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一行程式码打破CUDA枷锁 Google TPU反超辉达直逼B200

2026-10-26 03:55:21 网络 阅读(67)

辉达(NVDA-US) 执行长黄仁勋先前对Google(GOOGL-US)TPU提出的三项质疑,如今正遭最新测试数据逐一挑战。

一行程式码打破CUDA枷锁 Google TPU反超辉达直逼B200

SemiAnalysis公布Google第七代TPU Ironwood首份第三方推论效能测试,在相同模型与负载下,TPU每美元效能最高领先辉达B200达50%,相较B300更逼近96%。

更值得关注的是,Google透过TorchTPU让开发者只需一行程式码,就能将PyTorch程式移转至TPU,开始凿穿辉达长年建立的CUDA软体护城河。

TPU成本优势浮现

今年4月,黄仁勋在Dwarkesh Podcast节目中直言,TPU与亚马逊Trainium都不敢参加公开效能测试,并鼓励竞争对手使用InferenceMAX,证明其宣称的推论成本优势。

五个月后,TPU带着实测数据出场。此次测试采用相同开源模型,并以FP8对FP8比较,输入长度为8,000个Token、输出1,000个Token,B200、B300与TPU执行完全相同的负载。

按照外部总持有成本(TCO)计算,TPU每百万Token成本仅0.181美元,低于B200的0.222美元与B300的0.276美元。在每秒100个Token的单一用户吞吐基准下,TPU成本比B200低19%,比B300低34%。

若将回应时间中位数限制在20秒,TPU成本为0.098美元,B200为0.106美元,B300则升至0.132美元。B200并非在所有项目都落败,在30秒回应时间的狭窄区间内仍略占优势,但随着延迟条件放宽,TPU再度取得领先;B300则在整个测试过程中均处于成本劣势。

黄仁勋算错商业帐?

黄仁勋的第二项判断,是从第一性原理出发,认为TPU具备成本优势在逻辑上无法成立。实测结果并未完全推翻他对硬体底层的分析,因为在原始吞吐曲线的大部分区间,TPU的物理效能确实不如GPU,真正拉开差距的是租赁价格。

TPU约5%的实体吞吐优势,加上明显较低的单位时间租金,最终转化为最高50%的每美元效能优势。若以Google内部每颗晶片每小时1.03美元的成本计算,TPU的优势甚至可能扩大至77%到130%。

换言之,黄仁勋衡量的是单颗晶片能榨出多少绝对算力,商业客户在意的却是每一美元可以换回多少实际产出。这次公开数据显示,即使GPU仍在部分硬体效能指标占优,TPU仍可透过价格与系统效率扭转竞争结果。

Anthropic不再只是特例

黄仁勋的第三项断言,是Anthropic只是TPU生态中的特例,一旦失去这名大客户,TPU便缺乏持续成长的动力。这项说法目前仍有部分成立,Anthropic确实是Google TPU最重要的客户之一。

Anthropic使用的TPU已超过100万颗,其中约40万颗为直接买断,另有60万颗透过Google Cloud租用。依照目前规画,Anthropic到2029年将超越DeepMind,成为全球最大的TPU单一用户。

不过,Google的销售策略已经改变。自去年起,Google开放TPU直接销售,不再只透过云端租赁提供算力,DeepMind内部研究人员甚至也必须在拥挤的伫列中争取资源。

黄仁勋4月提出质疑时,TPU在外部市场尚未形成透明价格,如今第三方测试已替Google标出可供比较的成本。

软硬体整合压低成本

SemiAnalysis指出,Ironwood的优势并非单纯来自晶片峰值效能,而是Google将运算晶粒、晶片互连与底层编译器整合成封闭系统,在各环节压低成本。

Ironwood由两个独立运算晶粒组成,每颗配备2个TensorCore与4个SparseCore,HBM容量达上一代Trillium的6倍,可容纳更大的KV Cache并提高批次处理规模。Ironwood也是首款原生支援FP8运算的TPU,摆脱过去透过软体模拟的限制。

其矩阵单元采用256×256脉动阵列,每个周期可完成65,536次乘加运算,运算吞吐量达v5架构的4倍。

到了第八代TPU,Google更首度将训练与推论拆分为8t与8i两款晶片,其中8i的片上SRAM扩增至384MB,为上代3倍,用来将推论模型的KV Cache留在晶片上。

在网路互连方面,TPU直接透过Google自研ICI汇流排交换资料,绕过主机CPU、PCIe与通用网路卡。其3D Torus拓扑让每颗晶片连接6个相邻节点,64颗晶片组成机架级立方体,再利用光学电路交换器扩展至9,216颗晶片。若光纤链路故障,系统可在数秒内重新路由,不需人工介入。

到了TPU 8i,Google将改采Boardfly拓扑,在千颗晶片规模下,把最大资料传输跳数由16次降至7次,借此降低混合专家模型(MoE)路由与多轮AI代理运算累积的尾端延迟。

程式码重构再榨效能

为了让首个模型在TorchTPU上顺利运作,Google、Inferact与RadixArk投入数百个工程小时,从程式码层面完成多项关键最佳化。

首先,团队改造KV Cache配置,将Token移至TPU向量单元固定的128个Lane维度,可用KV页数从5,141页增至10,283页。在并发数128的情况下,吞吐量提升16.5%,首个Token的回应时间中位数大减95%,降低推论请求等待KV空间的时间。

其次,团队调整分页注意力机制,将读取区块维持在16,000个Token,计算区块则缩减至4,000个Token,为预取操作腾出记忆体空间,使解码吞吐量由每秒64,900个Token升至96,300个Token。

Google也将ReduceScatter与MoE的Token重排工作转交SparseCore处理,让TensorCore集中进行矩阵乘法。在输入8,000个Token、输出1,000个Token的负载下,吞吐量提高4.1%至14.2%;在输入1,000个Token、输出8,000个Token且并发数512时,增幅更达26.1%。

一行程式码凿穿CUDA护城河

此次更新最具颠覆性的改变,来自Google对软体生态的重构。过去开源推论工具大多建立在PyTorch与CUDA之上,TPU原生环境却是JAX。

vLLM若要在TPU运行,必须透过TorchAX逐一将算子转译成JAX,衍生分页注意力与底层最佳化的相容问题,Google与开源社群耗费超过一年才陆续修补。

如今,TorchTPU利用PyTorch的PrivateUse1后端介面,让TPU直接成为原生Torch运算装置。开发者只需加入一行程式码,便可把编译工作交给XLA,核心运算子则呼叫Pallas核心,DDP与FSDP2等分散式功能也能直接运作。

这意味着,Google挑战的不只是辉达晶片的推论成本,更是CUDA长年累积的开发者黏着度。当PyTorch模型移转至TPU的门槛被压缩至一行程式码,辉达过去依靠软体生态筑起的护城河,也开始出现一道明显缺口。

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    "content": "<p>辉达(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 执行长黄仁勋先前对Google(GOOGL-US)TPU提出的三项质疑,如今正遭最新测试数据逐一挑战。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6602831/l/e82675b130a5ba9e03609479fa0d436e.jpg\" alt=\"一行程式码打破CUDA枷锁 Google TPU反超辉达直逼B200\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>SemiAnalysis公布Google第七代TPU Ironwood首份第三方推论效能测试,在相同模型与负载下,TPU每美元效能最高领先辉达B200达50%,相较B300更逼近96%。</p>\n\n<p>更值得关注的是,Google透过TorchTPU让开发者只需一行程式码,就能将PyTorch程式移转至TPU,开始凿穿辉达长年建立的CUDA软体护城河。</p>\n\n<p><em>TPU成本优势浮现</em></p>\n\n<p>今年4月,黄仁勋在Dwarkesh Podcast节目中直言,TPU与亚马逊Trainium都不敢参加公开效能测试,并鼓励竞争对手使用InferenceMAX,证明其宣称的推论成本优势。</p>\n\n<p>五个月后,TPU带着实测数据出场。此次测试采用相同开源模型,并以FP8对FP8比较,输入长度为8,000个Token、输出1,000个Token,B200、B300与TPU执行完全相同的负载。</p>\n\n<p>按照外部总持有成本(TCO)计算,TPU每百万Token成本仅0.181美元,低于B200的0.222美元与B300的0.276美元。在每秒100个Token的单一用户吞吐基准下,TPU成本比B200低19%,比B300低34%。</p>\n\n<p>若将回应时间中位数限制在20秒,TPU成本为0.098美元,B200为0.106美元,B300则升至0.132美元。B200并非在所有项目都落败,在30秒回应时间的狭窄区间内仍略占优势,但随着延迟条件放宽,TPU再度取得领先;B300则在整个测试过程中均处于成本劣势。</p>\n\n<p><em>黄仁勋算错商业帐?</em></p>\n\n<p>黄仁勋的第二项判断,是从第一性原理出发,认为TPU具备成本优势在逻辑上无法成立。实测结果并未完全推翻他对硬体底层的分析,因为在原始吞吐曲线的大部分区间,TPU的物理效能确实不如GPU,真正拉开差距的是租赁价格。</p>\n\n<p>TPU约5%的实体吞吐优势,加上明显较低的单位时间租金,最终转化为最高50%的每美元效能优势。若以Google内部每颗晶片每小时1.03美元的成本计算,TPU的优势甚至可能扩大至77%到130%。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,黄仁勋衡量的是单颗晶片能榨出多少绝对算力,商业客户在意的却是每一美元可以换回多少实际产出。这次公开数据显示,即使GPU仍在部分硬体效能指标占优,TPU仍可透过价格与系统效率扭转竞争结果。</p>\n\n<p><em>Anthropic不再只是特例</em></p>\n\n<p>黄仁勋的第三项断言,是Anthropic只是TPU生态中的特例,一旦失去这名大客户,TPU便缺乏持续成长的动力。这项说法目前仍有部分成立,Anthropic确实是Google TPU最重要的客户之一。</p>\n\n<p>Anthropic使用的TPU已超过100万颗,其中约40万颗为直接买断,另有60万颗透过Google Cloud租用。依照目前规画,Anthropic到2029年将超越DeepMind,成为全球最大的TPU单一用户。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Google的销售策略已经改变。自去年起,Google开放TPU直接销售,不再只透过云端租赁提供算力,DeepMind内部研究人员甚至也必须在拥挤的伫列中争取资源。</p>\n\n<p>黄仁勋4月提出质疑时,TPU在外部市场尚未形成透明价格,如今第三方测试已替Google标出可供比较的成本。</p>\n\n<p><em>软硬体整合压低成本</em></p>\n\n<p>SemiAnalysis指出,Ironwood的优势并非单纯来自晶片峰值效能,而是Google将运算晶粒、晶片互连与底层编译器整合成封闭系统,在各环节压低成本。</p>\n\n<p>Ironwood由两个独立运算晶粒组成,每颗配备2个TensorCore与4个SparseCore,HBM容量达上一代Trillium的6倍,可容纳更大的KV Cache并提高批次处理规模。Ironwood也是首款原生支援FP8运算的TPU,摆脱过去透过软体模拟的限制。</p>\n\n<p>其矩阵单元采用256&times;256脉动阵列,每个周期可完成65,536次乘加运算,运算吞吐量达v5架构的4倍。</p>\n\n<p>到了第八代TPU,Google更首度将训练与推论拆分为8t与8i两款晶片,其中8i的片上SRAM扩增至384MB,为上代3倍,用来将推论模型的KV Cache留在晶片上。</p>\n\n<p>在网路互连方面,TPU直接透过Google自研ICI汇流排交换资料,绕过主机CPU、PCIe与通用网路卡。其3D Torus拓扑让每颗晶片连接6个相邻节点,64颗晶片组成机架级立方体,再利用光学电路交换器扩展至9,216颗晶片。若光纤链路故障,系统可在数秒内重新路由,不需人工介入。</p>\n\n<p>到了TPU 8i,Google将改采Boardfly拓扑,在千颗晶片规模下,把最大资料传输跳数由16次降至7次,借此降低混合专家模型(MoE)路由与多轮AI代理运算累积的尾端延迟。</p>\n\n<p><em>程式码重构再榨效能</em></p>\n\n<p>为了让首个模型在TorchTPU上顺利运作,Google、Inferact与RadixArk投入数百个工程小时,从程式码层面完成多项关键最佳化。</p>\n\n<p>首先,团队改造KV Cache配置,将Token移至TPU向量单元固定的128个Lane维度,可用KV页数从5,141页增至10,283页。在并发数128的情况下,吞吐量提升16.5%,首个Token的回应时间中位数大减95%,降低推论请求等待KV空间的时间。</p>\n\n<p>其次,团队调整分页注意力机制,将读取区块维持在16,000个Token,计算区块则缩减至4,000个Token,为预取操作腾出记忆体空间,使解码吞吐量由每秒64,900个Token升至96,300个Token。</p>\n\n<p>Google也将ReduceScatter与MoE的Token重排工作转交SparseCore处理,让TensorCore集中进行矩阵乘法。在输入8,000个Token、输出1,000个Token的负载下,吞吐量提高4.1%至14.2%;在输入1,000个Token、输出8,000个Token且并发数512时,增幅更达26.1%。</p>\n\n<p><em>一行程式码凿穿CUDA护城河</em></p>\n\n<p>此次更新最具颠覆性的改变,来自Google对软体生态的重构。过去开源推论工具大多建立在PyTorch与CUDA之上,TPU原生环境却是JAX。</p>\n\n<p>vLLM若要在TPU运行,必须透过TorchAX逐一将算子转译成JAX,衍生分页注意力与底层最佳化的相容问题,Google与开源社群耗费超过一年才陆续修补。</p>\n\n<p>如今,TorchTPU利用PyTorch的PrivateUse1后端介面,让TPU直接成为原生Torch运算装置。开发者只需加入一行程式码,便可把编译工作交给XLA,核心运算子则呼叫Pallas核心,DDP与FSDP2等分散式功能也能直接运作。</p>\n\n<p>这意味着,Google挑战的不只是辉达晶片的推论成本,更是CUDA长年累积的开发者黏着度。当PyTorch模型移转至TPU的门槛被压缩至一行程式码,辉达过去依靠软体生态筑起的护城河,也开始出现一道明显缺口。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-21600.html\" title=\"《巴隆》:Meta拚提前筹资逾400亿美元投入AI 波克夏成潜在买家\">《巴隆》:Meta拚提前筹资逾400亿美元投入AI 波克夏成潜在买家</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-17011.html\" title=\"不想再为Token付费?苹果推新Mac正面挑战微软、辉达\">不想再为Token付费?苹果推新Mac正面挑战微软、辉达</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-7282.html\" title=\"南韩120万「蚂蚁雄兵」遭追缴、35万户断头!分析师:部位调整反催生吸睛估值\">南韩120万「蚂蚁雄兵」遭追缴、35万户断头!分析师:部位调整反催生吸睛估值</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-8487.html\" title=\"AI恐惧压垮亚股!亚股全面急跌步入技术性修正专家:贪婪已转为恐惧\">AI恐惧压垮亚股!亚股全面急跌步入技术性修正专家:贪婪已转为恐惧</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-18106.html\" title=\"Anthropic认证!中国最强模型智谱GLM-5.3:开源网安能力只差美国先进模型4个月\">Anthropic认证!中国最强模型智谱GLM-5.3:开源网安能力只差美国先进模型4个月</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-13873.html\" title=\"韩国半导体8月出口暴增209%创新高 AI热潮撑起近半出口「好得过头」?\">韩国半导体8月出口暴增209%创新高 AI热潮撑起近半出口「好得过头」?</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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