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美国债务突破40兆美元全球经济会「崩盘」?大摩:答案和多数人直觉相反

2026-08-26 11:43:34 网络 阅读(1)

美国联邦债务正式突破40兆美元,随着美债长天期殖利率持续走高,市场再度担忧庞大政府债务是否可能成为拖累经济、甚至引爆金融危机的风险来源。不过,摩根士丹利最新全球宏观报告指出,40兆美元债务本身未必会直接导致经济崩盘,真正值得关注的风险,反而在高殖利率是否促使大型资金重新配置资产,进而冲击股市估值。

美国债务突破40兆美元全球经济会「崩盘」?大摩:答案和多数人直觉相反

过去10年,美国联邦债务快速增加。从美国建国后约240年间累积20兆美元债务,到近10年再增加约20兆美元,政府负债扩张速度明显加快。包括美国、德国、法国、日本等主要经济体,政府财政赤字在未来两年也没有明显收敛迹象。

然而,债务快速攀升并未如过去部分预测般立即演变成经济停滞。摩根士丹利认为,理解这项反差的关键,在于不能只观察政府部门,而必须从整体经济的资产负债表来看。

政府加杠杆 企业、家庭反而在降杠杆

摩根士丹利指出,过去10年政府债务增加的同时,私人部门的资产负债表反而持续改善,形成「公共部门加杠杆、私人部门降杠杆」的结构。

企业方面,今年全球企业债券发行相当活跃,科技投资热潮及并购活动回温,推动企业融资需求增加。不过,摩根士丹利信用团队认为,这波企业发债潮未必代表信用风险大幅升高,顶多可能带来信用利差小幅扩大。

关键在于企业基本面仍相对稳健。过去10年,美国非金融企业债务占GDP比率大致没有明显上升,甚至低于疫情期间高点;大型科技企业的杠杆率也处于较低水准。人工智慧(AI)投资带来的高报酬率,则支撑企业以更高成本进行融资。

换句话说,目前企业增加借贷,更多是为了投资与扩张,而非依靠新债偿还旧债。

家庭部门的资产负债表同样相对健康。目前美国家庭债务占GDP约67%,低于2000年的70%,较2019年也下降6个百分点。家庭负债中占比最大的房贷,多数是在过去低利率环境下锁定的长期固定利率,利息支出压力相对有限。

另一方面,房地产及金融资产价值过去几年上升,也推升家庭整体净资产。虽然不同所得阶层的财务状况存在差异,低收入家庭承受的债务压力较大,但从整体消费来看,高收入家庭仍具备较强支出能力。

这种政府负债上升、私人部门杠杆下降的现象也不只出现在美国。摩根士丹利指出,欧洲政府债务增加的同时,企业与家庭去杠杆程度更大;日本政府持续增加借贷,但私人部门杠杆率则维持稳定。

真正风险在资产重新配置 而非立即爆发债务危机

不过,摩根士丹利并不认为这代表40兆美元美国国债没有风险。

该行指出,目前美债长天期殖利率持续走高,但市场尚未出现典型的信用危机或美元信心崩溃讯号。10年期美债通膨预期维持在约2.3%,殖利率曲线仍处于正常状态,利率波动率也维持低档。

因此,真正需要留意的并非企业或家庭突然大规模违约,而是高殖利率是否开始改变大型资金的资产配置决策。

目前美国30年期国债实质殖利率约3%,长期投资级公司债殖利率更达6.2%。对保险公司、退休基金等长期资金而言,这样的固定收益报酬已具相当吸引力。

一旦债券提供的风险报酬开始明显优于股票,大型资金可能将资金从股市转往债市,进而形成资产重新配置,对股价估值造成压力。

不过,目前市场尚未出现这种大规模资金转向。摩根士丹利指出,资金流向及股债价格相关性都没有显示投资人正在大举撤出股票、转进债券。

其中一项重要支撑来自美股企业获利。报告指出,今年以来标普500指数上涨13%,同期10年期美债殖利率上升50个基点,但衡量股票相对债券吸引力的股权风险溢价基本没有变化。

原因在于企业获利成长速度大致抵销了殖利率上升带来的估值压力。这也代表,市场接下来的核心问题可能逐渐从「殖利率还会不会继续上升」,转向「企业获利成长能否持续」。

如果企业获利增速开始放缓,高利率对股市估值的压力可能迅速浮现。

英国债券、澳元成摩根士丹利偏好标的

在资产配置方面,摩根士丹利认为,主要经济体财政赤字普遍扩大的环境下,英国是少数财政赤字正在收窄的国家,因此英国通膨连动债具备一定配置价值。

外汇方面,该行持续看好澳元。澳洲政府债务占GDP比率仅49%,财政状况相对稳健,加上利差环境有利,澳元具备一定套息收益吸引力。

至于美股,摩根士丹利维持中性看法。只要企业获利能持续成长,美股仍可能与高利率环境并存;但如果获利增速低于预期,高估值与高利率形成的双重压力,可能迅速反映在股市定价上。

整体而言,摩根士丹利并不认为美国40兆美元债务代表危机即将爆发。私人部门相对健康的资产负债表仍提供一定缓冲,但高利率的影响也不会消失,而可能逐步从实体经济传导至金融市场,最终透过资产估值重新调整的方式反映。

换言之,美国天量债务未必会以突然崩盘的形式引爆危机,更可能透过利率、资金配置及资产估值等管道,逐步改变市场定价。

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    "description": "美国联邦债务突破40兆美元,美债长天期殖利率持续走高。摩根士丹利认为,真正风险未必是债务爆雷,而是高殖利率促使大型资金转向债市,进而压缩美股估值。",
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    "content": "<p>美国联邦债务正式突破40兆美元,随着美债长天期殖利率持续走高,市场再度担忧庞大政府债务是否可能成为拖累经济、甚至引爆金融危机的风险来源。不过,摩根士丹利最新全球宏观报告指出,40兆美元债务本身未必会直接导致经济崩盘,真正值得关注的风险,反而在高殖利率是否促使大型资金重新配置资产,进而冲击股市估值。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6586896/l/34805466a75c3a40a8a4ac11ca90a71c.jpg\" alt=\"美国债务突破40兆美元全球经济会「崩盘」?大摩:答案和多数人直觉相反\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>过去10年,美国联邦债务快速增加。从美国建国后约240年间累积20兆美元债务,到近10年再增加约20兆美元,政府负债扩张速度明显加快。包括美国、德国、法国、日本等主要经济体,政府财政赤字在未来两年也没有明显收敛迹象。</p>\n\n<p>然而,债务快速攀升并未如过去部分预测般立即演变成经济停滞。摩根士丹利认为,理解这项反差的关键,在于不能只观察政府部门,而必须从整体经济的资产负债表来看。</p>\n\n<h6>政府加杠杆 企业、家庭反而在降杠杆</h6>\n\n<p>摩根士丹利指出,过去10年政府债务增加的同时,私人部门的资产负债表反而持续改善,形成「公共部门加杠杆、私人部门降杠杆」的结构。</p>\n\n<p>企业方面,今年全球企业债券发行相当活跃,科技投资热潮及并购活动回温,推动企业融资需求增加。不过,摩根士丹利信用团队认为,这波企业发债潮未必代表信用风险大幅升高,顶多可能带来信用利差小幅扩大。</p>\n\n<p>关键在于企业基本面仍相对稳健。过去10年,美国非金融企业债务占GDP比率大致没有明显上升,甚至低于疫情期间高点;大型科技企业的杠杆率也处于较低水准。人工智慧(AI)投资带来的高报酬率,则支撑企业以更高成本进行融资。</p>\n\n<p>换句话说,目前企业增加借贷,更多是为了投资与扩张,而非依靠新债偿还旧债。</p>\n\n<p>家庭部门的资产负债表同样相对健康。目前美国家庭债务占GDP约67%,低于2000年的70%,较2019年也下降6个百分点。家庭负债中占比最大的房贷,多数是在过去低利率环境下锁定的长期固定利率,利息支出压力相对有限。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,房地产及金融资产价值过去几年上升,也推升家庭整体净资产。虽然不同所得阶层的财务状况存在差异,低收入家庭承受的债务压力较大,但从整体消费来看,高收入家庭仍具备较强支出能力。</p>\n\n<p>这种政府负债上升、私人部门杠杆下降的现象也不只出现在美国。摩根士丹利指出,欧洲政府债务增加的同时,企业与家庭去杠杆程度更大;日本政府持续增加借贷,但私人部门杠杆率则维持稳定。</p>\n\n<h6>真正风险在资产重新配置 而非立即爆发债务危机</h6>\n\n<p>不过,摩根士丹利并不认为这代表40兆美元美国国债没有风险。</p>\n\n<p>该行指出,目前美债长天期殖利率持续走高,但市场尚未出现典型的信用危机或美元信心崩溃讯号。10年期美债通膨预期维持在约2.3%,殖利率曲线仍处于正常状态,利率波动率也维持低档。</p>\n\n<p>因此,真正需要留意的并非企业或家庭突然大规模违约,而是高殖利率是否开始改变大型资金的资产配置决策。</p>\n\n<p>目前美国30年期国债实质殖利率约3%,长期投资级公司债殖利率更达6.2%。对保险公司、退休基金等长期资金而言,这样的固定收益报酬已具相当吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>一旦债券提供的风险报酬开始明显优于股票,大型资金可能将资金从股市转往债市,进而形成资产重新配置,对股价估值造成压力。</p>\n\n<p>不过,目前市场尚未出现这种大规模资金转向。摩根士丹利指出,资金流向及股债价格相关性都没有显示投资人正在大举撤出股票、转进债券。</p>\n\n<p>其中一项重要支撑来自美股企业获利。报告指出,今年以来标普500指数上涨13%,同期10年期美债殖利率上升50个基点,但衡量股票相对债券吸引力的股权风险溢价基本没有变化。</p>\n\n<p>原因在于企业获利成长速度大致抵销了殖利率上升带来的估值压力。这也代表,市场接下来的核心问题可能逐渐从「殖利率还会不会继续上升」,转向「企业获利成长能否持续」。</p>\n\n<p>如果企业获利增速开始放缓,高利率对股市估值的压力可能迅速浮现。</p>\n\n<h6>英国债券、澳元成摩根士丹利偏好标的</h6>\n\n<p>在资产配置方面,摩根士丹利认为,主要经济体财政赤字普遍扩大的环境下,英国是少数财政赤字正在收窄的国家,因此英国通膨连动债具备一定配置价值。</p>\n\n<p>外汇方面,该行持续看好澳元。澳洲政府债务占GDP比率仅49%,财政状况相对稳健,加上利差环境有利,澳元具备一定套息收益吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>至于美股,摩根士丹利维持中性看法。只要企业获利能持续成长,美股仍可能与高利率环境并存;但如果获利增速低于预期,高估值与高利率形成的双重压力,可能迅速反映在股市定价上。</p>\n\n<p>整体而言,摩根士丹利并不认为美国40兆美元债务代表危机即将爆发。私人部门相对健康的资产负债表仍提供一定缓冲,但高利率的影响也不会消失,而可能逐步从实体经济传导至金融市场,最终透过资产估值重新调整的方式反映。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,美国天量债务未必会以突然崩盘的形式引爆危机,更可能透过利率、资金配置及资产估值等管道,逐步改变市场定价。</p><div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3398.html\" title=\"债市出现「不寻常现象」 殖利率剧烈波动将成新常态\">债市出现「不寻常现象」 殖利率剧烈波动将成新常态</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10309.html\" title=\"立地就医!iRhythm 重金收购VitalConnect 抢攻远距心脏监测市场\">立地就医!iRhythm 重金收购VitalConnect 抢攻远距心脏监测市场</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-334.html\" title=\"〈苏姿丰演讲〉苏姿丰:AI推论才真正赚得到钱 正携手供应链快速扩充CPU产能\">〈苏姿丰演讲〉苏姿丰:AI推论才真正赚得到钱 正携手供应链快速扩充CPU产能</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-2577.html\" title=\"台积电CoWoS遇天花板?玻璃基板接棒、英特尔抢先量产\">台积电CoWoS遇天花板?玻璃基板接棒、英特尔抢先量产</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1730.html\" title=\"〈COMPUTEX〉从象山到矽岛 陈立武忆李国鼎拉近与台湾距离\">〈COMPUTEX〉从象山到矽岛 陈立武忆李国鼎拉近与台湾距离</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10640.html\" title=\"苹果20周年「全玻璃iPhone」传喊卡 Jefferies下调苹果评等\">苹果20周年「全玻璃iPhone」传喊卡 Jefferies下调苹果评等</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-08-26T03:10:57.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-08-26T03:43:34.000Z"
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