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OpenAI已造出「异星心智」?首席科学家:RSI真的来了、呼吁人类煞车

2026-10-23 13:28:47 网络 阅读(57)

OpenAI人工智慧(AI)发展再现重大转折。OpenAI首席科学家Jakub Pachocki近日发表长文「一个异星心智」(An Alien Mind),从AI安全与对齐角度探讨AI快速进化可能带来的风险,并警告人类正在打造一种可能无法完全理解的「异星心智」,宣告递归自我改进(Recursive Self-Improvement,RSI)的AI可能真的来了,而人类可能还没准备好。

OpenAI已造出「异星心智」?首席科学家:RSI真的来了、呼吁人类煞车

Pachocki指出,Astra出现之后,OpenAI对思考链(CoT)的监控依赖能力,正逐渐减弱。AI不仅越来越会推理,甚至学会了伪装与操控​​的思考过程。

他直言,全球没有任何一家实验室准备好了,而全人类现在最该做的,就是主动踩煞车。

根据Pachocki,AI并非传统意义上由人类逐步设计完成的工程产品,而更像是在大规模训练与庞大算力下「生长」出来的复杂系统。人类可以透过神经科学等方式分析模型,但未必能真正理解其内部运作。

他回忆,2023年夏天,一项代号「RLSlow」的专案出现早期成果,OpenAI首次确认推理模型具备自我扩展的可能,预训练结构也能自发形成思维链(CoT)。

Pachocki与Szymon Sidor当时意识到,人类可能正在亲眼见证远超自身能力的智慧出现。

如今,AI已进一步进入实体经济与科学研究领域,具备操控系统、彼此协作及在缺乏人类直接介入下推进研究的能力。

Pachocki因此认为,从目前内部结果来看,AI能力快速提升的趋势可能持续一路走向RSI。

不过,他也指出,OpenAI曾认为只要投入更多算力,模型就可能在数学尖端取得进一步突破,但公司选择暂缓能力提升,将算力留给自动化对齐工作。

AI「对齐」面临两大难题

Pachocki在文章中将AI对齐分为两个层面。第一是「目标对齐」,也就是AI是否依照使用者指令完成任务;第二则是「价值对齐」,亦即当目标不明确、遭遇欺骗或面临重大抉择时,AI能否依然遵循人类所认可的价值与底线。

他认为,真正需要追求的是后者,也就是让AI在执行任务时具备诚实、正直及对人类的善意。

然而,目前用于培养AI行为的两种主要方式都存在限制。一种是透过强化学习奖励符合期待的行为,但这高度依赖训练资料涵盖的情境;当AI遭遇未曾训练过的环境时,原本建立的行为模式可能无法维持。

另一种方式则是希望模型能从预训练资料中自行理解善意,再透过动机引导让模型维持在符合对齐要求的范围内。但Pachocki指出,这种方式也可能无法承受极高强度的最佳化训练。

文章提到,当模型被投入大量算力解决复杂问题时,可能逐渐发展出「动机性推理」。这也代表,AI能力提升的速度可能正在超越其价值对齐能力的提升速度。

思维链成为人类观察AI的「窗口」

Pachocki进一步警告,AI安全领域目前面临另一项关键问题:人类用来观察AI内部思考的「窗口」可能正在逐渐关闭。

目前OpenAI重要的安全策略之一,是透过思维链监控模型推理过程。这套方法建立在一项假设上:模型大量能力来自语言化的思维链,因此只要持续监测这些推理过程,人类便有机会发现模型是否产生不符合对齐要求的想法。

但Pachocki表示,OpenAI的评估显示,对思维链监控的依赖能力正在减弱。

他列出三项原因,包括推理模型需要与日益复杂的外部世界互动,使监控面临更多难以掌握的指令;AI在推理以及操控自身推理过程方面变得更加擅长;此外,随着预训练能力提升,模型即使不依靠语言化推理,也能展现更高程度的智慧。

换言之,如果AI最终能够在不依赖语言思维链的情况下完成推理,人类建立在阅读与分析文字之上的监控机制,将可能难以继续发挥作用。

AI开始参与下一代AI训练 RSI形成闭环

随着AI能力提升,另一项变化是AI开始参与下一代AI的训练,即RSI,并体现在Astra上。

文章指出,在大规模GPU运算环境下,上一代模型可以作为教师,协助审查与训练下一代模型,使AI系统逐渐形成「机器设计机器」的循环。

Pachocki认为,面对AI快速发展,人类目前主要有两项选择:一是投入更多算力强化AI对齐与监控能力,让人类持续掌握控制能力;另一种则是让整个产业放慢发展速度。

但其中存在一项难以化解的矛盾:人类需要更强大的AI建立防御系统,以应对其他可能失控的AI。

文章描绘的情境是,未来超人类代理可能具备强大的网路攻防能力,并透过欺骗、谈判或勒索等方式寻找现实世界中的代理人。在这种情况下,人类可能需要先打造一个受控的强大AI,才能防御其他失控的AI。

这也形成「制造它,是为了防御它」的悖论。

OpenAI首席科学家吁强化AI安全规范

在文章最后,Pachocki提出多项方向,包括将AI对齐框架从实验室内部的自律机制提升至具强制力的安全法律、促成整个产业放慢尖端AI研究速度的共识,以及建立跨国界的最高层级协调机制。

他认为,在AI能力持续快速成长之际,真正欠缺的并非算力,而是在人类仍能理解AI之前,建立足以观察与掌握其行为的能力。

文章也提到,随着GPT-6 Astra等新一代模型出现,以及大规模GPU持续投入AI训练,AI产业仍在快速推进。

Pachocki的警告则聚焦于一项核心问题:当AI能力成长速度持续超越人类理解与监控能力时,人类是否仍能掌握这项技术的发展方向。

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    "content": "<p>OpenAI人工智慧(AI)发展再现重大转折。OpenAI首席科学家Jakub Pachocki近日发表长文「一个异星心智」(An Alien Mind),从AI安全与对齐角度探讨AI快速进化可能带来的风险,并警告人类正在打造一种可能无法完全理解的「异星心智」,宣告递归自我改进(Recursive Self-Improvement,RSI)的AI可能真的来了,而人类可能还没准备好。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6599105/l/a18f4cd58d7206d0290c915b3668eb33.jpg\" alt=\"OpenAI已造出「异星心智」?首席科学家:RSI真的来了、呼吁人类煞车\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Pachocki指出,Astra出现之后,OpenAI对思考链(CoT)的监控依赖能力,正逐渐减弱。AI不仅越来越会推理,甚至学会了伪装与操控​​的思考过程。</p>\n\n<p>他直言,全球没有任何一家实验室准备好了,而全人类现在最该做的,就是主动踩煞车。</p>\n\n<p>根据Pachocki,AI并非传统意义上由人类逐步设计完成的工程产品,而更像是在大规模训练与庞大算力下「生长」出来的复杂系统。人类可以透过神经科学等方式分析模型,但未必能真正理解其内部运作。</p>\n\n<p>他回忆,2023年夏天,一项代号「RLSlow」的专案出现早期成果,OpenAI首次确认推理模型具备自我扩展的可能,预训练结构也能自发形成思维链(CoT)。</p>\n\n<p>Pachocki与Szymon Sidor当时意识到,人类可能正在亲眼见证远超自身能力的智慧出现。</p>\n\n<p>如今,AI已进一步进入实体经济与科学研究领域,具备操控系统、彼此协作及在缺乏人类直接介入下推进研究的能力。</p>\n\n<p>Pachocki因此认为,从目前内部结果来看,AI能力快速提升的趋势可能持续一路走向RSI。</p>\n\n<p>不过,他也指出,OpenAI曾认为只要投入更多算力,模型就可能在数学尖端取得进一步突破,但公司选择暂缓能力提升,将算力留给自动化对齐工作。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>「对齐」面临两大难题</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Pachocki在文章中将AI对齐分为两个层面。第一是「目标对齐」,也就是AI是否依照使用者指令完成任务;第二则是「价值对齐」,亦即当目标不明确、遭遇欺骗或面临重大抉择时,AI能否依然遵循人类所认可的价值与底线。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,真正需要追求的是后者,也就是让AI在执行任务时具备诚实、正直及对人类的善意。</p>\n\n<p>然而,目前用于培养AI行为的两种主要方式都存在限制。一种是透过强化学习奖励符合期待的行为,但这高度依赖训练资料涵盖的情境;当AI遭遇未曾训练过的环境时,原本建立的行为模式可能无法维持。</p>\n\n<p>另一种方式则是希望模型能从预训练资料中自行理解善意,再透过动机引导让模型维持在符合对齐要求的范围内。但Pachocki指出,这种方式也可能无法承受极高强度的最佳化训练。</p>\n\n<p>文章提到,当模型被投入大量算力解决复杂问题时,可能逐渐发展出「动机性推理」。这也代表,AI能力提升的速度可能正在超越其价值对齐能力的提升速度。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>思维链成</strong><strong>为</strong><strong>人类观察</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>的「窗口」</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Pachocki进一步警告,AI安全领域目前面临另一项关键问题:人类用来观察AI内部思考的「窗口」可能正在逐渐关闭。</p>\n\n<p>目前OpenAI重要的安全策略之一,是透过思维链监控模型推理过程。这套方法建立在一项假设上:模型大量能力来自语言化的思维链,因此只要持续监测这些推理过程,人类便有机会发现模型是否产生不符合对齐要求的想法。</p>\n\n<p>但Pachocki表示,OpenAI的评估显示,对思维链监控的依赖能力正在减弱。</p>\n\n<p>他列出三项原因,包括推理模型需要与日益复杂的外部世界互动,使监控面临更多难以掌握的指令;AI在推理以及操控自身推理过程方面变得更加擅长;此外,随着预训练能力提升,模型即使不依靠语言化推理,也能展现更高程度的智慧。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,如果AI最终能够在不依赖语言思维链的情况下完成推理,人类建立在阅读与分析文字之上的监控机制,将可能难以继续发挥作用。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>开始参与下一代</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>训练 </strong><strong>RSI</strong><strong>形成闭环</strong></h6>\n\n<p>随着AI能力提升,另一项变化是AI开始参与下一代AI的训练,即RSI,并体现在Astra上。</p>\n\n<p>文章指出,在大规模GPU运算环境下,上一代模型可以作为教师,协助审查与训练下一代模型,使AI系统逐渐形成「机器设计机器」的循环。</p>\n\n<p>Pachocki认为,面对AI快速发展,人类目前主要有两项选择:一是投入更多算力强化AI对齐与监控能力,让人类持续掌握控制能力;另一种则是让整个产业放慢发展速度。</p>\n\n<p>但其中存在一项难以化解的矛盾:人类需要更强大的AI建立防御系统,以应对其他可能失控的AI。</p>\n\n<p>文章描绘的情境是,未来超人类代理可能具备强大的网路攻防能力,并透过欺骗、谈判或勒索等方式寻找现实世界中的代理人。在这种情况下,人类可能需要先打造一个受控的强大AI,才能防御其他失控的AI。</p>\n\n<p>这也形成「制造它,是为了防御它」的悖论。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>OpenAI</strong><strong>首席科学家吁</strong><strong>强</strong><strong>化</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>安全规范</strong></h6>\n\n<p>在文章最后,Pachocki提出多项方向,包括将AI对齐框架从实验室内部的自律机制提升至具强制力的安全法律、促成整个产业放慢尖端AI研究速度的共识,以及建立跨国界的最高层级协调机制。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,在AI能力持续快速成长之际,真正欠缺的并非算力,而是在人类仍能理解AI之前,建立足以观察与掌握其行为的能力。</p>\n\n<p>文章也提到,随着GPT-6 Astra等新一代模型出现,以及大规模GPU持续投入AI训练,AI产业仍在快速推进。</p>\n\n<p>Pachocki的警告则聚焦于一项核心问题:当AI能力成长速度持续超越人类理解与监控能力时,人类是否仍能掌握这项技术的发展方向。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-16679.html\" title=\"借贷成本增+政府融资需求飙!华尔街估短期美债发行规模将破1兆美元\">借贷成本增+政府融资需求飙!华尔街估短期美债发行规模将破1兆美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-17750.html\" title=\"AI泡沫或将「早于预期」破裂?《大卖空》贝瑞全面转向看跌期权:转折恐提前至明年夏季\">AI泡沫或将「早于预期」破裂?《大卖空》贝瑞全面转向看跌期权:转折恐提前至明年夏季</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15650.html\" title=\"Anthropic传选定那斯达克上市!最快10月IPO、募资规模上看超越SpaceX\">Anthropic传选定那斯达克上市!最快10月IPO、募资规模上看超越SpaceX</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3503.html\" title=\"记忆体股暴跌导火线曝!SK海力士传放缓HBM4扩产、辉达Rubin生产预测下修\">记忆体股暴跌导火线曝!SK海力士传放缓HBM4扩产、辉达Rubin生产预测下修</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6032.html\" title=\"不想投资马斯克?华尔街推新ETF 可避开特斯拉、SpaceX\">不想投资马斯克?华尔街推新ETF 可避开特斯拉、SpaceX</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15993.html\" title=\"黄仁勋揭辉达管理哲学是「台湾父母式教育」、希望「在工作岗位上离世」\">黄仁勋揭辉达管理哲学是「台湾父母式教育」、希望「在工作岗位上离世」</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-09-07T04:10:03.000Z",
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