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纳入6280亿美元表外承诺后 Meta估值「贵了」35%?分析师揭财务盲点

2026-10-05 14:17:39 网络 阅读(1)

Meta(META-US) 庞大的表外负债正引发市场对科技巨头估值方式的重新检视。投资银行 Needham 分析师指出,若将 Meta 高达 6280 亿美元的表外承诺纳入企业价值(EV),其估值倍数将上升 35%,显示传统估值指标可能低估了投资人实际承担的财务义务。

纳入6280亿美元表外承诺后  Meta估值「贵了」35%?分析师揭财务盲点

Needham 分析师 Laura Martin 近日发布研究报告指出,企业的租赁与合约承诺即使未列入资产负债表,仍应纳入企业价值计算。

她随后接受 《CNBC》访问时表示,Meta 帐面债务与租赁负债合计约 1000 亿美元,表外负债却高达 6000 亿美元,若未将这些义务纳入估值,企业价值就可能被低估 35%。

不过,这套估值方法若一致套用至其他科技巨头,结果却出现不同变化。

Needham 的调整显示,Google 母公司 Alphabet (GOOGL-US) 经修正后的 2027 会计年度预估企业价值营收比(EV/FY27E Revenue)达 9 倍,反而高于 Meta 的 8.3 倍,代表Google的估值可能比 Meta 更昂贵。

更值得注意的是,Meta 的表外义务仍在快速增加。公司 7 月单月新增约 680 亿美元资料中心租赁承诺,凸显 AI 基础设施投资持续扩张,也让市场开始关注,科技巨头庞大的未来支出是否已充分反映在股价与信用风险定价之中。

Meta 表外负债是帐面债务 5.6 倍

Needham 的估值分析主要建立在一项原则上:股东价值应是企业偿还债务及履行其他合约义务后所剩余的价值。因此,无论相关承诺在会计上如何分类,只要未来可能形成实际支出,就应纳入企业价值评估。

截至 2026 年 6 月底,Meta 表内债务与租赁负债合计约 1120 亿美元,表外负债则高达 6280 亿美元,规模是表内负债的 5.6 倍,显示公司尚有大量未列入资产负债表的财务承诺。

根据 Meta 第二季 10-Q 财报附注 9,这些表外义务主要分为两大类。

第一类是尚未开始执行的营业租赁与融资租赁义务,金额约 2790 亿美元,涵盖资料中心、托管设施及部分网路基础设施,租期从 2026 年延伸至 2036 年,最长可达 30 年。

第二类则是约 3493 亿美元的不可撤销合约承诺,主要涉及第三方云端运算容量、伺服器与网路基础设施投资、资料中心建设,以及 Reality Labs 消费性硬体产品。其中,约 535 亿美元将于 2026 年到期,另有约 817 亿美元于 2027 年到期。

此外,Meta 还有最高约 147 亿美元的云端运算容量或有采购义务。

将上述表外负债纳入企业价值后,Meta的EV/FY27E营收倍数将由6.15倍升至8.32倍,增幅达35%。

AI 基础设施投资加速 科技巨头表外承诺持续膨胀

Meta 的表外负债规模还未反映最新的租赁承诺。公司在第二季 10-Q 财报中揭露,2026 年 7 月,也就是第二季结束后,又新增约 680 亿美元资料中心租赁义务。

这笔新增承诺相当于 Meta 截至 6 月底约 840 亿美元帐面债务的 80%,也使尚未开始执行的租赁义务在第三季尚未结束前便增加逾 10%。

Needham 因此认为,Meta 第三季的表外义务仍在快速扩张。

这并非单一企业的现象。高盛信贷策略师 Amanda Lynam 今年 8 月发布的研究显示,截至第二季财报季,超大规模云端业者的租赁承诺合计达 1.5 兆美元,其中约 1 兆美元来自尚未开始执行的租约。

由于美国一般公认会计原则(GAAP)的租赁会计规定,这些尚未生效的租赁承诺不会立即列入财务报表,却可能在未来数年形成实际付款义务。

Lynam 警告,这种会计处理可能低估企业杠杆与未来流动性需求,并预期 AI 相关企业将持续面临额外的信用利差风险溢价。

摩根士丹利会计研究团队则在 8 月底扩大统计范围,将辉达(NVDA-US) 、博通(AVGO-US) 及各类担保与兜底安排纳入计算,估计相关表外承诺总额超过 3.1 兆美元。

根据 ZeroHedge 追踪数据,截至 9 月 30 日,超大规模科技公司的表外负债已达 3.8 兆美元,较第二季底增加约 7000 亿美元。

Google调整后估值反超 Meta 表外负债影响重新评估

Needham 原始研究的另一项争议,在于不同科技公司的表外承诺是否采用一致的计算方式。

该行原先在分析亚马逊(AMZN-US) 与Google时,未将两家公司不可撤销的合约承诺纳入计算。然而,两家公司财报其实都揭露了相关义务。

Alphabet 第二季 10-Q 财报列出约 7070 亿美元长期采购承诺,与摩根士丹利采用的数字一致;亚马逊则揭露约 1300 亿美元无条件采购义务。这些承诺与 Needham 纳入 Meta 估值的合约义务性质相近。

若将相同方法一致套用于三家公司,估值结果将出现明显变化。

Alphabet 的企业价值调整幅度将从原先的 3% 扩大至 21%,调整后 EV/2027 会计年度预估营收倍数升至 9 倍,高于 Meta 的 8.3 倍。亚马逊的企业价值调整幅度则从 9% 提高至 14%。

至于 Meta,若进一步纳入 7 月新增的 680 亿美元租赁承诺、Hyperion 与 El Paso 资料中心计划的担保风险,以及 147 亿美元或有云端采购义务,调整幅度将进一步提高至约 42%。

这代表 Meta 的表外杠杆相对规模仍是三家企业中最高,但原先以 Meta 估值上修 35%、Google仅上修 3% 作为比较,并未充分反映 Alphabet 的合约承诺。经过一致性调整后,Google反而成为 EV/营收倍数较高的公司。

表外负债是否已反映在股价?自由现金流压力升高

市场对庞大合约承诺是否应视为债务,仍存在不同看法。

支持者认为,采购承诺与传统债务不同,企业签订这些合约,主要是为了取得伺服器、云端运算容量及晶片等资源,相关投资未来有望转化为营收。

此外,Meta 揭露的 6280 亿美元表外负债属于未折现金额,若以现值计算,对企业价值的冲击将相对缩小。

不过,这类合约也伴随需求变化的风险。摩根士丹利指出,当供应紧张时,企业签订的采购合约有助于确保取得关键资源;但若供需提前恢复正常,企业可能必须承担过剩产能成本,或设法重新协商合约条件。

换言之,采购承诺能否不被视为沉重负担,取决于企业未来是否仍需要这些资源,以及相关投资能否创造足够回报。

企业现金流也开始承受压力。摩根士丹利指出,亚马逊与 Alphabet 第二季自由现金流已转为负值,Meta 预计也将在下一季进入负值区间。

债券市场同样反映科技业融资需求的变化。高盛数据显示,超大规模科技公司今年债券发行规模已达 2500 亿美元,远高于 2024 年不到 200 亿美元的水准。

高盛预估,2027 年相关发行量将进一步攀升至 4200 亿美元,且尚未计入透过特殊目的公司(SPV)发行的资料中心融资。

这类融资安排正是摩根士丹利指出的表外结构重要组成部分。

Needham 目前维持对 Meta 的「持有」评级,但除了表外负债问题,也对公司同时推进多项业务的策略提出疑虑。

Laura Martin 指出,Meta 正积极布局客制化晶片、资料中心、企业 AI、商业代理、模型 API、算力销售及智慧眼镜等多个领域,可能使管理阶层注意力、工程人才与股东资本分散。在庞大的合约承诺下,公司犯错与调整策略的空间也将受到压缩。

Meta 预计于 10 月底公布第三季 10-Q 财报。随着 7 月新增的 680 亿美元资料中心租赁承诺已经确定,市场接下来将关注最新财报如何呈现持续扩张的表外义务,以及这些承诺对企业估值与财务风险的实际影响。

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        {
          "id": 45,
          "pid": 36,
          "name": "期货公司",
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    "content": "<p>Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 庞大的表外负债正引发市场对科技巨头估值方式的重新检视。投资银行 Needham 分析师指出,若将 Meta 高达 6280 亿美元的表外承诺纳入企业价值(EV),其估值倍数将上升 35%,显示传统估值指标可能低估了投资人实际承担的财务义务。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6621342/l/dafb174106c73b149781cc74208c56fb.jpg\" alt=\"纳入6280亿美元表外承诺后  Meta估值「贵了」35%?分析师揭财务盲点\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Needham 分析师 Laura Martin 近日发布研究报告指出,企业的租赁与合约承诺即使未列入资产负债表,仍应纳入企业价值计算。</p>\n\n<p>她随后接受 《CNBC》访问时表示,Meta 帐面债务与租赁负债合计约 1000 亿美元,表外负债却高达 6000 亿美元,若未将这些义务纳入估值,企业价值就可能被低估 35%。</p>\n\n<p>不过,这套估值方法若一致套用至其他科技巨头,结果却出现不同变化。</p>\n\n<p>Needham 的调整显示,Google 母公司 Alphabet (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 经修正后的 2027 会计年度预估企业价值营收比(EV/FY27E Revenue)达 9 倍,反而高于 Meta 的 8.3 倍,代表Google的估值可能比 Meta 更昂贵。</p>\n\n<p>更值得注意的是,Meta 的表外义务仍在快速增加。公司 7 月单月新增约 680 亿美元资料中心租赁承诺,凸显 AI 基础设施投资持续扩张,也让市场开始关注,科技巨头庞大的未来支出是否已充分反映在股价与信用风险定价之中。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>Meta </strong><strong>表外负债是帐面债务</strong><strong> 5.6 </strong><strong>倍</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Needham 的估值分析主要建立在一项原则上:股东价值应是企业偿还债务及履行其他合约义务后所剩余的价值。因此,无论相关承诺在会计上如何分类,只要未来可能形成实际支出,就应纳入企业价值评估。</p>\n\n<p>截至 2026 年 6 月底,Meta 表内债务与租赁负债合计约 1120 亿美元,表外负债则高达 6280 亿美元,规模是表内负债的 5.6 倍,显示公司尚有大量未列入资产负债表的财务承诺。</p>\n\n<p>根据 Meta 第二季 10-Q 财报附注 9,这些表外义务主要分为两大类。</p>\n\n<p>第一类是尚未开始执行的营业租赁与融资租赁义务,金额约 2790 亿美元,涵盖资料中心、托管设施及部分网路基础设施,租期从 2026 年延伸至 2036 年,最长可达 30 年。</p>\n\n<p>第二类则是约 3493 亿美元的不可撤销合约承诺,主要涉及第三方云端运算容量、伺服器与网路基础设施投资、资料中心建设,以及 Reality Labs 消费性硬体产品。其中,约 535 亿美元将于 2026 年到期,另有约 817 亿美元于 2027 年到期。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Meta 还有最高约 147 亿美元的云端运算容量或有采购义务。</p>\n\n<p>将上述表外负债纳入企业价值后,Meta的EV/FY27E营收倍数将由6.15倍升至8.32倍,增幅达35%。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI </strong><strong>基础设施投资加速</strong><strong> </strong><strong>科技巨头表外承诺持续膨胀</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Meta 的表外负债规模还未反映最新的租赁承诺。公司在第二季 10-Q 财报中揭露,2026 年 7 月,也就是第二季结束后,又新增约 680 亿美元资料中心租赁义务。</p>\n\n<p>这笔新增承诺相当于 Meta 截至 6 月底约 840 亿美元帐面债务的 80%,也使尚未开始执行的租赁义务在第三季尚未结束前便增加逾 10%。</p>\n\n<p>Needham 因此认为,Meta 第三季的表外义务仍在快速扩张。</p>\n\n<p>这并非单一企业的现象。高盛信贷策略师 Amanda Lynam 今年 8 月发布的研究显示,截至第二季财报季,超大规模云端业者的租赁承诺合计达 1.5 兆美元,其中约 1 兆美元来自尚未开始执行的租约。</p>\n\n<p>由于美国一般公认会计原则(GAAP)的租赁会计规定,这些尚未生效的租赁承诺不会立即列入财务报表,却可能在未来数年形成实际付款义务。</p>\n\n<p>Lynam 警告,这种会计处理可能低估企业杠杆与未来流动性需求,并预期 AI 相关企业将持续面临额外的信用利差风险溢价。</p>\n\n<p>摩根士丹利会计研究团队则在 8 月底扩大统计范围,将辉达(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 、博通(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AVGO:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AVGO-US</a>) 及各类担保与兜底安排纳入计算,估计相关表外承诺总额超过 3.1 兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>根据 ZeroHedge 追踪数据,截至 9 月 30 日,超大规模科技公司的表外负债已达 3.8 兆美元,较第二季底增加约 7000 亿美元。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>Google</strong><strong>调整后估</strong><strong>值</strong><strong>反超</strong><strong> Meta </strong><strong>表外负债影响重新评估</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Needham 原始研究的另一项争议,在于不同科技公司的表外承诺是否采用一致的计算方式。</p>\n\n<p>该行原先在分析亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 与Google时,未将两家公司不可撤销的合约承诺纳入计算。然而,两家公司财报其实都揭露了相关义务。</p>\n\n<p>Alphabet 第二季 10-Q 财报列出约 7070 亿美元长期采购承诺,与摩根士丹利采用的数字一致;亚马逊则揭露约 1300 亿美元无条件采购义务。这些承诺与 Needham 纳入 Meta 估值的合约义务性质相近。</p>\n\n<p>若将相同方法一致套用于三家公司,估值结果将出现明显变化。</p>\n\n<p>Alphabet 的企业价值调整幅度将从原先的 3% 扩大至 21%,调整后 EV/2027 会计年度预估营收倍数升至 9 倍,高于 Meta 的 8.3 倍。亚马逊的企业价值调整幅度则从 9% 提高至 14%。</p>\n\n<p>至于 Meta,若进一步纳入 7 月新增的 680 亿美元租赁承诺、Hyperion 与 El Paso 资料中心计划的担保风险,以及 147 亿美元或有云端采购义务,调整幅度将进一步提高至约 42%。</p>\n\n<p>这代表 Meta 的表外杠杆相对规模仍是三家企业中最高,但原先以 Meta 估值上修 35%、Google仅上修 3% 作为比较,并未充分反映 Alphabet 的合约承诺。经过一致性调整后,Google反而成为 EV/营收倍数较高的公司。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>表外负债是否已反映在股价?自由现金流压力升高</strong></h6>\n\n<p>市场对庞大合约承诺是否应视为债务,仍存在不同看法。</p>\n\n<p>支持者认为,采购承诺与传统债务不同,企业签订这些合约,主要是为了取得伺服器、云端运算容量及晶片等资源,相关投资未来有望转化为营收。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Meta 揭露的 6280 亿美元表外负债属于未折现金额,若以现值计算,对企业价值的冲击将相对缩小。</p>\n\n<p>不过,这类合约也伴随需求变化的风险。摩根士丹利指出,当供应紧张时,企业签订的采购合约有助于确保取得关键资源;但若供需提前恢复正常,企业可能必须承担过剩产能成本,或设法重新协商合约条件。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,采购承诺能否不被视为沉重负担,取决于企业未来是否仍需要这些资源,以及相关投资能否创造足够回报。</p>\n\n<p>企业现金流也开始承受压力。摩根士丹利指出,亚马逊与 Alphabet 第二季自由现金流已转为负值,Meta 预计也将在下一季进入负值区间。</p>\n\n<p>债券市场同样反映科技业融资需求的变化。高盛数据显示,超大规模科技公司今年债券发行规模已达 2500 亿美元,远高于 2024 年不到 200 亿美元的水准。</p>\n\n<p>高盛预估,2027 年相关发行量将进一步攀升至 4200 亿美元,且尚未计入透过特殊目的公司(SPV)发行的资料中心融资。</p>\n\n<p>这类融资安排正是摩根士丹利指出的表外结构重要组成部分。</p>\n\n<p>Needham 目前维持对 Meta 的「持有」评级,但除了表外负债问题,也对公司同时推进多项业务的策略提出疑虑。</p>\n\n<p>Laura Martin 指出,Meta 正积极布局客制化晶片、资料中心、企业 AI、商业代理、模型 API、算力销售及智慧眼镜等多个领域,可能使管理阶层注意力、工程人才与股东资本分散。在庞大的合约承诺下,公司犯错与调整策略的空间也将受到压缩。</p>\n\n<p>Meta 预计于 10 月底公布第三季 10-Q 财报。随着 7 月新增的 680 亿美元资料中心租赁承诺已经确定,市场接下来将关注最新财报如何呈现持续扩张的表外义务,以及这些承诺对企业估值与财务风险的实际影响。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3305.html\" title=\"Fed转鹰抗通膨?美银惊人预测:今年升息3次 2028年前不降息\">Fed转鹰抗通膨?美银惊人预测:今年升息3次 2028年前不降息</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-529.html\" title=\"HBM、DRAM和NAND产能跟不上AI需求!美光:记忆体荒将持续到2026年后\">HBM、DRAM和NAND产能跟不上AI需求!美光:记忆体荒将持续到2026年后</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9609.html\" title=\"〈财报〉超微Q2营收飙50% 获利增163% 资料中心翻倍成长 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