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OpenAI、Anthropic遇新威胁 AI初创掀自建模型潮

2026-09-22 09:28:17 网络 阅读(3)

人工智慧(AI)模型成本持续攀升, 正促使愈来愈多AI初创企业重新评估对OpenAI与Anthropic等大型模型公司的依赖, 并转向采用可自行下载、修改及训练的开放权重(open-weight)模型。这项趋势不仅有望降低AI应用公司的营运成本, 也可能对OpenAI与Anthropic未来的营收成长及商业模式带来压力。

OpenAI、Anthropic遇新威胁 AI初创掀自建模型潮

法律科技新创Harvey是这波转变的代表案例。这家估值达156亿美元的公司原本主要依赖OpenAI的GPT-4等模型, 为律师提供专业AI服务。但今年3月Harvey更新AI代理工具后, 客户使用量大幅增加, 同时推升模型运算成本, 毛利率从今年初约50%骤降至6月的负50%, 显示AI服务需求快速成长未必能直接转化为更高获利。

Harvey表示, 今年AI token使用量已增加20倍。若持续依赖OpenAI与Anthropic的高成本模型, 这样的使用增幅难以维持原有商业模式。因此, Harvey开始采用开放权重模型, 并于8月推出自己的AI模型, 以中国Moonshot AI的Kimi K3为基础进行开发。知情人士表示, 新模型的表现接近Anthropic最先进的模型, 但成本仅为其一小部分; 配合其他AI使用方式调整后, Harvey的毛利率已重新转为正值。

所谓开放权重模型, 是将模型参数公开供外部开发者下载与修改, 让企业可以利用自身资料进行后训练及客制化, 而不必完全依赖大型AI公司的封闭模型。对AI应用企业而言, 这不仅可以降低每次模型呼叫的成本, 也能增加对技术架构的控制权。

这项转变正在不同产业扩散。医疗科技新创Abridge已宣布建立针对临床场景的客制化基础模型, 并以NVIDIA (NVDA-US)的开放模型为基础。AI客服新创Decagon目前已有80%的查询透过自有模型处理; 金融科技公司Ramp与金融AI新创Rogo也开始评估自行训练模型。

在程式开发领域, Cursor及估值480亿美元的Cognition已是较早推出客制化模型的AI应用公司。Cursor目前已成为SpaceX旗下公司。这显示AI应用企业的竞争焦点, 正从单纯取得最强大的基础模型, 逐渐转向如何以更低成本建立符合自身业务需求的模型。

Ramp共同执行长Karim Atiyeh表示, 公司过去认为自行建立模型在经济上完全不合理, 但开放权重AI模型的能力大幅提升后, 情况已开始改变。Ramp今年6月完成7.5亿美元募资, 目前正评估首次自行训练模型。Atiyeh指出, 一年前自行建立模型「完全没有意义」, 如今随着开放模型进步, 经济效益开始变得更加合理。

创投业者也开始支持这项趋势。Sequoia Capital与General Catalyst均参与支持相关企业, 原因之一是自行掌握模型可以降低AI支出, 同时让企业不必完全将关键技术能力外包给OpenAI或Anthropic。

AI模型成本问题之所以受到关注, 也与企业使用量快速增加有关。部分AI公司目前不只支付模型订阅费, 还必须按照模型使用量支付额外费用。OpenAI与Anthropic近来均推出价格较低的模型, 以回应客户对成本的疑虑, 但企业仍需负担大量token使用费。

例如, Uber今年便在4月前耗尽全年AI预算。原因之一是工程师被鼓励最大化使用Anthropic的Claude Code, 使AI使用量快速增加。这类案例凸显, 当AI代理工具被大量导入企业工作流程后, 模型使用量可能呈现爆炸式成长, 同时也可能迅速推高成本。

AI初创企业转向自行建立模型, 对OpenAI与Anthropic而言尤其值得关注, 因为两家公司本身也正积极向AI应用市场延伸。两家公司今年均加速招募人才、推出外挂及不同产业的试点计划, 涵盖法律、金融及医疗等领域, 与原本使用其模型的AI初创企业形成更直接的竞争关系。

Anthropic近期曾向投资人展示AI初创企业自行建立模型的趋势, 并将Rogo及医疗AI公司OpenEvidence列入相关简报。Anthropic也提到Harvey自身的AI模型开发, 但指出Harvey在处理最复杂的工作时, 仍需要使用Claude Opus等先进模型。这反映出企业自行建立模型并不意味着完全放弃OpenAI或Anthropic, 而更可能形成「自有模型处理大量一般任务, 顶尖闭源模型处理复杂任务」的混合模式。

对AI初创企业而言, 开放权重模型另一项吸引力在于降低供应商依赖。近期SpaceX完成收购Cursor后, OpenAI便宣布暂停Cursor使用其模型的权限, 理由是Cursor过去曾涉及Elon Musk旗下企业违反OpenAI服务条款的情况。这类事件也让部分企业开始思考, 如果核心产品高度依赖单一模型供应商, 一旦供应商改变商业策略或终止服务, 可能直接影响自身产品运作。

不过, 自行建立或调整模型也存在明显障碍。首先是人才成本。具备模型训练与后训练能力的AI工程师供不应求, 顶尖人才年薪可能达到数百万美元, 同时还面临被OpenAI及Anthropic等大型AI公司挖角的风险。

其次是资料问题。企业若希望建立真正具有竞争力的专用模型, 必须取得大量高品质且具专业性的资料。Harvey无法直接使用客户敏感的法律资料训练模型, 因此需要透过AI资料公司Mercor取得相关专业资料与能力。

此外, 执行开放模型也并非必然比使用闭源模型便宜。企业下载模型后, 仍需自行负担运算基础设施、模型托管及维护成本。对流量规模较小的初创企业而言, 直接按照使用量支付闭源模型费用, 有时反而更具经济效益。

部分企业也已发现自行建立模型未必值得。Salespeak过去曾计划建立自己的大型语言模型, 但经过数个月测试后放弃, 因为公司认为与市场上现成的Anthropic及OpenAI模型相比, 自建模型没有带来足够优势。

因此, 目前AI产业更可能出现模型混用, 而非全面由闭源模型转向开放模型。Redpoint Ventures董事总经理Logan Bartlett表示, AI初创企业降低对Anthropic模型的依赖趋势可能持续, 但当企业需要最强大的AI能力时, 仍会使用最好的模型, 即使价格较高。

这项趋势也发生在OpenAI与Anthropic准备进入公开资本市场之际。Anthropic的年化营收截至7月底已突破650亿美元, 相较2025年底约90亿美元大幅增加; OpenAI的年化营收则在今年7月突破400亿美元。Anthropic预估2028年营收约可达1,900亿至2,000亿美元。

但随着企业客户开始寻找更便宜的模型, 两家公司的营收成长能否持续, 将取决于其高阶模型相对开放权重模型的性能优势是否足以支撑价格差距。另一方面, AI应用市场本身仍快速成长, 因此部分企业即使增加自有模型使用比例, 仍可能继续采用OpenAI与Anthropic处理最复杂的任务。

对整个AI产业而言, 这意味着模型供应商与应用公司之间的价值分配可能正在改变。当开放权重模型性能逐步接近顶尖闭源模型, AI初创企业便有更多选择, 可以根据任务、成本及资料控制需求在不同模型之间切换。这将使OpenAI与Anthropic不仅面临彼此之间的竞争, 也必须面对愈来愈成熟的开放模型生态系统。

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OpenAI、Anthropic高阶模型仍具优势,但自建与混用模式扩散,将压力其营收成长。",
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    "content": "<p>人工智慧(AI)模型成本持续攀升, 正促使愈来愈多AI初创企业重新评估对OpenAI与Anthropic等大型模型公司的依赖, 并转向采用可自行下载、修改及训练的开放权重(open-weight)模型。这项趋势不仅有望降低AI应用公司的营运成本, 也可能对OpenAI与Anthropic未来的营收成长及商业模式带来压力。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6612617/l/ab4c8f67d4a2ff686abb3220f159ac6d.jpg\" alt=\"OpenAI、Anthropic遇新威胁 AI初创掀自建模型潮\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>法律科技新创Harvey是这波转变的代表案例。这家估值达156亿美元的公司原本主要依赖OpenAI的GPT-4等模型, 为律师提供专业AI服务。但今年3月Harvey更新AI代理工具后, 客户使用量大幅增加, 同时推升模型运算成本, 毛利率从今年初约50%骤降至6月的负50%, 显示AI服务需求快速成长未必能直接转化为更高获利。</p>\n\n<p>Harvey表示, 今年AI token使用量已增加20倍。若持续依赖OpenAI与Anthropic的高成本模型, 这样的使用增幅难以维持原有商业模式。因此, Harvey开始采用开放权重模型, 并于8月推出自己的AI模型, 以中国Moonshot AI的Kimi K3为基础进行开发。知情人士表示, 新模型的表现接近Anthropic最先进的模型, 但成本仅为其一小部分; 配合其他AI使用方式调整后, Harvey的毛利率已重新转为正值。</p>\n\n<p>所谓开放权重模型, 是将模型参数公开供外部开发者下载与修改, 让企业可以利用自身资料进行后训练及客制化, 而不必完全依赖大型AI公司的封闭模型。对AI应用企业而言, 这不仅可以降低每次模型呼叫的成本, 也能增加对技术架构的控制权。</p>\n\n<p>这项转变正在不同产业扩散。医疗科技新创Abridge已宣布建立针对临床场景的客制化基础模型, 并以NVIDIA (NVDA-US)的开放模型为基础。AI客服新创Decagon目前已有80%的查询透过自有模型处理; 金融科技公司Ramp与金融AI新创Rogo也开始评估自行训练模型。</p>\n\n<p>在程式开发领域, Cursor及估值480亿美元的Cognition已是较早推出客制化模型的AI应用公司。Cursor目前已成为SpaceX旗下公司。这显示AI应用企业的竞争焦点, 正从单纯取得最强大的基础模型, 逐渐转向如何以更低成本建立符合自身业务需求的模型。</p>\n\n<p>Ramp共同执行长Karim Atiyeh表示, 公司过去认为自行建立模型在经济上完全不合理, 但开放权重AI模型的能力大幅提升后, 情况已开始改变。Ramp今年6月完成7.5亿美元募资, 目前正评估首次自行训练模型。Atiyeh指出, 一年前自行建立模型「完全没有意义」, 如今随着开放模型进步, 经济效益开始变得更加合理。</p>\n\n<p>创投业者也开始支持这项趋势。Sequoia Capital与General Catalyst均参与支持相关企业, 原因之一是自行掌握模型可以降低AI支出, 同时让企业不必完全将关键技术能力外包给OpenAI或Anthropic。</p>\n\n<p>AI模型成本问题之所以受到关注, 也与企业使用量快速增加有关。部分AI公司目前不只支付模型订阅费, 还必须按照模型使用量支付额外费用。OpenAI与Anthropic近来均推出价格较低的模型, 以回应客户对成本的疑虑, 但企业仍需负担大量token使用费。</p>\n\n<p>例如, Uber今年便在4月前耗尽全年AI预算。原因之一是工程师被鼓励最大化使用Anthropic的Claude Code, 使AI使用量快速增加。这类案例凸显, 当AI代理工具被大量导入企业工作流程后, 模型使用量可能呈现爆炸式成长, 同时也可能迅速推高成本。</p>\n\n<p>AI初创企业转向自行建立模型, 对OpenAI与Anthropic而言尤其值得关注, 因为两家公司本身也正积极向AI应用市场延伸。两家公司今年均加速招募人才、推出外挂及不同产业的试点计划, 涵盖法律、金融及医疗等领域, 与原本使用其模型的AI初创企业形成更直接的竞争关系。</p>\n\n<p>Anthropic近期曾向投资人展示AI初创企业自行建立模型的趋势, 并将Rogo及医疗AI公司OpenEvidence列入相关简报。Anthropic也提到Harvey自身的AI模型开发, 但指出Harvey在处理最复杂的工作时, 仍需要使用Claude Opus等先进模型。这反映出企业自行建立模型并不意味着完全放弃OpenAI或Anthropic, 而更可能形成「自有模型处理大量一般任务, 顶尖闭源模型处理复杂任务」的混合模式。</p>\n\n<p>对AI初创企业而言, 开放权重模型另一项吸引力在于降低供应商依赖。近期SpaceX完成收购Cursor后, OpenAI便宣布暂停Cursor使用其模型的权限, 理由是Cursor过去曾涉及Elon Musk旗下企业违反OpenAI服务条款的情况。这类事件也让部分企业开始思考, 如果核心产品高度依赖单一模型供应商, 一旦供应商改变商业策略或终止服务, 可能直接影响自身产品运作。</p>\n\n<p>不过, 自行建立或调整模型也存在明显障碍。首先是人才成本。具备模型训练与后训练能力的AI工程师供不应求, 顶尖人才年薪可能达到数百万美元, 同时还面临被OpenAI及Anthropic等大型AI公司挖角的风险。</p>\n\n<p>其次是资料问题。企业若希望建立真正具有竞争力的专用模型, 必须取得大量高品质且具专业性的资料。Harvey无法直接使用客户敏感的法律资料训练模型, 因此需要透过AI资料公司Mercor取得相关专业资料与能力。</p>\n\n<p>此外, 执行开放模型也并非必然比使用闭源模型便宜。企业下载模型后, 仍需自行负担运算基础设施、模型托管及维护成本。对流量规模较小的初创企业而言, 直接按照使用量支付闭源模型费用, 有时反而更具经济效益。</p>\n\n<p>部分企业也已发现自行建立模型未必值得。Salespeak过去曾计划建立自己的大型语言模型, 但经过数个月测试后放弃, 因为公司认为与市场上现成的Anthropic及OpenAI模型相比, 自建模型没有带来足够优势。</p>\n\n<p>因此, 目前AI产业更可能出现模型混用, 而非全面由闭源模型转向开放模型。Redpoint Ventures董事总经理Logan Bartlett表示, AI初创企业降低对Anthropic模型的依赖趋势可能持续, 但当企业需要最强大的AI能力时, 仍会使用最好的模型, 即使价格较高。</p>\n\n<p>这项趋势也发生在OpenAI与Anthropic准备进入公开资本市场之际。Anthropic的年化营收截至7月底已突破650亿美元, 相较2025年底约90亿美元大幅增加; OpenAI的年化营收则在今年7月突破400亿美元。Anthropic预估2028年营收约可达1,900亿至2,000亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>但随着企业客户开始寻找更便宜的模型, 两家公司的营收成长能否持续, 将取决于其高阶模型相对开放权重模型的性能优势是否足以支撑价格差距。另一方面, AI应用市场本身仍快速成长, 因此部分企业即使增加自有模型使用比例, 仍可能继续采用OpenAI与Anthropic处理最复杂的任务。</p>\n\n<p>对整个AI产业而言, 这意味着模型供应商与应用公司之间的价值分配可能正在改变。当开放权重模型性能逐步接近顶尖闭源模型, AI初创企业便有更多选择, 可以根据任务、成本及资料控制需求在不同模型之间切换。这将使OpenAI与Anthropic不仅面临彼此之间的竞争, 也必须面对愈来愈成熟的开放模型生态系统。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9844.html\" title=\"IonQ揭量子运算财报季序幕 营收暴增近4倍、上修全年财测\">IonQ揭量子运算财报季序幕 营收暴增近4倍、上修全年财测</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7224.html\" title=\"〈美股早盘〉晶片股卖压未止!主要指数开低 台积电ADR挫逾5%\">〈美股早盘〉晶片股卖压未止!主要指数开低 台积电ADR挫逾5%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6830.html\" title=\"川普这次选对人了?巴菲特力挺华许掌Fed\">川普这次选对人了?巴菲特力挺华许掌Fed</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5303.html\" title=\"美股重点新闻摘要2026年7月7日\">美股重点新闻摘要2026年7月7日</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5769.html\" title=\"〈美股早盘〉川普重燃中东战火疑虑 主要指数开低、避险情绪升温\">〈美股早盘〉川普重燃中东战火疑虑 主要指数开低、避险情绪升温</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11286.html\" title=\"AI热潮延烧 10大科技股EPS惊喜出炉 Sandisk、美光包办前两名\">AI热潮延烧 10大科技股EPS惊喜出炉 Sandisk、美光包办前两名</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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