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ABF迎史上最大缺货潮!AI代理、HPC需求暴增 供应链迎最强卖方市场

2026-09-10 01:00:45 网络 阅读(55)

随着 AI 代理(AI Agent)掀起算力结构的全面重组,这股热潮已不只侵蚀 GPU 供应,更一路延烧至伺服器 CPU 市场,彻底点燃高阶 ABF 基板(Ajinomoto Build-up Film Substrate)的世纪大缺货危机。在晶片尺寸与封装层数同步飙升的趋势下,整个产业的定价权已明显转向卖方主导, 谁能掌握制程壁垒并完成策略结盟,就有机会在这波多头行情中赚取翻倍的长线获利。

ABF迎史上最大缺货潮!AI代理、HPC需求暴增   供应链迎最强卖方市场

业界人士指出,本轮 ABF 基板行情的本质已与过去由消费性电子带动的传统景气循环截然不同。

在多个 AI 代理协同运作的架构下,CPU 正扮演工具调度与任务控制的核心角色。研调机构预估,PC 在整体 ABF 消费结构中的占比,将从 2020 年的 61% 大幅滑落至 2028 年仅剩 10%;相对地,AI 晶片与伺服器 CPU 的合计占比则将攀升至 85%。

预估 2026 年至 2028 年间,ABF 供需缺口将依序扩大至 8%、27% 与 35%,显示本轮多头格局至少还能延续 4 至 5 年。

供给端警讯频传 原料瓶颈延续至 2027 年

从供给端观察,产能受限的警讯正接连浮现。全球 ABF 薄膜龙头味之素(Ajinomoto)已松口将采取成本转嫁策略应对需求暴增;日本基板大厂 Ibiden 更宣布,将 2026 会计年度资本支出大幅提高至 2,100 亿日元,并直言 2028 年高阶 ABF 的需求面积,将较 2024 年狂飙 10.7 倍。

随着基板层数持续拉升至 16 至 24 层,关键原料 T-glass 玻璃纤维布的供应瓶颈,预估至少将延续至 2027 年。

至于市场关注的玻璃基板技术,由于键铜与压合良率短期内难以突破,业界普遍认为 2030 年前难以实现大规模量产,对现有 ABF 需求的实质冲击相对有限。

在供需缺口已可预见延伸至长线的背景下,基板厂的议价能力与成本转嫁能力明显增强。

目前高阶订单交期已拉长至 1.5 至 2 年,客户为了抢先锁定产能,甚至愿意提供长期资金协助厂商扩产,使台湾相关供应链厂商的营运杠杆大幅释放,长线获利空间正式被打开。

AI 时代不可或缺的关键封装材料

在 AI 与高效能运算 (HPC) 时代,晶片封装技术已成为决定系统效能的关键环节。随着运算晶片的 I/O 数量暴增,加上数据传输速度迈入 112Gbps 甚至 224Gbps 等级,传统 PCB 与 BT 基板已无法满足需求,这正是 ABF 基板地位崛起的原因。

ABF 不仅是先进封装的重要基础,更是全球半导体供应链的瓶颈之一,其战略重要性甚至不亚于最先进的晶片制程本身。

ABF 基板位于晶片与系统主板之间,扮演高速讯号转接与电源分配的桥梁,常见于 FC-BGA 封装。

在结构上,晶片透过微凸块焊接至 ABF 基板,再经由 BGA 焊球连接至 PCB 主板。

其核心功能可归纳为四项:

  • 讯号扇出与放大:将晶片内部极细密的讯号脚位 (间距仅 40 至 55 微米),转换成 PCB 可接受的 0.4 至 1.0 毫米间距。
  • 高速讯号传输:支援 112Gbps 甚至更高速的 SerDes 高速传输需求。
  • 电源完整性管理:为功耗动辄数百瓦的晶片,提供稳定且低杂讯的电源网路。
  • 机械保护:缓解材料间热胀冷缩的差异,避免晶片焊点因应力而断裂。

业内常以「高速公路交流道」形容 ABF 的角色。晶片是「高速数据中心」,PCB 是「城市道路」,而 ABF 正是让数据在高速环境中顺畅流动的关键介面。

为何晶片无法直接焊在 PCB 上?

表面上,ABF 基板与 PCB 都是「一块板子」,但两者的结构与制程其实截然不同。

以辉达 (NVDA-US) B100 GPU 为例,其晶片 I/O 数量已高达 10 万个以上,而 PCB 根本无法做到如此密集的布线与微米级焊点,因此必须先透过 ABF 进行「扇出」处理。

此外,ABF 材料具备低介电常数(Dk)、低损耗因子(Df)的特性,能确保高速讯号完整性,避免讯号延迟与失真。

若缺少 ABF 这一环,晶片将难以稳定运作,讯号会在传输过程中严重衰减,高速运算也将无从实现。

目前 AI 与 HPC 晶片几乎全面依赖 ABF 基板,玻璃基板虽被视为未来潜在替代方案但仍需经过多年研发与验证才有望商用化。

味之素独家垄断 全球唯一供应商

ABF 的全名为 Ajinomoto Build-up Film,正是由日本味之素公司于 1990 年代研发问世。这种薄膜材料具备三大优势:

  • 介电常数低(Dk 约 3.0),有利于高速讯号传输;
  • 损耗低(Df 约 0.004),能减少讯号衰减;
  • 热膨胀系数则接近矽晶片,可避免焊点因疲劳而损坏。

值得注意的是,味之素是全球唯一生产 ABF 薄膜的厂商,市占率接近 100%。换言之,全球所有 ABF 基板制造厂,都必须仰赖味之素提供的原料。

实际应用场景: 从 AI GPU 到光通讯

在 AI GPU 封装方面,以辉达 H100 为例,矽中介层负责 GPU 与 HBM 记忆体之间的超高密度连接,而 ABF 基板则负责将整个模组的讯号放大、转接,并提供稳定电源供应。

在共同封装光学(CPO, Co-Packaged Optics)领域,400G/800G 光通讯晶片同样需要 ABF 扮演高速电讯号与光模组之间的桥梁角色,以确保极低延迟的传输表现。

ABF 产业目前面临两大挑战。其一是产能瓶颈。AI 热潮推动辉达、超微半导体 (AMD-US) 等公司需求暴增,但 ABF 的扩产周期长达 2 至 3 年,供不应求的态势已使其成为全球 AI 供应链最前端的关键卡位点。

其二是技术极限逼近。目前线宽已缩小至 2 微米等级,对微影、蚀刻良率的要求极为严苛,产线良率稍有波动,便可能导致重大供应短缺。

至於潜在替代技术玻璃基板,虽具备更佳的尺寸稳定性与更低的热膨胀系数,理论上有机会取代部分 ABF 应用,但目前仍处于验证阶段,业界预估最快也需要 3 至 5 年才有望进入量产规模。

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      "id": 71,
      "pid": 10,
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    "title": "ABF迎史上最大缺货潮!AI代理、HPC需求暴增   供应链迎最强卖方市场",
    "shortTitle": "ABF迎史上最大缺货潮!AI代理、HPC需求暴增   供应链",
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    "description": "AI 代理与 AI 伺服器需求带动 ABF 基板市场进入超级景气循环,预估 2028 年供需缺口扩大至 35%。本文解析 ABF 基板原理、味之素垄断地位、Ibiden 扩产、玻璃基板发展,以及 AI 晶片封装供应链未来 5 年投资趋势。",
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    "content": "\n<p>随着 AI 代理(AI Agent)掀起算力结构的全面重组,这股热潮已不只侵蚀 GPU 供应,更一路延烧至伺服器 CPU 市场,彻底点燃高阶 ABF 基板(Ajinomoto Build-up Film Substrate)的世纪大缺货危机。在晶片尺寸与封装层数同步飙升的趋势下,整个产业的定价权已明显转向卖方主导, 谁能掌握制程壁垒并完成策略结盟,就有机会在这波多头行情中赚取翻倍的长线获利。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6515005/l/7eef535487acbf28b2ccb4c1936491a9.jpg\" alt=\"ABF迎史上最大缺货潮!AI代理、HPC需求暴增   供应链迎最强卖方市场\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>业界人士指出,本轮 ABF 基板行情的本质已与过去由消费性电子带动的传统景气循环截然不同。</p>\n\n<p>在多个 AI 代理协同运作的架构下,CPU 正扮演工具调度与任务控制的核心角色。研调机构预估,PC 在整体 ABF 消费结构中的占比,将从 2020 年的 61% 大幅滑落至 2028 年仅剩 10%;相对地,AI 晶片与伺服器 CPU 的合计占比则将攀升至 85%。</p>\n\n<p>预估 2026 年至 2028 年间,ABF 供需缺口将依序扩大至 8%、27% 与 35%,显示本轮多头格局至少还能延续 4 至 5 年。</p>\n\n<h6>供给端警讯频传 原料瓶颈延续至 2027 年</h6>\n\n<p>从供给端观察,产能受限的警讯正接连浮现。全球 ABF 薄膜龙头味之素(Ajinomoto)已松口将采取成本转嫁策略应对需求暴增;日本基板大厂 Ibiden 更宣布,将 2026 会计年度资本支出大幅提高至 2,100 亿日元,并直言 2028 年高阶 ABF 的需求面积,将较 2024 年狂飙 10.7 倍。</p>\n\n<p>随着基板层数持续拉升至 16 至 24 层,关键原料 T-glass 玻璃纤维布的供应瓶颈,预估至少将延续至 2027 年。</p>\n\n<p>至于市场关注的玻璃基板技术,由于键铜与压合良率短期内难以突破,业界普遍认为 2030 年前难以实现大规模量产,对现有 ABF 需求的实质冲击相对有限。</p>\n\n<p>在供需缺口已可预见延伸至长线的背景下,基板厂的议价能力与成本转嫁能力明显增强。</p>\n\n<p>目前高阶订单交期已拉长至 1.5 至 2 年,客户为了抢先锁定产能,甚至愿意提供长期资金协助厂商扩产,使台湾相关供应链厂商的营运杠杆大幅释放,长线获利空间正式被打开。</p>\n\n<h6>AI 时代不可或缺的关键封装材料</h6>\n\n<p>在 AI 与高效能运算 (HPC) 时代,晶片封装技术已成为决定系统效能的关键环节。随着运算晶片的 I/O 数量暴增,加上数据传输速度迈入 112Gbps 甚至 224Gbps 等级,传统 PCB 与 BT 基板已无法满足需求,这正是 ABF 基板地位崛起的原因。</p>\n\n<p>ABF 不仅是先进封装的重要基础,更是全球半导体供应链的瓶颈之一,其战略重要性甚至不亚于最先进的晶片制程本身。</p>\n\n<p>ABF 基板位于晶片与系统主板之间,扮演高速讯号转接与电源分配的桥梁,常见于 FC-BGA 封装。</p>\n\n<p>在结构上,晶片透过微凸块焊接至 ABF 基板,再经由 BGA 焊球连接至 PCB 主板。</p>\n\n<p>其核心功能可归纳为四项:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>讯号扇出与放大:</strong>将晶片内部极细密的讯号脚位 (间距仅 40 至 55 微米),转换成 PCB 可接受的 0.4 至 1.0 毫米间距。</li>\n<li><strong>高速讯号传输:</strong>支援 112Gbps 甚至更高速的 SerDes 高速传输需求。</li>\n<li><strong>电源完整性管理:</strong>为功耗动辄数百瓦的晶片,提供稳定且低杂讯的电源网路。</li>\n<li><strong>机械保护:</strong>缓解材料间热胀冷缩的差异,避免晶片焊点因应力而断裂。</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>业内常以「高速公路交流道」形容 ABF 的角色。晶片是「高速数据中心」,PCB 是「城市道路」,而 ABF 正是让数据在高速环境中顺畅流动的关键介面。</p>\n\n<h6>为何晶片无法直接焊在 PCB 上?</h6>\n\n<p>表面上,ABF 基板与 PCB 都是「一块板子」,但两者的结构与制程其实截然不同。</p>\n\n<p>以辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) B100 GPU 为例,其晶片 I/O 数量已高达 10 万个以上,而 PCB 根本无法做到如此密集的布线与微米级焊点,因此必须先透过 ABF 进行「扇出」处理。</p>\n\n<p>此外,ABF 材料具备低介电常数(Dk)、低损耗因子(Df)的特性,能确保高速讯号完整性,避免讯号延迟与失真。</p>\n\n<p>若缺少 ABF 这一环,晶片将难以稳定运作,讯号会在传输过程中严重衰减,高速运算也将无从实现。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">目前 AI 与 HPC 晶片几乎全面依赖 ABF</span><span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\"> 基板,玻璃基板虽被视为未来潜在替代方案</span>,<span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">但仍需经过多年研发与验证才有望商用化。</span></p>\n\n<h6>味之素独家垄断 全球唯一供应商</h6>\n\n<p>ABF 的全名为 Ajinomoto Build-up Film,正是由日本味之素公司于 1990 年代研发问世。这种薄膜材料具备三大优势:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>介电常数低(Dk 约 3.0),有利于高速讯号传输;</li>\n<li>损耗低(Df 约 0.004),能减少讯号衰减;</li>\n<li>热膨胀系数则接近矽晶片,可避免焊点因疲劳而损坏。</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,味之素是全球唯一生产 ABF 薄膜的厂商,市占率接近 100%。换言之,全球所有 ABF 基板制造厂,都必须仰赖味之素提供的原料。</p>\n\n<h6>实际应用场景: 从 AI GPU 到光通讯</h6>\n\n<p>在 AI GPU 封装方面,以辉达 H100 为例,矽中介层负责 GPU 与 HBM 记忆体之间的超高密度连接,而 ABF 基板则负责将整个模组的讯号放大、转接,并提供稳定电源供应。</p>\n\n<p>在共同封装光学(CPO, Co-Packaged Optics)领域,400G/800G 光通讯晶片同样需要 ABF 扮演高速电讯号与光模组之间的桥梁角色,以确保极低延迟的传输表现。</p>\n\n<p>ABF 产业目前面临两大挑战。其一是产能瓶颈。AI 热潮推动辉达、超微半导体 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMD:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMD-US</a>) 等公司需求暴增,但 ABF 的扩产周期长达 2 至 3 年,供不应求的态势已使其成为全球 AI 供应链最前端的关键卡位点。</p>\n\n<p>其二是技术极限逼近。目前线宽已缩小至 2 微米等级,对微影、蚀刻良率的要求极为严苛,产线良率稍有波动,便可能导致重大供应短缺。</p>\n\n<p>至於潜在替代技术玻璃基板,虽具备更佳的尺寸稳定性与更低的热膨胀系数,理论上有机会取代部分 ABF 应用,但目前仍处于验证阶段,业界预估最快也需要 3 至 5 年才有望进入量产规模。</p>\n\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-9191.html\" title=\"三星、SK海力士不再独占!传长鑫LPDDR6接近研发验证尾声 下半年拚全球首发量产\">三星、SK海力士不再独占!传长鑫LPDDR6接近研发验证尾声 下半年拚全球首发量产</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-13607.html\" title=\"记忆体缺货难解 三星70%产能锁定到2031年\">记忆体缺货难解 三星70%产能锁定到2031年</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-1480.html\" title=\"〈COMPUTAX〉!最新外泄文件曝辉达N1系列四款晶片完整规格 今在电脑展正式亮相\">〈COMPUTAX〉!最新外泄文件曝辉达N1系列四款晶片完整规格 今在电脑展正式亮相</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-4589.html\" title=\"英国央行副总裁:AI模型犹如会说谎的青少年 智能体兴起恐引发市场崩盘\">英国央行副总裁:AI模型犹如会说谎的青少年 智能体兴起恐引发市场崩盘</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-2225.html\" title=\"AI热潮烧向债市 辉达首度发债5年吸金850亿美元 超额认购逾4倍\">AI热潮烧向债市 辉达首度发债5年吸金850亿美元 超额认购逾4倍</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-6648.html\" title=\"驳AI泡沫说荒谬!孙正义预言2040年占全球GDP两成 100兆个AI代理人将接管世界\">驳AI泡沫说荒谬!孙正义预言2040年占全球GDP两成 100兆个AI代理人将接管世界</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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