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美国发债成本创25年新高 投资人正在警告贝森特

2026-08-21 21:04:12 钜亨网 阅读(13)

美国政府周四标售 250 亿美元 30 年期公债,得标殖利率升至 5.216%,创 2001 年以来、约 25 年最高水准,反映在财政赤字持续扩大之际,投资人要求更高报酬,才愿意为美国政府提供长期融资。

美国发债成本创25年新高 投资人正在警告贝森特

尽管油价下跌支撑美债次级市场表现,此次 30 年期公债标售利率仍攀至高点,整体需求则尚称稳健。就在一天前,美国财政部标售 10 年期公债,得标殖利率也创下 2007 年以来最高。

在 11 月期中选举登场前,居高不下的政府融资成本,已成为美国总统川普与财政部长贝森特的一大难题。历经多年高通膨与政府支出扩张,高昂的融资成本正逐步传导至整体经济。

Allspring Global Investments 全球固定收益团队投资组合经理 Michal Stanczyk 表示:「在各国财政赤字仍然庞大、通膨不确定性持续存在,而且联准会(Fed)已不再是主要买家的情况下,投资人正被要求吸收全球日益增加的政府债务供给。」

他指出,如果投资人持续要求更高的通膨与财政风险补偿,即使美债标售仍获得充分认购,长期殖利率仍可能进一步走高,并远离 5% 水准。

财政部似乎也已注意到这项问题。上周财政部调整发债指引,为未来削减长天期公债供给留下空间。与此同时,即使殖利率已升至数十年高点,投资人仍未急于锁定收益率,显示市场普遍担心这波债市抛售可能尚未结束。

今年以来,长天期美债殖利率一度突破 5%,主因投资人担忧中东战争带动能源价格上涨,可能进一步推升成本压力,迫使 Fed 未来数年维持高利率。此外,多年财政赤字导致美债供给增加,企业为投入人工智慧(AI)热潮而突然大幅举债,以及传统长天期债券买盘需求减弱,也共同推升殖利率。

高殖利率压力 蔓延至房贷与财政

美债殖利率是美国金融市场最重要的定价基准之一,从企业债到房贷利率都受到影响。上周美国 30 年期固定房贷平均利率升至 6.69%,创 2025 年 7 月以来最高。

与此同时,公债利息支出持续成为美国预算赤字的重要推力。本会计年度迄今,美国公债利息支出已达 1.17 兆美元,年增 15%,部分原因正是美债殖利率上升。

惠誉(Fitch Ratings)周四维持美国「AA+」主权信用评等,但警告,在减税与关税退税措施影响下,2026 年美国财政赤字占经济规模的比重将进一步扩大。

周四 30 年期公债得标殖利率略高于纽约时间下午 1 时投标截止前的市场殖利率,显示需求略逊于预期。衡量投标金额与发行规模比例的投标倍数(bid-to-cover ratio)为 2.39 倍,与过去 6 次同类标售平均的 2.36 倍大致相当。

道明证券(TD Securities)美国利率策略主管 Gennadiy Goldberg 表示:「尽管长天期债券确实面临一些逆风,但本周市场对大量供给的吸收能力仍然强劲,显示需求依然存在——只是价格必须够有吸引力。」

此次 5.216% 的融资利率,是美国财政部 2001 年停止发行长天期公债以来最高。当年的决定曾在正式公布前遭泄漏给高盛交易员,引发争议,财政部随后于 2005 年恢复发行 30 年期公债。

然而,今日的市场环境与当年已截然不同。

当时债券投资人正享受长达数十年的多头市场,加上美国联邦政府连年出现预算盈余,市场甚至一度担心美国政府公债供给不足。如今,流通在外的美债规模已是当年的 10 倍,而且仍快速增加,自 2018 年以来已翻倍至约 31 兆美元。

随着传统美债买家逐渐退场,民间市场投资人接手成为重要买盘,但他们也要求更高的殖利率作为补偿。

巴克莱由 Demi Hu 领军的团队指出,随着市场愈来愈依赖对价格敏感的投资人,同样规模的美债供给,可能需要提供更大的殖利率让步,才能顺利被市场消化。

30 年期美债殖利率周四下跌约 4 个基点后,在亚洲早盘持稳于 5.22%。油价下跌,加上生产者物价数据温和,促使交易员降低对 Fed 升息的押注。目前市场预估 Fed 9 月升息机率约 35%,低于本周稍早的约 50%。

Vanguard 固定收益客户投资组合管理主管 Matt Wrzesniewsky 认为,在市场等待 Fed 下次会议前公布的新一轮就业与通膨数据之际,目前的高殖利率已开始展现吸引力。

他表示,如此高的殖利率让投资人「又多了一次进场机会」。Vanguard 预期 10 年期美债殖利率将维持在 4.25% 至 4.75% 区间,并透过这一期限增加投资组合的利率曝险。Wrzesniewsky 表示,相较 30 年期公债,Vanguard 更偏好中段天期债券。

财政部拟调整发债策略

长天期美债未来的标售规模,过去一周已成为市场讨论焦点。财政部官员在最新季度借款政策声明中,意外调整措辞。过去财政部表示,持续评估未来「增加」附息债券与浮动利率债券发行规模的可能性,如今则改称正在评估潜在的「调整」。

债券投资人认为,这项措辞变化提高了财政部削减承压最重的长天期公债发行量的可能性。即使最终没有缩减发行,市场普遍预期,未来财政部若扩大固定收益证券标售规模,重点可能放在 2 年至 7 年期的较短天期公债。

这将延续财政部目前缩短发债期限的策略,亦即将更多发行量转向一年内到期的国库券。这么做虽能避开长天期公债较高的殖利率,却也会提高再融资风险。

BTG Pactual Asset Management US LLC 管理合伙人 John Fath 表示:「我看到唯一明确的解决方案,就是美国政府收紧预算。试图把发债期限全部往短端移的策略,能做的终究有限,对吧?再继续下去,就会变成我所谓的不负责任。」

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    "description": "美国政府周四标售 250 亿美元 30 年期公债,得标殖利率升至 5.216%,创 2001 年以来、约 25 年最高水准,反映在财政赤字持续扩大之际,投资人要求更高报酬,才愿意为美国政府提供长期融资。 尽管油价下跌支撑美债次级市场表现,此次 30 年期公债标售利率仍攀至高点,整体需求则尚称稳健。就在一天前,美国财政部标售 10 年期公债,得标殖利率也创下 2007 年以来最高。 在 11 月期中选举登场前,居高不下的政府融资成本,已成为美国总统川普与财政部长贝森特的一大难题。历经多年高通膨与政",
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    "content": "<p>美国政府周四标售 250 亿美元 30 年期公债,得标殖利率升至 5.216%,创 2001 年以来、约 25 年最高水准,反映在财政赤字持续扩大之际,投资人要求更高报酬,才愿意为美国政府提供长期融资。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6576334/l/71c8b26df7ad9ec35ed647ec1df84f41.jpg\" alt=\"美国发债成本创25年新高 投资人正在警告贝森特\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>尽管油价下跌支撑美债次级市场表现,此次 30 年期公债标售利率仍攀至高点,整体需求则尚称稳健。就在一天前,美国财政部标售 10 年期公债,得标殖利率也创下 2007 年以来最高。</p>\n\n<p>在 11 月期中选举登场前,居高不下的政府融资成本,已成为美国总统川普与财政部长贝森特的一大难题。历经多年高通膨与政府支出扩张,高昂的融资成本正逐步传导至整体经济。</p>\n\n<p>Allspring Global Investments 全球固定收益团队投资组合经理 Michal Stanczyk 表示:「在各国财政赤字仍然庞大、通膨不确定性持续存在,而且联准会(Fed)已不再是主要买家的情况下,投资人正被要求吸收全球日益增加的政府债务供给。」</p>\n\n<p>他指出,如果投资人持续要求更高的通膨与财政风险补偿,即使美债标售仍获得充分认购,长期殖利率仍可能进一步走高,并远离 5% 水准。</p>\n\n<p>财政部似乎也已注意到这项问题。上周财政部调整发债指引,为未来削减长天期公债供给留下空间。与此同时,即使殖利率已升至数十年高点,投资人仍未急于锁定收益率,显示市场普遍担心这波债市抛售可能尚未结束。</p>\n\n<p>今年以来,长天期美债殖利率一度突破 5%,主因投资人担忧中东战争带动能源价格上涨,可能进一步推升成本压力,迫使 Fed 未来数年维持高利率。此外,多年财政赤字导致美债供给增加,企业为投入人工智慧(AI)热潮而突然大幅举债,以及传统长天期债券买盘需求减弱,也共同推升殖利率。</p>\n\n<p><em>高殖利率压力 蔓延至房贷与财政</em></p>\n\n<p>美债殖利率是美国金融市场最重要的定价基准之一,从企业债到房贷利率都受到影响。上周美国 30 年期固定房贷平均利率升至 6.69%,创 2025 年 7 月以来最高。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,公债利息支出持续成为美国预算赤字的重要推力。本会计年度迄今,美国公债利息支出已达 1.17 兆美元,年增 15%,部分原因正是美债殖利率上升。</p>\n\n<p>惠誉(Fitch Ratings)周四维持美国「AA+」主权信用评等,但警告,在减税与关税退税措施影响下,2026 年美国财政赤字占经济规模的比重将进一步扩大。</p>\n\n<p>周四 30 年期公债得标殖利率略高于纽约时间下午 1 时投标截止前的市场殖利率,显示需求略逊于预期。衡量投标金额与发行规模比例的投标倍数(bid-to-cover ratio)为 2.39 倍,与过去 6 次同类标售平均的 2.36 倍大致相当。</p>\n\n<p>道明证券(TD Securities)美国利率策略主管 Gennadiy Goldberg 表示:「尽管长天期债券确实面临一些逆风,但本周市场对大量供给的吸收能力仍然强劲,显示需求依然存在&mdash;&mdash;只是价格必须够有吸引力。」</p>\n\n<p>此次 5.216% 的融资利率,是美国财政部 2001 年停止发行长天期公债以来最高。当年的决定曾在正式公布前遭泄漏给高盛交易员,引发争议,财政部随后于 2005 年恢复发行 30 年期公债。</p>\n\n<p>然而,今日的市场环境与当年已截然不同。</p>\n\n<p>当时债券投资人正享受长达数十年的多头市场,加上美国联邦政府连年出现预算盈余,市场甚至一度担心美国政府公债供给不足。如今,流通在外的美债规模已是当年的 10 倍,而且仍快速增加,自 2018 年以来已翻倍至约 31 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>随着传统美债买家逐渐退场,民间市场投资人接手成为重要买盘,但他们也要求更高的殖利率作为补偿。</p>\n\n<p>巴克莱由 Demi Hu 领军的团队指出,随着市场愈来愈依赖对价格敏感的投资人,同样规模的美债供给,可能需要提供更大的殖利率让步,才能顺利被市场消化。</p>\n\n<p>30 年期美债殖利率周四下跌约 4 个基点后,在亚洲早盘持稳于 5.22%。油价下跌,加上生产者物价数据温和,促使交易员降低对 Fed 升息的押注。目前市场预估 Fed 9 月升息机率约 35%,低于本周稍早的约 50%。</p>\n\n<p>Vanguard 固定收益客户投资组合管理主管 Matt Wrzesniewsky 认为,在市场等待 Fed 下次会议前公布的新一轮就业与通膨数据之际,目前的高殖利率已开始展现吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>他表示,如此高的殖利率让投资人「又多了一次进场机会」。Vanguard 预期 10 年期美债殖利率将维持在 4.25% 至 4.75% 区间,并透过这一期限增加投资组合的利率曝险。Wrzesniewsky 表示,相较 30 年期公债,Vanguard 更偏好中段天期债券。</p>\n\n<p><em>财政部拟调整发债策略</em></p>\n\n<p>长天期美债未来的标售规模,过去一周已成为市场讨论焦点。财政部官员在最新季度借款政策声明中,意外调整措辞。过去财政部表示,持续评估未来「增加」附息债券与浮动利率债券发行规模的可能性,如今则改称正在评估潜在的「调整」。</p>\n\n<p>债券投资人认为,这项措辞变化提高了财政部削减承压最重的长天期公债发行量的可能性。即使最终没有缩减发行,市场普遍预期,未来财政部若扩大固定收益证券标售规模,重点可能放在 2 年至 7 年期的较短天期公债。</p>\n\n<p>这将延续财政部目前缩短发债期限的策略,亦即将更多发行量转向一年内到期的国库券。这么做虽能避开长天期公债较高的殖利率,却也会提高再融资风险。</p>\n\n<p>BTG Pactual Asset Management US LLC 管理合伙人 John Fath 表示:「我看到唯一明确的解决方案,就是美国政府收紧预算。试图把发债期限全部往短端移的策略,能做的终究有限,对吧?再继续下去,就会变成我所谓的不负责任。」</p><div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10384.html\" title=\"美国政府「不会」允许市场崩盘?美银Hartnett「短空长多」、点牛市终结「两讯号」\">美国政府「不会」允许市场崩盘?美银Hartnett「短空长多」、点牛市终结「两讯号」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9601.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉美元持平 日元走弱但仍远高于干预前低点\">〈纽约汇市〉美元持平 日元走弱但仍远高于干预前低点</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3667.html\" title=\"〈辉达股东会〉黄仁勋:AI投资报酬已有答案「有用的AI」正式进入获利时代\">〈辉达股东会〉黄仁勋:AI投资报酬已有答案「有用的AI」正式进入获利时代</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7421.html\" title=\"黄仁勋揭AI新时代蓝图:从GPU到AI工厂  辉达如何重新定义未来运算?\">黄仁勋揭AI新时代蓝图:从GPU到AI工厂  辉达如何重新定义未来运算?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7374.html\" title=\"连锁反应!Kimi K3发布后Anthropic年底IPO估值预期降11% 月之暗面急暂停C端新订阅\">连锁反应!Kimi K3发布后Anthropic年底IPO估值预期降11% 月之暗面急暂停C端新订阅</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-102.html\" title=\"AI投资新主线浮现!华尔街押注「光通讯股」接棒记忆体狂潮\">AI投资新主线浮现!华尔街押注「光通讯股」接棒记忆体狂潮</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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