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「新债王」冈拉克:Fed应升息2码 美股估值逼近危险区

2026-10-31 13:23:41 网络 阅读(61)

DoubleLine Capital投资长冈拉克(Jeffrey Gundlach) 周三 (16 日) 表示,市场已由过度乐观转入高风险阶段,未来6至9个月可能更加艰难。面对通膨压力、AI融资快速扩张及私人信贷风险累积,他不仅主张联准会 (Fed) 应一次升息2码,也已将个人投资组合中的AI曝险降至零,全面提高防御性资产比重。

「新债王」冈拉克:Fed应升息2码 美股估值逼近危险区

冈拉克近日受访时表示,市场乐观情绪约在今年6月达到高峰,当时的气氛让他联想到1999年科技泡沫及2006年金融危机前夕,投资人普遍抱持「不可能亏钱」的心态。

不过,信用市场已开始出现转折讯号。部分AI相关债券发行后不久便跌破发行价,低评级贷款价格走弱,显示投资人对高风险资产的态度正在改变。

「我们已经跨入艰难的一侧,未来6到9个月都将如此。」冈拉克说。

通膨压力未除 冈拉克认为Fed应升息2码

在总体经济方面,冈拉克最担心的是Fed低估通膨风险。

Fed周三 (16 日) 升息1码后,冈拉克接受CNBC《Closing Bell》访问时表示,央行应一次升息2码,再根据后续数据决定下一步,并将这项策略称为「震撼后收手」(stun and done)。

冈拉克指出,2年期美债殖利率一度比联邦资金利率高出逾100个基点,反映市场利率预期明显高于Fed政策利率。一次升息2码可使政策利率更接近债市反映的水准,也能更明确展现Fed抑制通膨的决心。

他认为,2年期美债殖利率通常领先Fed政策方向,周三的市场走势再次支持这项看法。反映短期利率预期的2年期美债殖利率当天下午上升约7个基点,报约4.717%。

冈拉克也批评Fed主席华许的会后记者会内容有限,政策讯息不够明确,因此美股在记者会期间扩大跌势并不令人意外。道琼盘中一度下跌约700点,卖压在华许发言期间及结束后加剧。

对于华许成立专案小组、检视Fed关键运作领域的安排,冈拉克也持保留态度。他将此比喻为经营陷入困境的企业聘请顾问,最终可能只得到内部人员希望听见的答案。

高利率未压低估值 美股风险进一步升高

冈拉克指出,美债殖利率过去6个月上升约75个基点,但美股估值不降反升,代表股市估值与利率环境之间的落差持续扩大。

目前标普500指数的席勒循环调整本益比 (Shiller CAPE) 已升至42。根据他的观察,该指标过去每次升破35后,标普500未来10年的通膨调整后报酬均为负值,最常见的结果是年化实质报酬约负5%。

冈拉克进一步推算,若未来通膨率维持在2%,标普500未来10年的名目报酬也可能转为负值。

他认为,在估值处于高档、利率持续上升的环境下,股市承受的压力已明显增加,而AI相关企业又大量举债扩张,使风险进一步向信用市场延伸。

AI信贷率先转弱 资本扩张走向极端

冈拉克表示,信用市场过去数月的表现已开始分化。较高评级银行贷款仍上涨约4%,但CCC级银行贷款价格已下跌数个百分点,总报酬下滑约5%至6%,反映投资人开始重新评估低评级资产的违约风险。

AI与非AI信用资产之间的差距更加明显。非AI高收益债券与银行贷款仍相对稳健,信用利差几乎没有扩大;AI相关垃圾债券利差则较低点扩大约50个基点,AI相关银行贷款利差更扩大约130个基点。

冈拉克认为,AI产业的资本扩张已达到极端程度。超大规模云端服务商及AI业者对资金需求强劲,即使信用利差扩大,或融资成本再上升200个基点,也可能继续举债投资。

部分业者预估的潜在市场规模甚至相当于全球国内生产毛额 (GDP) 的四分之一。冈拉克认为,这项假设无法成立,争夺AI主导地位的竞赛势必产生输家,最终可能引发风险资产新一轮大幅回档。

他以SpaceX为例指出,该公司债券虽获得投资等级最低一级的BBB-评级,市场价格反映的信用品质却较该评级低约3个级距,显示债券投资人并不完全认同评级结果。

冈拉克也质疑部分小型评级机构的独立性,并警告私人信贷公司与旗下保险公司之间可能存在评级套利。

私人信贷是引信 保险公司是炸弹

冈拉克认为,AI信贷只是信用市场风险的一部分,私人信贷与保险业之间日益复杂的资金关系,可能在下一轮景气下行时造成更严重后果。

他以「私人信贷是引信,保险公司是炸弹」形容两者之间的风险链。

冈拉克指出,部分私募股权业者收购保险公司后,要求旗下保险公司购买同一集团发行的私人信贷产品,再透过设于巴贝多或开曼群岛等地的离岸再保险公司转移风险,使美国监管机构难以掌握完整曝险。

他还提到,某家陷入困境的投资机构旗下保险公司,其关系人投资占比由3%升至42%,约一半资产评级来自一家仅有25名员工的小型机构。他认为,该机构是否具备足够人力完成相关评级工作,值得质疑。

冈拉克将这种情况与2006年前后的担保债务凭证 (CDO) 评级问题相提并论。部分曾获AAA评级的不动产抵押贷款证券,到2009年3月价格一度跌破面额的30%,并长时间低于60%。他认为,部分保险公司未来也可能面临类似风险。

因此,冈拉克建议购买年金或人寿保险的投资人,优先考虑以保户利益为核心的互助保险公司,而非由私募股权业者控制的保险公司。

股票降至30% AI曝险全面清零

因应上述风险,冈拉克已将股票占投资组合的比重由上一季40%降至30%,并完全退出AI相关投资,警示未来6到9月应全面进入防御姿态。

股票部位全部配置于等权重指数,以营收最高的约440家公司进行等权重投资,降低大型AI企业对整体组合的影响。他表示,这种配置可将AI曝险降至接近零,尽可能远离风险集中的区域。

固定收益资产同样占30%,并采取哑铃式配置。一半投资于高信用品质、且不持有公司债的总报酬基金;另一半配置于殖利率超过7%的本币新兴市场债券。

实体资产占20%,其中黄金与大宗商品ETF各占10%。冈拉克先前在金价突破每盎司5,000美元时,把黄金比重由10%降至5%;随金价回落至约4,300美元,他已重新提高至10%。其持有的大宗商品ETF年初以来上涨38%。

其余20%资产作为可灵活调度的「干火药」,分别配置于殖利率约6%的短天期商业不动产ETF及弹性债券基金。整体投资组合殖利率约6.25%,存续期间仅2年。冈拉克表示,即使市场利率再上升200个基点,组合仍可维持正报酬。

冈拉克预期,一旦AI投资及私人市场进入清算阶段,市场可能出现庞大的纾困压力。然而,与2008年金融危机不同,政府这次将更难以「保护一般家庭」为由,向公众解释为何需要救助华尔街的专业投资人。

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    "description": "DoubleLine Capital投资长冈拉克(Jeffrey Gundlach) 称,不仅主张联准会 (Fed) 应一次升息2码,也已将个人投资组合中的AI曝险降至零,全面提高防御性资产比重。",
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    "content": "<p>DoubleLine Capital投资长冈拉克(Jeffrey Gundlach) 周三 (16 日) 表示,市场已由过度乐观转入高风险阶段,未来6至9个月可能更加艰难。面对通膨压力、AI融资快速扩张及私人信贷风险累积,他<em><strong>不仅主张联准会 (Fed) 应一次升息2码,也已将个人投资组合中的AI曝险降至零,全面提高防御性资产比重。</strong></em></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6608565/l/103926439707890ec94021d2f1606600.jpg\" alt=\"「新债王」冈拉克:Fed应升息2码 美股估值逼近危险区\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>冈拉克近日受访时表示,市场乐观情绪约在今年6月达到高峰,当时的气氛让他联想到1999年科技泡沫及2006年金融危机前夕,投资人普遍抱持「不可能亏钱」的心态。</p>\n\n<p>不过,信用市场已开始出现转折讯号。部分AI相关债券发行后不久便跌破发行价,低评级贷款价格走弱,显示投资人对高风险资产的态度正在改变。</p>\n\n<p>「我们已经跨入艰难的一侧,未来6到9个月都将如此。」冈拉克说。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:1.2em\"><em><strong>通膨压力未除 冈拉克认为Fed应升息2码</strong></em></span></p>\n\n<p>在总体经济方面,冈拉克最担心的是Fed低估通膨风险。</p>\n\n<p>Fed周三 (16 日) 升息1码后,冈拉克接受CNBC《Closing Bell》访问时表示,央行应一次升息2码,再根据后续数据决定下一步,并将这项策略称为「震撼后收手」(stun and done)。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克指出,2年期美债殖利率一度比联邦资金利率高出逾100个基点,反映市场利率预期明显高于Fed政策利率。一次升息2码可使政策利率更接近债市反映的水准,也能更明确展现Fed抑制通膨的决心。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,2年期美债殖利率通常领先Fed政策方向,周三的市场走势再次支持这项看法。反映短期利率预期的2年期美债殖利率当天下午上升约7个基点,报约4.717%。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克也批评Fed主席华许的会后记者会内容有限,政策讯息不够明确,因此美股在记者会期间扩大跌势并不令人意外。道琼盘中一度下跌约700点,卖压在华许发言期间及结束后加剧。</p>\n\n<p>对于华许成立专案小组、检视Fed关键运作领域的安排,冈拉克也持保留态度。他将此比喻为经营陷入困境的企业聘请顾问,最终可能只得到内部人员希望听见的答案。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:1.2em\"><em><strong>高利率未压低估值 美股风险进一步升高</strong></em></span></p>\n\n<p>冈拉克指出,美债殖利率过去6个月上升约75个基点,但美股估值不降反升,代表股市估值与利率环境之间的落差持续扩大。</p>\n\n<p>目前标普500指数的席勒循环调整本益比 (Shiller CAPE) 已升至42。根据他的观察,该指标过去每次升破35后,标普500未来10年的通膨调整后报酬均为负值,最常见的结果是年化实质报酬约负5%。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克进一步推算,若未来通膨率维持在2%,标普500未来10年的名目报酬也可能转为负值。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,在估值处于高档、利率持续上升的环境下,股市承受的压力已明显增加,而AI相关企业又大量举债扩张,使风险进一步向信用市场延伸。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:1.2em\"><em><strong>AI信贷率先转弱 资本扩张走向极端</strong></em></span></p>\n\n<p>冈拉克表示,信用市场过去数月的表现已开始分化。较高评级银行贷款仍上涨约4%,但CCC级银行贷款价格已下跌数个百分点,总报酬下滑约5%至6%,反映投资人开始重新评估低评级资产的违约风险。</p>\n\n<p>AI与非AI信用资产之间的差距更加明显。非AI高收益债券与银行贷款仍相对稳健,信用利差几乎没有扩大;AI相关垃圾债券利差则较低点扩大约50个基点,AI相关银行贷款利差更扩大约130个基点。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克认为,AI产业的资本扩张已达到极端程度。超大规模云端服务商及AI业者对资金需求强劲,即使信用利差扩大,或融资成本再上升200个基点,也可能继续举债投资。</p>\n\n<p>部分业者预估的潜在市场规模甚至相当于全球国内生产毛额 (GDP) 的四分之一。冈拉克认为,这项假设无法成立,争夺AI主导地位的竞赛势必产生输家,最终可能引发风险资产新一轮大幅回档。</p>\n\n<p>他以SpaceX为例指出,该公司债券虽获得投资等级最低一级的BBB-评级,市场价格反映的信用品质却较该评级低约3个级距,显示债券投资人并不完全认同评级结果。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克也质疑部分小型评级机构的独立性,并警告私人信贷公司与旗下保险公司之间可能存在评级套利。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:1.2em\"><em><strong>私人信贷是引信 保险公司是炸弹</strong></em></span></p>\n\n<p>冈拉克认为,AI信贷只是信用市场风险的一部分,私人信贷与保险业之间日益复杂的资金关系,可能在下一轮景气下行时造成更严重后果。</p>\n\n<p>他以「私人信贷是引信,保险公司是炸弹」形容两者之间的风险链。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克指出,部分私募股权业者收购保险公司后,要求旗下保险公司购买同一集团发行的私人信贷产品,再透过设于巴贝多或开曼群岛等地的离岸再保险公司转移风险,使美国监管机构难以掌握完整曝险。</p>\n\n<p>他还提到,某家陷入困境的投资机构旗下保险公司,其关系人投资占比由3%升至42%,约一半资产评级来自一家仅有25名员工的小型机构。他认为,该机构是否具备足够人力完成相关评级工作,值得质疑。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克将这种情况与2006年前后的担保债务凭证 (CDO) 评级问题相提并论。部分曾获AAA评级的不动产抵押贷款证券,到2009年3月价格一度跌破面额的30%,并长时间低于60%。他认为,部分保险公司未来也可能面临类似风险。</p>\n\n<p>因此,冈拉克建议购买年金或人寿保险的投资人,优先考虑以保户利益为核心的互助保险公司,而非由私募股权业者控制的保险公司。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size:1.2em\"><em><strong>股票降至30% AI曝险全面清零</strong></em></span></p>\n\n<p>因应上述风险,冈拉克已将股票占投资组合的比重由上一季40%降至30%,并完全退出AI相关投资,警示未来6到9月应全面进入防御姿态。</p>\n\n<p>股票部位全部配置于等权重指数,以营收最高的约440家公司进行等权重投资,降低大型AI企业对整体组合的影响。他表示,这种配置可将AI曝险降至接近零,尽可能远离风险集中的区域。</p>\n\n<p>固定收益资产同样占30%,并采取哑铃式配置。一半投资于高信用品质、且不持有公司债的总报酬基金;另一半配置于殖利率超过7%的本币新兴市场债券。</p>\n\n<p>实体资产占20%,其中黄金与大宗商品ETF各占10%。冈拉克先前在金价突破每盎司5,000美元时,把黄金比重由10%降至5%;随金价回落至约4,300美元,他已重新提高至10%。其持有的大宗商品ETF年初以来上涨38%。</p>\n\n<p>其余20%资产作为可灵活调度的「干火药」,分别配置于殖利率约6%的短天期商业不动产ETF及弹性债券基金。整体投资组合殖利率约6.25%,存续期间仅2年。冈拉克表示,即使市场利率再上升200个基点,组合仍可维持正报酬。</p>\n\n<p>冈拉克预期,一旦AI投资及私人市场进入清算阶段,市场可能出现庞大的纾困压力。然而,与2008年金融危机不同,政府这次将更难以「保护一般家庭」为由,向公众解释为何需要救助华尔街的专业投资人。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6613.html\" title=\"〈财报〉高盛Q2营收突破200亿美元、EPS翻倍 表现远优于预期\">〈财报〉高盛Q2营收突破200亿美元、EPS翻倍 表现远优于预期</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6672.html\" title=\"真人般的AI伙伴!OpenAI首款硬体装置传为智慧音箱\">真人般的AI伙伴!OpenAI首款硬体装置传为智慧音箱</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9451.html\" title=\"微软创26年来最强三日!年初失土全收复 AI布局开始开花结果\">微软创26年来最强三日!年初失土全收复 AI布局开始开花结果</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-22603.html\" title=\"英特尔盘前暴跌近25% 拖累半导体族群 辉达盘前挫2.8%\">英特尔盘前暴跌近25% 拖累半导体族群 辉达盘前挫2.8%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-18463.html\" title=\"传台积电可能参加Terafab晶圆项目 马斯克:仅处于讨论阶段 但可能有所进展\">传台积电可能参加Terafab晶圆项目 马斯克:仅处于讨论阶段 但可能有所进展</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-17516.html\" title=\"《纽约客》AI建设速度惊人 科技巨头为何难以共同防范AI风险?\">《纽约客》AI建设速度惊人 科技巨头为何难以共同防范AI风险?</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-09-17T02:20:09.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-31T05:23:41.000Z"
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