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大量新兴云端业者将在1到3年内破产?Bernstein警告:商业模式存在「致命」风险

2026-11-02 21:26:22 网络 阅读(1)

人工智慧(AI)基础建设投资热潮持续延烧,但新兴云端业者(Neocloud)可能正面临一场尚未浮现的财务危机。Bernstein最新研究报告引述资料中心法律专家Jeffrey Moerdler的分析指出,Neocloud业者普遍存在长短期租约错配问题,部分企业恐在未来1至3年内陆续破产,情况可能重演共享办公室业者WeWork的崩溃模式。

大量新兴云端业者将在1到3年内破产?Bernstein警告:商业模式存在「致命」风险

Moerdler自1990年起专注于资料中心及数位基础设施法律业务,目前带领约10名律师的团队,每年处理数百笔交易,同时经手约30至40个专案。

他直言,Neocloud的商业模式令人担忧,形同「WeWork 2.0」。

问题在于,Neocloud业者通常签订长达15年的资料中心租约,但向客户提供的算力服务合约却短得多,可能只有几天、几周或几个月,即使较长的合约也通常仅有1至3年。

一旦客户不再续约,业者收入便可能中断,却仍须持续承担长期租金与设施成本。

Moerdler预期,未来1至3年将有部分Neocloud业者陷入破产困境,尤其是规模较小、专注特定垂直产业的AI新创公司,例如专门服务律师事务所或服饰产业的业者,若无法创造足够收入,将难以维持营运。

资料中心担保从全额缩水至80% 开发商风险升高

除了租约期限错配,资料中心融资与租赁合约中的信用担保结构也正在改变,进一步增加开发商的财务风险。

Moerdler指出,约10个月前,一家超大型云端服务商率先改变市场惯例,不再提供涵盖全部租约义务的信用担保,而是仅承诺担保约80%的建设贷款。

换言之,超出贷款保障范围的建设成本,以及其余20%的贷款风险,都必须由开发商自行承担。

更值得注意的是,这类担保通常会在租约初始期间采直线法逐年摊销。以10年期租约为例,到了第7年或第8年,原有担保价值几乎已经耗尽。

与此同时,担保方也开始要求更广泛的介入权(Step-in Rights),也就是在需要履行担保义务时,能够直接接管相关资料中心空间及电力资源。过去这类安排通常由担保方与客户私下协商,如今则逐渐纳入正式租约条款。

Moerdler表示,过去10至12个月,他经手涉及超大型云端业者、AI公司及晶片制造商信用增强的交易,无一例外都已从全额租约担保转向有限度担保。

资料中心合约暗藏四大风险 开发商恐失去资产控制权

Moerdler也提醒,资料中心租约中有多项容易被忽略的条款,可能在日后造成重大损失。

首先是「随意终止权」(Termination-for-Convenience),允许租户在特定条件下,无须提出特定违约事由便可终止合约。这类条款经常出现在超大型云端业者的标准合约中,却可能让开发商在投入大量建设成本后,仍面临租约提前终止的风险。

其次是信用担保额度不足或摊销速度过快,导致租约进入后期时,开发商原本仰赖的信用保障已大幅减弱。

第三,租约转让也可能使原有信用保护失效。如果租户将租约转让给第三方,却未能同步保留原本的信用增强安排,开发商便可能失去重要的风险缓冲。

第四则是租户取得过多园区控制权,包括扩张权、缩减权,以及限制开发商开发相邻土地的权利,可能进一步削弱开发商对自有资产的处置弹性。

Moerdler分享一个案例指出,曾有客户委托他审查一份Neocloud租约,他在一个周末内便提出约50项修改意见,并建议若对方不愿接受其中四分之三的修改,就不应进行交易。

最终,Neocloud仅愿意修改约10%至20%的条款,客户因此决定放弃签约。

Neocloud倒闭未必是坏事 关键在开发商能否收回设施

不过,Neocloud破产对资料中心开发商而言,也未必完全是负面结果。

Moerdler认为,如果开发商事先建立足够的信用保障,在租户倒闭后顺利收回设施,反而可能取得成本更具竞争力的资料中心资产。

他以每兆瓦建设成本1,000万美元为例,假设开发商事先取得相当于建设成本30%的信用增强保障,包括信用状、现金保证金、预付款或投资级企业担保,那么即使Neocloud破产,开发商收回设施后,实际成本基础便可降至每兆瓦700万美元。

由于资料中心已经完工,开发商可以重新出租设施,并以低于其他每兆瓦建设成本超过1,000万美元的竞争者的价格进入市场。

但这项策略有一个重要前提,就是开发商必须能够迅速收回资产。Moerdler指出,在纽约等地,收回不动产可能耗时1至2年,期间将大幅削弱这种成本优势。

电力取得时间成选址关键 超过48个月吸引力大减

随着AI资料中心需求快速成长,资料中心选址的评估标准也出现转变。Moerdler认为,过去业界重视地理位置,如今能否及时取得电力,才是决定资产价值的关键。

他将资料中心电力供应时程分为四个等级:12个月内可取得电力属于最高级的「白金资产」;12至24个月为「黄金资产」;24至48个月为「白银资产」;若等待时间超过48个月,商业吸引力便大幅下降。

举例而言,一座规划容量400兆瓦的资料中心园区,即使短期内只能取得100兆瓦电力,只要能在12至24个月内交付,且后续供电计划具有可信度,仍具有相当高的投资价值。

他也指出,德州电力可靠度委员会(ERCOT)目前收到的待审电力申请量,已达德州电网现有容量的4倍,其中包含大量投机性申请。电力监管机构正透过押金及保证金要求,淘汰缺乏客户、专业能力与资金支持的投机业者。

AI资料中心需求未降温 城市型推理设施成新商机

尽管市场对AI基础建设投资能否持续抱持疑虑,Moerdler根据目前经手的交易指出,资料中心需求仍呈现快速成长,尚未出现放缓迹象。

他透露,目前正在处理的专案包括德州一座3吉瓦(GW)资料中心园区,以及一笔出售德州Batch Zero资料中心园区的交易,规模超过2吉瓦,交易金额约20亿美元。

不过,市场参与者对投机性交易的风险意识也明显提高,承销与融资标准正逐步趋严。

展望未来3至5年,Moerdler预期,随着大型AI模型训练需求逐渐趋于饱和,市场将有更多需求转向城市及近郊的小型AI推理节点。

他指出,过去几年资料中心产业经历大量并购,中型营运商数量大幅减少,导致250千瓦至2兆瓦规模的在地资料中心供给不足,相关租赁价格过去两年已上涨50%至100%。

Moerdler并透露,近期已在纽约市区完成一笔2兆瓦资料中心租约,承租方是一家AI推理设施业者。这也反映出,在大型AI训练设施持续扩张之际,邻近城市的小型推理运算基础设施,正逐渐成为资料中心市场的新成长机会。

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    "content": "<p>人工智慧(AI)基础建设投资热潮持续延烧,但新兴云端业者(Neocloud)可能正面临一场尚未浮现的财务危机。Bernstein最新研究报告引述资料中心法律专家Jeffrey Moerdler的分析指出,Neocloud业者普遍存在长短期租约错配问题,部分企业恐在未来1至3年内陆续破产,情况可能重演共享办公室业者WeWork的崩溃模式。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6643776/l/0e446c191b1bc83a4876243daf356f7c.jpg\" alt=\"大量新兴云端业者将在1到3年内破产?Bernstein警告:商业模式存在「致命」风险\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Moerdler自1990年起专注于资料中心及数位基础设施法律业务,目前带领约10名律师的团队,每年处理数百笔交易,同时经手约30至40个专案。</p>\n\n<p>他直言,Neocloud的商业模式令人担忧,形同「WeWork 2.0」。</p>\n\n<p>问题在于,Neocloud业者通常签订长达15年的资料中心租约,但向客户提供的算力服务合约却短得多,可能只有几天、几周或几个月,即使较长的合约也通常仅有1至3年。</p>\n\n<p>一旦客户不再续约,业者收入便可能中断,却仍须持续承担长期租金与设施成本。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler预期,未来1至3年将有部分Neocloud业者陷入破产困境,尤其是规模较小、专注特定垂直产业的AI新创公司,例如专门服务律师事务所或服饰产业的业者,若无法创造足够收入,将难以维持营运。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>资料中心担保从全额缩水至</strong><strong>80% </strong><strong>开发商风险升高</strong></h6>\n\n<p>除了租约期限错配,资料中心融资与租赁合约中的信用担保结构也正在改变,进一步增加开发商的财务风险。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler指出,约10个月前,一家超大型云端服务商率先改变市场惯例,不再提供涵盖全部租约义务的信用担保,而是仅承诺担保约80%的建设贷款。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,超出贷款保障范围的建设成本,以及其余20%的贷款风险,都必须由开发商自行承担。</p>\n\n<p>更值得注意的是,这类担保通常会在租约初始期间采直线法逐年摊销。以10年期租约为例,到了第7年或第8年,原有担保价值几乎已经耗尽。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,担保方也开始要求更广泛的介入权(Step-in Rights),也就是在需要履行担保义务时,能够直接接管相关资料中心空间及电力资源。过去这类安排通常由担保方与客户私下协商,如今则逐渐纳入正式租约条款。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler表示,过去10至12个月,他经手涉及超大型云端业者、AI公司及晶片制造商信用增强的交易,无一例外都已从全额租约担保转向有限度担保。</p>\n\n<p><strong>资料中心合约暗藏四大风险</strong><strong> </strong><strong>开发商恐失去资</strong><strong>产</strong><strong>控制权</strong></p>\n\n<p>Moerdler也提醒,资料中心租约中有多项容易被忽略的条款,可能在日后造成重大损失。</p>\n\n<p>首先是「随意终止权」(Termination-for-Convenience),允许租户在特定条件下,无须提出特定违约事由便可终止合约。这类条款经常出现在超大型云端业者的标准合约中,却可能让开发商在投入大量建设成本后,仍面临租约提前终止的风险。</p>\n\n<p>其次是信用担保额度不足或摊销速度过快,导致租约进入后期时,开发商原本仰赖的信用保障已大幅减弱。</p>\n\n<p>第三,租约转让也可能使原有信用保护失效。如果租户将租约转让给第三方,却未能同步保留原本的信用增强安排,开发商便可能失去重要的风险缓冲。</p>\n\n<p>第四则是租户取得过多园区控制权,包括扩张权、缩减权,以及限制开发商开发相邻土地的权利,可能进一步削弱开发商对自有资产的处置弹性。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler分享一个案例指出,曾有客户委托他审查一份Neocloud租约,他在一个周末内便提出约50项修改意见,并建议若对方不愿接受其中四分之三的修改,就不应进行交易。</p>\n\n<p>最终,Neocloud仅愿意修改约10%至20%的条款,客户因此决定放弃签约。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>Neocloud</strong><strong>倒闭未必是坏事</strong><strong> </strong><strong>关键在开发商能否收回设施</strong></h6>\n\n<p>不过,Neocloud破产对资料中心开发商而言,也未必完全是负面结果。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler认为,如果开发商事先建立足够的信用保障,在租户倒闭后顺利收回设施,反而可能取得成本更具竞争力的资料中心资产。</p>\n\n<p>他以每兆瓦建设成本1,000万美元为例,假设开发商事先取得相当于建设成本30%的信用增强保障,包括信用状、现金保证金、预付款或投资级企业担保,那么即使Neocloud破产,开发商收回设施后,实际成本基础便可降至每兆瓦700万美元。</p>\n\n<p>由于资料中心已经完工,开发商可以重新出租设施,并以低于其他每兆瓦建设成本超过1,000万美元的竞争者的价格进入市场。</p>\n\n<p>但这项策略有一个重要前提,就是开发商必须能够迅速收回资产。Moerdler指出,在纽约等地,收回不动产可能耗时1至2年,期间将大幅削弱这种成本优势。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>电力取得时间成选址关键</strong><strong> </strong><strong>超过</strong><strong>48</strong><strong>个月吸引力大减</strong></h6>\n\n<p>随着AI资料中心需求快速成长,资料中心选址的评估标准也出现转变。Moerdler认为,过去业界重视地理位置,如今能否及时取得电力,才是决定资产价值的关键。</p>\n\n<p>他将资料中心电力供应时程分为四个等级:12个月内可取得电力属于最高级的「白金资产」;12至24个月为「黄金资产」;24至48个月为「白银资产」;若等待时间超过48个月,商业吸引力便大幅下降。</p>\n\n<p>举例而言,一座规划容量400兆瓦的资料中心园区,即使短期内只能取得100兆瓦电力,只要能在12至24个月内交付,且后续供电计划具有可信度,仍具有相当高的投资价值。</p>\n\n<p>他也指出,德州电力可靠度委员会(ERCOT)目前收到的待审电力申请量,已达德州电网现有容量的4倍,其中包含大量投机性申请。电力监管机构正透过押金及保证金要求,淘汰缺乏客户、专业能力与资金支持的投机业者。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>资料中心需求未降温</strong><strong> </strong><strong>城市型推理设施成新商机</strong></h6>\n\n<p>尽管市场对AI基础建设投资能否持续抱持疑虑,Moerdler根据目前经手的交易指出,资料中心需求仍呈现快速成长,尚未出现放缓迹象。</p>\n\n<p>他透露,目前正在处理的专案包括德州一座3吉瓦(GW)资料中心园区,以及一笔出售德州Batch Zero资料中心园区的交易,规模超过2吉瓦,交易金额约20亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>不过,市场参与者对投机性交易的风险意识也明显提高,承销与融资标准正逐步趋严。</p>\n\n<p>展望未来3至5年,Moerdler预期,随着大型AI模型训练需求逐渐趋于饱和,市场将有更多需求转向城市及近郊的小型AI推理节点。</p>\n\n<p>他指出,过去几年资料中心产业经历大量并购,中型营运商数量大幅减少,导致250千瓦至2兆瓦规模的在地资料中心供给不足,相关租赁价格过去两年已上涨50%至100%。</p>\n\n<p>Moerdler并透露,近期已在纽约市区完成一笔2兆瓦资料中心租约,承租方是一家AI推理设施业者。这也反映出,在大型AI训练设施持续扩张之际,邻近城市的小型推理运算基础设施,正逐渐成为资料中心市场的新成长机会。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-18551.html\" title=\"软银孙正义罕见示警AI风险:超级智慧可能「极度危险」\">软银孙正义罕见示警AI风险:超级智慧可能「极度危险」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-8303.html\" title=\"中国记忆体谁在撑腰?长鑫、长江储存背后资本揭密\">中国记忆体谁在撑腰?长鑫、长江储存背后资本揭密</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-12157.html\" title=\"AI硬体「抢飞机」掀空运新周期:亚洲—北美航线连续5个月双位数成长 货值占比破五成\">AI硬体「抢飞机」掀空运新周期:亚洲—北美航线连续5个月双位数成长 货值占比破五成</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-20058.html\" title=\"多头满四年藏隐忧!标普500逾八成个股从高点跌逾10% 专家揭:全靠少数科技巨头苦撑\">多头满四年藏隐忧!标普500逾八成个股从高点跌逾10% 专家揭:全靠少数科技巨头苦撑</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-7164.html\" title=\"习近平2026 WAIC演说 呼吁进行人工智慧发展合作\">习近平2026 WAIC演说 呼吁进行人工智慧发展合作</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-7255.html\" title=\"彭博:美国考虑设立独立AI监管机关 审查顶级AI模型\">彭博:美国考虑设立独立AI监管机关 审查顶级AI模型</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-11-02T13:10:03.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T13:26:22.000Z"
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