关停」不只代表永久停止模型,也包括由人类操作人员让模型暂时停止运作;第三方验证机构则须确认这项能力确实存在且能正常运作。</p>\n\n<p>验证范围还包括模型表现、资料来源、偏见及安全风险等。例如,模型面对与训练资料不同的实际使用资料时如何运作、是否对受保护群体造成不利影响,以及资料处理是否安全、合法等,都纳入检查项目。</p>\n\n<p>此外,验证机构也必须揭露自身与AI模型及其开发商之间的利益关系。</p>\n\n<p>对于未完成验证或未具备人工关停能力,却仍进行推广、销售或部署的行为,提案拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款;伪造验证资料也拟按次处以2.5万美元罚款。其他违反该子章规定的行为,则可能面临最高2.5万美元罚款。</p>\n\n<p>除了处罚,提案也规划透过举报机制取得违规线索。符合条件的个人可向纽约市消费者及劳工保护局(DCWP)提出投诉,并提供掌握的重要证据及资讯。</p>\n\n<p>若政府依据举报展开执法并追回款项,举报人可取得追回金额的25%;若举报人或其律师获得授权,依规定参与诉讼或送达违法通知,比例最高可提高至50%。</p>\n\n<p>另一项提案则涉及举报人保护,拟保障揭露特定AI公共卫生或安全风险的市政府人员,以及符合条件的市政府承包商和分包商人员。</p>\n\n<p>提案也将责任延伸至AI造成的损害。若第三方滥用AI造成可预见的损害,而AI提供者未采取合理防护措施,受害者可依提案规定对提供者提起民事诉讼。</p>\n\n<p>至于涉及纽约市政府合约的AI安全事件,相关承包商或机构在知悉符合定义的事件后,须于24小时内通报;纽约市网路指挥机构知悉后,也须在24小时内公开规定资讯,同时保护商业机密及网路安全等敏感内容。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>纽约州同步扩大</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>及资料中心监管</strong></h6>\n\n<p>纽约市此次提案,也是纽约州近期一连串AI监管行动的一部分。</p>\n\n<p>纽约州议会2025年6月通过RAISE Act,州长霍楚尔(Kathy Hochul)同年12月19日签署成法。根据纽约州总检察长办公室今年9月说明,该法将于2027年1月1日生效,要求大型AI开发商公开安全措施,并及时通报安全事件。</p>\n\n<p>监管范围也延伸至AI资料中心。霍楚尔7月14日签署第62号行政命令,在进行资料中心环境影响评估及制定相关标准期间,暂停处理符合条件的州环境保护部门许可申请。</p>\n\n<p>行政命令涉及的问题包括资料中心电力需求、用水、水质、空气品质、噪音,以及设施对周边社区的影响。</p>\n\n<p>此外,纽约州总检察长詹姆斯(Letitia James)9月17日也呼吁AI业界人士提供企业潜在违法行为线索,并表示可透过其办公室的安全举报管道匿名、保密提供资讯。</p>\n\n<p>在联邦层级,美国政府近期也开始介入AI模型的跨境测试安排。《路透》9月24日引述Politico报导,白宫曾要求OpenAI及Anthropic在接受美方审查前,暂缓向英国测试机构提供新模型。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>监管能否落地 执法能力成关键</strong></h6>\n\n<p>纽约市过去的AI监管经验,也显示制定规范与实际执法之间仍存在落差。</p>\n\n<p>纽约市2021年第144号地方法要求雇主及职业介绍机构,在使用适用的自动化就业决策工具时符合偏见审计、结果公开及告知等要求,DCWP自2023年7月5日起开始执法。</p>\n\n<p>纽约州审计长办公室近期公布的执行审计涵盖2023年7月至2025年6月。报告指出,DCWP期间仅收到2宗相关投诉,且未检查投诉受理流程是否正常运作。</p>\n\n<p>在企业检查方面,DCWP检查32家公司后仅发现1项不合规问题;州审计人员重新检视同一批公司,则发现至少17处潜在不合规情形。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,DCWP并未使用技术部门制定的正式检查程序,也没有涵盖法律要求的全部内容。部分工作人员缺乏评估相关工具所需的技术专业,却没有充分寻求技术部门支援;投诉处理流程也存在缺陷,无法确保所有投诉都被转交至负责执法的部门。</p>\n\n<p>这些「潜在不合规情形」并不等同于17项已确认的违法行为,但反映出检查程序及专业支援会影响监管机构发现问题的能力。</p>\n\n<p>此次提案引入举报奖励及第三方验证,可能增加违规线索及专业检查来源,但取得线索后如何调查、如何判断验证结果是否可信,以及最终由谁认定违规责任,仍须由执法机构处理。</p>\n\n<p>即使是AI模型的「关停开关」,实际执行也涉及操作权限、停止模型后既有任务如何处理,以及连接外部工具的权限是否同步撤销等问题。</p>\n\n<p>因此,10月5日的听证除了关注科技业者是否出席,也将涉及AI模型提供者的责任界线,以及纽约市规范如何与州级制度衔接。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,对纽约市而言,罚款只是监管机制的一环,如何发现违规、确认责任并实际完成执法,才是新制度能否落实的另一项关键。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-630.html\" title=\"华为展示自研DoB封装技术 突破大容量SSD储存极限\">华为展示自研DoB封装技术 突破大容量SSD储存极限</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-4652.html\" title=\"峰会前夕喊话川普坚守盟约!北约秘书长:欧洲3000亿美元军购撑美国19.5万就业\">峰会前夕喊话川普坚守盟约!北约秘书长:欧洲3000亿美元军购撑美国19.5万就业</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-2365.html\" title=\"领先三星、美光!SK海力士交付12层HBM4E样品 能效提升逾20%\">领先三星、美光!SK海力士交付12层HBM4E样品 能效提升逾20%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-16651.html\" title=\"AI失控警报再响!谷歌AI首度「越狱」 Gemini自主骇入3家公司\">AI失控警报再响!谷歌AI首度「越狱」 Gemini自主骇入3家公司</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-13873.html\" title=\"韩国半导体8月出口暴增209%创新高 AI热潮撑起近半出口「好得过头」?\">韩国半导体8月出口暴增209%创新高 AI热潮撑起近半出口「好得过头」?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-17545.html\" title=\"失控风险加剧!OpenAI和Anthropic正调查数万起安全事件:「这三大」AI安全难题同时爆发\">失控风险加剧!OpenAI和Anthropic正调查数万起安全事件:「这三大」AI安全难题同时爆发</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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