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AI减赤2.2兆美元?布鲁金斯学会曝五大反噬效应:难!逾半数红利恐已蒸发

2026-10-28 03:19:56 网络 阅读(110)

人工智慧 (AI) 被视为推动美国经济成长、改善联邦财政的重要引擎,但最新研究指出,市场对 AI 改善财政赤字的期待可能过于乐观。

AI减赤2.2兆美元?布鲁金斯学会曝五大反噬效应:难!逾半数红利恐已蒸发

布鲁金斯学会 (Brookings Institution) 与美国联准会 (Fed) 经济学家共同发表的最新工作论文指出,AI 虽有望在 2036 年前协助美国累计减少约 2.2 兆美元财政赤字,但受到人口老化、劳动市场变化、借贷成本攀升及国防支出增加等因素影响,超过一半的减赤效益恐遭抵销,实际可实现的财政改善可能仅约 1 兆美元,甚至更低。

美国财政压力近年持续升高。根据美国财政部资料,截至今年 5 月,美国国债规模已突破 39 兆美元,政府支出与税收缺口持续扩大。美国国会预算办公室 (CBO) 日前也预警,若国会未采取有效改革措施,社会安全信托基金最快 2032 年耗尽,联邦医疗保险 (Medicare) 信托基金也可能于隔年面临资金不足,财政永续问题日益受到市场关注。

长期以来,预算专家普遍认为,缩减赤字须透过提高税收、削减福利支出,或两者并行。不过,在政治改革推动困难的情况下,AI 一直被部分学者与政策制定者视为改善财政的潜在解方。

研究指出,若 AI 能大幅提升全美生产力,提高劳工平均产出,不仅可推升企业获利与整体经济规模,也可增加政府税收,无须提高税率便能改善财政。同时,AI 若广泛应用于公共行政与医疗领域,也有望降低政府支出,尤其美国医疗行政成本目前约占整体医疗支出的四分之一,具备相当大的效率提升空间。

研究估算,在 AI 全面提升生产力的情境下,美国年度财政赤字占国内生产毛额 (GDP) 比重可望由目前约 6% 降至约 2%,至 2036 年累计可减少约 2.2 兆美元赤字。

然而,研究也提出五项可能侵蚀 AI 财政效益的重要因素。

首先是人口寿命延长。AI 可望透过改善医疗诊断、治疗效率及疾病预警系统降低死亡率。例如,部分临床研究发现,用于辨识败血症高风险患者的 AI 系统,可使住院患者死亡率降低约 17%。但人口愈长寿,也意味领取社会安全金与医疗保险福利的时间拉长。研究估计,在 AI 高度普及情境下,到 2036 年,美国将新增约 300 万名退休年龄人口,政府福利支出将同步增加。

第二是税基结构改变。研究指出,AI 可能使企业利润、资本收益及租金收入成长速度快于薪资所得,但美国联邦政府主要税收仍来自个人所得税。根据美国财政部资料,本财政年度截至目前,个人所得税占联邦收入约 52%,企业所得税仅约 6%;美国国税局 (IRS)2024 年研究则显示,资本利得实际有效税率约仅 5%。若 AI 创造的财富主要流向资本所有者,而非薪资所得者,即使 GDP 持续成长,政府税收增幅也可能低于预期。

第三是劳动市场承受压力。研究认为,AI 提高企业生产效率,不一定同步增加就业机会。若 AI 导致部分工作被取代或劳动参与率下降,缴纳薪资税及个人所得税的人数将减少,依赖政府补助的人数则可能增加。

论文预估,在 AI 带来高度颠覆的情境下,到 2036 年,美国劳动参与率可能下降 3 个百分点,相当于约 600 万人退出劳动市场,冲击规模接近新冠疫情期间,但可能具有长期性,食品补助及身心障碍福利等政府支出也将同步增加。

第四是借贷成本上升。AI 产业快速发展需要大量投资晶片、资料中心及能源等基础设施,可能推高中性利率,进而带动市场利率走升。在美国债务规模已突破 39 兆美元的背景下,即使利率仅小幅提高,也将显著增加联邦政府利息支出。研究估算,到 2036 年,AI 带来的经济成长可能使联邦政府每年额外增加约 600 亿美元偿债成本。

第五则是国防支出攀升。研究指出,AI 快速发展可能引发全球新一轮科技与军事竞赛,各国增加 AI 军事投资后,美国势必面临维持技术优势的压力。研究估计,未来 10 年间,美国累计国防支出可能因此增加超过 3500 亿美元,进一步扩大财政赤字。

值得注意的是,布鲁金斯学会也援引历史经验指出,1990 年代网际网路革命曾推升股市及经济活动,使美国税收占 GDP 比重增加约 2.2%,并于 1992 年至 2002 年间协助削减约 60% 的财政赤字。然而,随着网路泡沫破裂,相关财政效益在短短十年间迅速消失。

研究团队因此认为,AI 确实有望提升美国长期经济成长与政府财政收入,但若未同步推动税制改革、社福制度调整及财政纪律改善,AI 无法单靠技术进步解决美国结构性财政问题。即使名义上可望带来 2.2 兆美元减赤效益,最终真正能实现的财政改善可能仅约 1 兆美元,甚至更少。

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    "description": "布鲁金斯学会与联准会经济学家最新研究指出,AI 虽有望在 2036 年前协助美国减少 2.2 兆美元财政赤字,但人口老化、劳动市场变化、利率攀升及国防支出增加等五大因素,恐抵销超过一半效益,AI 难以单独化解美国财政困境。",
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    "content": "<p>人工智慧 (AI) 被视为推动美国经济成长、改善联邦财政的重要引擎,但最新研究指出,市场对 AI 改善财政赤字的期待可能过于乐观。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6534967/l/e81372012b2e73a625c771e94888bf42.jpg\" alt=\"AI减赤2.2兆美元?布鲁金斯学会曝五大反噬效应:难!逾半数红利恐已蒸发\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>布鲁金斯学会 (Brookings Institution) 与美国联准会 (Fed) 经济学家共同发表的最新工作论文指出,AI 虽有望在 2036 年前协助美国累计减少约 2.2 兆美元财政赤字,但受到人口老化、劳动市场变化、借贷成本攀升及国防支出增加等因素影响,超过一半的减赤效益恐遭抵销,实际可实现的财政改善可能仅约 1 兆美元,甚至更低。</p>\n\n<p>美国财政压力近年持续升高。根据美国财政部资料,截至今年 5 月,美国国债规模已突破 39 兆美元,政府支出与税收缺口持续扩大。美国国会预算办公室 (CBO) 日前也预警,若国会未采取有效改革措施,社会安全信托基金最快 2032 年耗尽,联邦医疗保险 (Medicare) 信托基金也可能于隔年面临资金不足,财政永续问题日益受到市场关注。</p>\n\n<p>长期以来,预算专家普遍认为,缩减赤字须透过提高税收、削减福利支出,或两者并行。不过,在政治改革推动困难的情况下,AI 一直被部分学者与政策制定者视为改善财政的潜在解方。</p>\n\n<p>研究指出,若 AI 能大幅提升全美生产力,提高劳工平均产出,不仅可推升企业获利与整体经济规模,也可增加政府税收,无须提高税率便能改善财政。同时,AI 若广泛应用于公共行政与医疗领域,也有望降低政府支出,尤其美国医疗行政成本目前约占整体医疗支出的四分之一,具备相当大的效率提升空间。</p>\n\n<p>研究估算,在 AI 全面提升生产力的情境下,美国年度财政赤字占国内生产毛额 (GDP) 比重可望由目前约 6% 降至约 2%,至 2036 年累计可减少约 2.2 兆美元赤字。</p>\n\n<p>然而,研究也提出五项可能侵蚀 AI 财政效益的重要因素。</p>\n\n<p>首先是人口寿命延长。AI 可望透过改善医疗诊断、治疗效率及疾病预警系统降低死亡率。例如,部分临床研究发现,用于辨识败血症高风险患者的 AI 系统,可使住院患者死亡率降低约 17%。但人口愈长寿,也意味领取社会安全金与医疗保险福利的时间拉长。研究估计,在 AI 高度普及情境下,到 2036 年,美国将新增约 300 万名退休年龄人口,政府福利支出将同步增加。</p>\n\n<p>第二是税基结构改变。研究指出,AI 可能使企业利润、资本收益及租金收入成长速度快于薪资所得,但美国联邦政府主要税收仍来自个人所得税。根据美国财政部资料,本财政年度截至目前,个人所得税占联邦收入约 52%,企业所得税仅约 6%;美国国税局 (IRS)2024 年研究则显示,资本利得实际有效税率约仅 5%。若 AI 创造的财富主要流向资本所有者,而非薪资所得者,即使 GDP 持续成长,政府税收增幅也可能低于预期。</p>\n\n<p>第三是劳动市场承受压力。研究认为,AI 提高企业生产效率,不一定同步增加就业机会。若 AI 导致部分工作被取代或劳动参与率下降,缴纳薪资税及个人所得税的人数将减少,依赖政府补助的人数则可能增加。</p>\n\n<p>论文预估,在 AI 带来高度颠覆的情境下,到 2036 年,美国劳动参与率可能下降 3 个百分点,相当于约 600 万人退出劳动市场,冲击规模接近新冠疫情期间,但可能具有长期性,食品补助及身心障碍福利等政府支出也将同步增加。</p>\n\n<p>第四是借贷成本上升。AI 产业快速发展需要大量投资晶片、资料中心及能源等基础设施,可能推高中性利率,进而带动市场利率走升。在美国债务规模已突破 39 兆美元的背景下,即使利率仅小幅提高,也将显著增加联邦政府利息支出。研究估算,到 2036 年,AI 带来的经济成长可能使联邦政府每年额外增加约 600 亿美元偿债成本。</p>\n\n<p>第五则是国防支出攀升。研究指出,AI 快速发展可能引发全球新一轮科技与军事竞赛,各国增加 AI 军事投资后,美国势必面临维持技术优势的压力。研究估计,未来 10 年间,美国累计国防支出可能因此增加超过 3500 亿美元,进一步扩大财政赤字。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,布鲁金斯学会也援引历史经验指出,1990 年代网际网路革命曾推升股市及经济活动,使美国税收占 GDP 比重增加约 2.2%,并于 1992 年至 2002 年间协助削减约 60% 的财政赤字。然而,随着网路泡沫破裂,相关财政效益在短短十年间迅速消失。</p>\n\n<p>研究团队因此认为,AI 确实有望提升美国长期经济成长与政府财政收入,但若未同步推动税制改革、社福制度调整及财政纪律改善,AI 无法单靠技术进步解决美国结构性财政问题。即使名义上可望带来 2.2 兆美元减赤效益,最终真正能实现的财政改善可能仅约 1 兆美元,甚至更少。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-6024.html\" title=\"冲刺AI记忆体!美光投资加码至2500亿美元 美国史上最大晶圆基地加速成形\">冲刺AI记忆体!美光投资加码至2500亿美元 美国史上最大晶圆基地加速成形</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-7304.html\" title=\"矽谷精神之父WAIC现场点赞中国开源AI:未来token成本若至关重要 优势将获凸显\">矽谷精神之父WAIC现场点赞中国开源AI:未来token成本若至关重要 优势将获凸显</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-492.html\" title=\"AI相关产品将占半壁江山!摩根士丹利:2030年全球半导体市场产值冲1.5兆美元\">AI相关产品将占半壁江山!摩根士丹利:2030年全球半导体市场产值冲1.5兆美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-6740.html\" title=\"ASML二度上修财测!AI晶片需求强 点亮全年营收毛利前景\">ASML二度上修财测!AI晶片需求强 点亮全年营收毛利前景</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-11617.html\" title=\"长鑫科技股价飙12%再创高!市值超越腾讯、AI资金转向记忆体与晶片\">长鑫科技股价飙12%再创高!市值超越腾讯、AI资金转向记忆体与晶片</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-2020.html\" title=\"〈美股盘后〉晶片股反弹熄火 费半挫近2% 道琼震荡千点 终场小涨85点\">〈美股盘后〉晶片股反弹熄火 费半挫近2% 道琼震荡千点 终场小涨85点</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-07-14T23:00:13.000Z",
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