天天财经

海力士14年翻90倍!从银行坏帐到AI时代存储霸主

2026-09-12 13:00:24 网络 阅读(59)

2011 年,负债超过 15 兆韩元的 SK 海力士 (HXSCF-US) 深陷记忆体产业低谷。全球 DRAM 价格大跌,加上承接前身现代电子与 LG 半导体合并后留下的债务,公司成为韩国银行业的不良资产。当时韩国多家大型财阀对这项资产避之唯恐不及,认为半导体产业周期波动剧烈且资本支出庞大,恐怕是一个无底洞。

就在市场普遍看空之际,SK 集团选择逆势出手。2012 年 2 月 14 日,SK 集团以取得 21.05% 股权的方式正式接手海力士。据资料显示,SK 集团当时透过增发新股方式注资,使资金直接流入公司而非债权银行。外界回忆,SK 集团会长崔泰源当时提出「资讯会成为下一桶石油」的观点,成为其押注记忆体产业的重要依据。

海力士当时的困境可追溯至 1997 年亚洲金融风暴后的韩国产业整并政策。1999 年完成现代电子与 LG 半导体整合后,2000 年网路泡沫破裂,DRAM 价格暴跌约 75%,导致公司背负沉重债务压力。2002 年至 2007 年间,公司虽数度转亏为盈,但每次刚回稳便再遭半导体景气循环冲击,2008 年金融危机更进一步恶化营运。

接手后,崔泰源改变过去由银行主导的保守经营模式,宣布未来 10 年投入 46 兆韩元建设 3 座晶圆厂与扩大技术研发。就在 SK 完成交易两周后,日本 DRAM 大厂尔必达宣布破产保护,使全球 DRAM 供给收缩并推升价格,海力士也于当年重返获利。

真正改变海力士命运的关键则是高频宽记忆体 (HBM)。

2013 年 12 月,海力士率先发表全球首款 HBM 产品。相较传统 DRAM 晶片采水平排列,HBM 采用垂直堆叠设计,大幅缩短资料传输距离,同时提高频宽与效率。HBM 技术最早源自超微 (AMD-US)2007 年启动的专案,当时包括三星电子与其他业者对该市场前景并不看好,海力士则选择投入合作。

然而,海力士率先开发 HBM 后并未立即迎来成果。2016 年三星电子抢先量产 HBM2 产品,随后辉达 (NVDA-US) 推出专为 AI 计算设计的 Tesla P100 GPU,采用三星 HBM2 方案。市场竞争失利使海力士一度面临巨大压力,当时 HBM 全球需求规模甚至不到整体 DRAM 市场的 1%,营收无法覆盖研发成本。

即使如此,海力士仍选择持续投入 HBM 技术。2019 年,海力士率先推出 HBM2E 产品,效能较前代大幅提升,重新夺回技术优势。此后,公司持续加码 MR-MUF 封装技术研发,借由特殊液态环氧树脂改善高堆叠晶片的散热与良率问题。

市场人士指出,MR-MUF 后来成为 HBM3 与 HBM3E 量产的重要关键。由于相关材料主要依赖日本供应商,海力士提前建立长期合作优势,也为后续竞争建立技术护城河。

2022 年 11 月 30 日,OpenAI 推出 ChatGPT,AI 产业进入爆发阶段。大型语言模型对记忆体容量与频宽需求急速攀升,使 HBM 需求出现爆炸式成长。

以 ChatGPT 大型模型为例,单纯模型权重储存容量即达约 350GB,实际运行总记忆体需求更达权重容量的 3 至 5 倍。当时辉达 AI 加速器 H100 每颗需搭配 6 至 8 组 HBM3 堆叠,而海力士成为全球唯一能稳定量产 HBM3 的供应商。

AI 浪潮也迅速反映于财务表现。2025 年第一季,海力士 HBM 全球市占率约达 70%。全年营业利益达 47.21 兆韩元,首度超越三星电子全公司 43.53 兆韩元的水准。值得注意的是,三星电子业务涵盖智慧手机、家电、显示器与晶圆代工等多项领域,而海力士则主要聚焦记忆体产品。

市场预估,2026 年海力士年度获利有望突破人民币 1 兆元,公司市值亦逼近 1 兆美元。若以 2012 年 SK 接手时约 13 兆韩元市值计算,14 年间增幅约达 90 倍。

从一度被视为无人接手的烫手山芋,到成为 AI 时代核心受惠者,SK 海力士的崛起不仅是一家企业翻身故事,也凸显高频宽记忆体在 AI 基础建设中的战略地位,以及技术押注对产业格局的长期影响。

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    "description": "从濒临破产、负债逾 15 兆韩元,到站上 AI 浪潮核心位置,SK 海力士凭借十多年押注 HBM 技术,在生成式 AI 需求爆发后完成惊人翻身,也重塑全球记忆体产业竞争版图。",
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    "content": "<p>2011 年,负债超过 15 兆韩元的 SK 海力士 (HXSCF-US) 深陷记忆体产业低谷。全球 DRAM 价格大跌,加上承接前身现代电子与 LG 半导体合并后留下的债务,公司成为韩国银行业的不良资产。当时韩国多家大型财阀对这项资产避之唯恐不及,认为半导体产业周期波动剧烈且资本支出庞大,恐怕是一个无底洞。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6466836/l/5662f1690ff2033c5e1d3d7bad82c30a.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>就在市场普遍看空之际,SK 集团选择逆势出手。2012 年 2 月 14 日,SK 集团以取得 21.05% 股权的方式正式接手海力士。据资料显示,SK 集团当时透过增发新股方式注资,使资金直接流入公司而非债权银行。外界回忆,SK 集团会长崔泰源当时提出「资讯会成为下一桶石油」的观点,成为其押注记忆体产业的重要依据。</p>\n\n<p>海力士当时的困境可追溯至 1997 年亚洲金融风暴后的韩国产业整并政策。1999 年完成现代电子与 LG 半导体整合后,2000 年网路泡沫破裂,DRAM 价格暴跌约 75%,导致公司背负沉重债务压力。2002 年至 2007 年间,公司虽数度转亏为盈,但每次刚回稳便再遭半导体景气循环冲击,2008 年金融危机更进一步恶化营运。</p>\n\n<p>接手后,崔泰源改变过去由银行主导的保守经营模式,宣布未来 10 年投入 46 兆韩元建设 3 座晶圆厂与扩大技术研发。就在 SK 完成交易两周后,日本 DRAM 大厂尔必达宣布破产保护,使全球 DRAM 供给收缩并推升价格,海力士也于当年重返获利。</p>\n\n<p>真正改变海力士命运的关键则是高频宽记忆体 (HBM)。</p>\n\n<p>2013 年 12 月,海力士率先发表全球首款 HBM 产品。相较传统 DRAM 晶片采水平排列,HBM 采用垂直堆叠设计,大幅缩短资料传输距离,同时提高频宽与效率。HBM 技术最早源自超微 (AMD-US)2007 年启动的专案,当时包括三星电子与其他业者对该市场前景并不看好,海力士则选择投入合作。</p>\n\n<p>然而,海力士率先开发 HBM 后并未立即迎来成果。2016 年三星电子抢先量产 HBM2 产品,随后辉达 (NVDA-US) 推出专为 AI 计算设计的 Tesla P100 GPU,采用三星 HBM2 方案。市场竞争失利使海力士一度面临巨大压力,当时 HBM 全球需求规模甚至不到整体 DRAM 市场的 1%,营收无法覆盖研发成本。</p>\n\n<p>即使如此,海力士仍选择持续投入 HBM 技术。2019 年,海力士率先推出 HBM2E 产品,效能较前代大幅提升,重新夺回技术优势。此后,公司持续加码 MR-MUF 封装技术研发,借由特殊液态环氧树脂改善高堆叠晶片的散热与良率问题。</p>\n\n<p>市场人士指出,MR-MUF 后来成为 HBM3 与 HBM3E 量产的重要关键。由于相关材料主要依赖日本供应商,海力士提前建立长期合作优势,也为后续竞争建立技术护城河。</p>\n\n<p>2022 年 11 月 30 日,OpenAI 推出 ChatGPT,AI 产业进入爆发阶段。大型语言模型对记忆体容量与频宽需求急速攀升,使 HBM 需求出现爆炸式成长。</p>\n\n<p>以 ChatGPT 大型模型为例,单纯模型权重储存容量即达约 350GB,实际运行总记忆体需求更达权重容量的 3 至 5 倍。当时辉达 AI 加速器 H100 每颗需搭配 6 至 8 组 HBM3 堆叠,而海力士成为全球唯一能稳定量产 HBM3 的供应商。</p>\n\n<p>AI 浪潮也迅速反映于财务表现。2025 年第一季,海力士 HBM 全球市占率约达 70%。全年营业利益达 47.21 兆韩元,首度超越三星电子全公司 43.53 兆韩元的水准。值得注意的是,三星电子业务涵盖智慧手机、家电、显示器与晶圆代工等多项领域,而海力士则主要聚焦记忆体产品。</p>\n\n<p>市场预估,2026 年海力士年度获利有望突破人民币 1 兆元,公司市值亦逼近 1 兆美元。若以 2012 年 SK 接手时约 13 兆韩元市值计算,14 年间增幅约达 90 倍。</p>\n\n<p>从一度被视为无人接手的烫手山芋,到成为 AI 时代核心受惠者,SK 海力士的崛起不仅是一家企业翻身故事,也凸显高频宽记忆体在 AI 基础建设中的战略地位,以及技术押注对产业格局的长期影响。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-85.html\" title=\"挑战辉达霸权 Cerebras凭什么成AI晶片最强黑马?\">挑战辉达霸权 Cerebras凭什么成AI晶片最强黑马?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-5832.html\" title=\"「HBM之父」:未来AI竞争看记忆体 未来3D架构决胜散热与供电 中美会追赶上来\">「HBM之父」:未来AI竞争看记忆体 未来3D架构决胜散热与供电 中美会追赶上来</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-5107.html\" title=\"Trendforce:DRAM、NAND合约价Q3将分别季增13-18%及10-15%\">Trendforce:DRAM、NAND合约价Q3将分别季增13-18%及10-15%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-9859.html\" title=\"突破7兆!DeepSeek V4 Flash单周调用量全球登顶\">突破7兆!DeepSeek V4 Flash单周调用量全球登顶</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-498.html\" title=\"没缺货却天价!SATA固态硬碟8TB在美卖13.1万台币  比效能更好的NVMe还贵上三倍\">没缺货却天价!SATA固态硬碟8TB在美卖13.1万台币  比效能更好的NVMe还贵上三倍</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-5500.html\" title=\"中国拟限制先进AI模型输出!传阿里巴巴、字节跳动等与官方磋商\">中国拟限制先进AI模型输出!传阿里巴巴、字节跳动等与官方磋商</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-05-21T21:20:03.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-12T05:00:24.000Z"
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