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AI算力租金恐崩?高盛示警供给扩张恐冲击投资回报 现货、合约价差逾2倍

2026-10-12 06:32:18 网络 阅读(1)

美国人工智慧(AI)算力租赁市场正出现明显的价格落差,短期现货租金远高于长期合约价格,反映大型云端业者对算力的迫切需求,也凸显市场供需失衡的现况。不过,随着资料中心与算力基础设施加速扩张,当前高昂的租赁价格能否持续,已成为市场关注焦点。

AI算力租金恐崩?高盛示警供给扩张恐冲击投资回报   现货、合约价差逾2倍

高盛分析指出,每吉瓦(GW)AI算力的年化收入,短期现货租赁约为400亿至500亿美元,长期合约则约为200亿至300亿美元。

相较之下,超大规模云端服务商自建算力的损益两平门槛约为每吉瓦每年120亿美元。

高盛认为,Google(GOOGL-US) 等大型云端业者之所以愿意支付高额溢价租用算力,主要是因为自建产能尚未跟上需求。

一旦自建资料中心陆续投产、供给瓶颈缓解,现货市场的稀缺溢价便可能消退,超算云业者的收入与获利也将面临压力。

AI算力现货租金每吉瓦年化最高500亿美元

从近期合约来看,高价租赁并非个别业者的特殊现象。高盛指出,SpaceX过去一季宣布两笔新的算力托管合约,并表示相关合约采用每吉瓦300亿至500亿美元历史议价区间的高端价格。

其他超算云业者的合约价格同样居高不下。

Nebius(NBIS-US) 今年8月披露,第三季短期算力合约的价格约为每吉瓦400亿至500亿美元;CoreWeave(CRWV-US) 近期短期合约则约为400亿美元。

IREN披露的近期三年期合约价格超过200亿美元,洽谈中的合约约为250亿美元,Nebius的长期合约价格也落在200亿至250亿美元区间。

德意志银行分析师Edison Yu进一步拆解SpaceX各项合约的GPU使用时数价格,估算Google与Reflection AI的合约约为每百万瓦(MW)5,000万至5,100万美元,另有两家未具名客户约为6,000万至6,100万美元,换算后最高达每吉瓦610亿美元,GB300晶片的每小时租金则接近14美元。

然而,短期现货价格约为长期合约的两倍。

在大宗商品市场,当短期价格高于长期价格时,通常称为「逆价差」(Backwardation)。这种现象可能反映市场认为目前的供应短缺具有阶段性,而非永久性的结构问题。

企业愿意为短期取得算力支付额外费用,也显示其急于满足当前需求,却未必愿意以相同价格承诺长期采购。

高盛估算,超算云业者建置每吉瓦算力的全包资本支出约为420亿美元。若以每年400亿至500亿美元的现货租赁收入计算,理论上约一年即可回收建置成本;即使采用每年200亿美元的长期合约价格,也约需两年。

不过,高盛特别提醒,多数托管合约允许双方在90天内取消,因此若直接以目前价格推算至合约原定到期日,可能高估实际可实现的收入。

高盛估算:大型云端业者每吉瓦年收入门槛约116亿美元

高盛科技分析团队先前针对大型云端业者的AI资本支出进行回报测算,估计Alphabet、亚马逊(AMZN-US) 、微软(MSFT-US) 、Meta(META-US) 、甲骨文(ORCL-US) 及SpaceX(SPCX-US) 等六家业者,必须在2028年至2030年间累计创造约1.42兆美元的AI收入,才能让2026年至2027年的AI算力投资达到15%的投入资本报酬率(ROIC)。

换算下来,所需收入约为每吉瓦每年116亿美元。即使将ROIC目标提高至30%,并采用较高的资本支出假设,每吉瓦所需年收入仍不超过186亿美元。

相较之下,目前短期超算云租赁价格约为上述基本回报门槛的2至4倍。

这也凸显自建与租赁之间的经济效益差异。以Google为例,若以每吉瓦约450亿美元的年化价格租用SpaceX算力,成本远高于高盛估算的大型云端业者自建算力所需的回报门槛。

高盛的分析指出,云端业者愿意承担高额租金,关键在于自建产能尚未到位。但随着自建资料中心逐步扩充,企业对外部算力租赁的依赖可能下降,现货租金也将面临下行压力。

Token收入难以支撑高昂算力成本

AI算力租赁的另一项挑战,在于终端AI服务收入能否支撑高昂的基础设施成本。

摩根大通分析师Gokul Hariharan提出相对乐观的估算,认为尖端模型业者的推论业务毛利率可达60%至80%,每吉瓦算力可创造200亿至400亿美元的年化Token收入,明显高于2025年约100亿美元的水准。

但若以每年450亿美元租用一吉瓦算力,并假设算力成本占Token收入的20%至40%,业者必须创造约1,100亿至2,250亿美元的Token销售收入,才有机会覆盖算力成本并达到获利。

这相当于摩根大通乐观预测区间的约3至11倍,显示即使AI模型需求持续成长,终端服务收入也未必足以支撑当前的高价算力租赁模式。

因此,部分超算云业者的算力需求,可能并非完全来自可直接变现的付费服务,而是用于训练下一代AI模型,并仰赖后续股权或债务融资支应相关成本。

Rothschild Redburn分析师Alexander Haissl上月对CoreWeave与Nebius发布卖出评等时,也提出类似疑虑,认为AI模型训练需求能否持续,取决于外部资本是否充裕。

AI产业收入存在重复计算问题

除了算力成本与终端收入之间的落差,AI产业的收入统计方式也可能放大市场对整体商机的认知。

以企业采购AI服务为例,企业支付费用给Anthropic后,相关支出可能被纳入Anthropic的总收入;云端合作伙伴AWS或Google再将自身取得的分成计入云端收入。

若云端业者的算力不足,进一步向SpaceX或CoreWeave租用算力,后者也会将相关费用列为托管收入;而超算云业者向辉达(NVDA-US) 采购晶片时,相关支出又会成为辉达的资料中心收入。

因此,沿着AI产业链加总各家公司的收入,可能将同一笔终端支出重复计入多次,使整体产业收入看起来远高于最终客户实际支付的金额。

近期AI类股下跌,也凸显投资人对AI业者营收规模与成长速度的敏感度。《金融时报》报导,OpenAI截至9月底的年化收入约为500亿美元,低于市场先前流传的约700亿美元月度经常性收入(MRR)数字。

不过,高盛科技、媒体与电信(TMT)专家Sean Johnstone指出,Anthropic与OpenAI采用的收入认列口径有所不同。

Anthropic较接近总收入概念,将云端合作伙伴所取得的客户支出纳入收入,并将合作伙伴分成列为成本;OpenAI则较接近净收入,只计入自身取得的收入份额。

当投资人试图将OpenAI的数据调整为总收入口径时,便可能推算出更高的收入数字。高盛认为,这起事件凸显市场对私人AI公司的营收轨迹高度敏感,也反映不同公司的财务口径可能使市场比较失真。

《彭博》报导也指出,即使是500亿美元的年化收入数字,本身仍是根据较短期间的销售表现推算而来,不能直接视为已实现的全年收入。

41吉瓦算力若按现货价格计算,每年需1.8兆美元收入

高盛的测算进一步显示,目前的算力现货价格难以直接套用至整个AI产业的建置规模。

若以六大业者2026年至2027年的AI资本支出推算,并按照高盛估计的每吉瓦每年116亿美元收入需求计算,相关投资规模约对应41吉瓦的AI算力。

不同租赁价格所对应的收入需求差距相当显著:

  • 依15% ROIC门槛计算:每吉瓦每年约116亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约4,700亿美元收入。
  • 依长期托管合约价格计算:每吉瓦每年约200亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约8,100亿美元收入。
  • 依短期现货租金计算:每吉瓦每年约450亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约1.8兆美元收入。

相较之下,市场对AI终端收入的预期仍存在明显差距。资料显示,三家领先AI实验室7月合计年化收入约为1,000亿美元;投资人Brad Gerstner认为,年底收入需要达到1,800亿至2,000亿美元,才能维持市场对AI投资的乐观逻辑。

高盛投资组合策略团队则表示,市场目前需要看到AI年化收入达约3,000亿美元的实际证据。

这些数字显示,现货租赁价格反映的主要是当前稀缺算力的边际价格,而不是整体产业大规模建置算力后,仍能持续实现的平均价格。

高盛TMT团队因此认为,未来投资回报将愈来愈取决于能否挑选出真正的赢家,而非一味持有所有与AI资本支出相关的标的。

SpaceX算力规模快速扩张,稀缺溢价恐逐步收敛

供给端的变化,可能进一步加速算力租金回归。

高盛预测,SpaceX的算力规模将从2026年第二季的1.4吉瓦,扩大至2027年底约7吉瓦,并于2028年底达到约10.6吉瓦,短短数年间扩张逾7倍。

随着SpaceX及其他业者持续扩充算力基础设施,市场供给增加可能削弱目前的短期租赁溢价。从现货与长期合约价格的差距来看,市场已反映对未来算力供需改善的预期。

不过,AI基础设施扩张能否持续,仍取决于终端收入成长是否足以支撑资本支出,以及融资市场能否继续提供资金。若算力供给快速增加,但AI服务收入未能同步成长,依赖高额租金与外部融资的业者,将面临更大的回报压力。

值得注意的是,高盛TMT团队已将甲骨文与博通(AVGO-US) 的信用利差,列为观察债务驱动AI资本支出风险的重要指标。甲骨文五年期信用违约交换(CDS)周四收于261个基点,创历史新高。

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          "name": "保险入门",
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      "level": 1
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      "pid": 10,
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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    "title": "AI算力租金恐崩?高盛示警供给扩张恐冲击投资回报   现货、合约价差逾2倍",
    "shortTitle": "AI算力租金恐崩?高盛示警供给扩张恐冲击投资回报   现货、",
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    "description": "AI算力现货租金每GW年化400亿至500亿美元,约为长约200亿至300亿美元的2倍,显示供需失衡。
高盛估每GW自建算力需约116亿美元年收入,现货价远高于回报门槛;若需求回落,租金恐下滑。
SpaceX算力料自2026年Q2的1.4GW扩至2028年底10.6GW,供给扩张或削弱稀缺溢价。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627528/l/03c2feb09017fd6f135dd1b479d30a6f.jpg",
    "content": "<p>美国人工智慧(AI)算力租赁市场正出现明显的价格落差,短期现货租金远高于长期合约价格,反映大型云端业者对算力的迫切需求,也凸显市场供需失衡的现况。不过,随着资料中心与算力基础设施加速扩张,当前高昂的租赁价格能否持续,已成为市场关注焦点。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6627528/l/03c2feb09017fd6f135dd1b479d30a6f.jpg\" alt=\"AI算力租金恐崩?高盛示警供给扩张恐冲击投资回报   现货、合约价差逾2倍\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>高盛分析指出,每吉瓦(GW)AI算力的年化收入,短期现货租赁约为400亿至500亿美元,长期合约则约为200亿至300亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,超大规模云端服务商自建算力的损益两平门槛约为每吉瓦每年120亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>高盛认为,Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 等大型云端业者之所以愿意支付高额溢价租用算力,主要是因为自建产能尚未跟上需求。</p>\n\n<p>一旦自建资料中心陆续投产、供给瓶颈缓解,现货市场的稀缺溢价便可能消退,超算云业者的收入与获利也将面临压力。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>算力现货租金每吉瓦年化最高</strong><strong>500</strong><strong>亿美元</strong></h6>\n\n<p>从近期合约来看,高价租赁并非个别业者的特殊现象。高盛指出,SpaceX过去一季宣布两笔新的算力托管合约,并表示相关合约采用每吉瓦300亿至500亿美元历史议价区间的高端价格。</p>\n\n<p>其他超算云业者的合约价格同样居高不下。</p>\n\n<p>Nebius(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NBIS:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NBIS-US</a>) 今年8月披露,第三季短期算力合约的价格约为每吉瓦400亿至500亿美元;CoreWeave(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:CRWV:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">CRWV-US</a>) 近期短期合约则约为400亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>IREN披露的近期三年期合约价格超过200亿美元,洽谈中的合约约为250亿美元,Nebius的长期合约价格也落在200亿至250亿美元区间。</p>\n\n<p>德意志银行分析师Edison Yu进一步拆解SpaceX各项合约的GPU使用时数价格,估算Google与Reflection AI的合约约为每百万瓦(MW)5,000万至5,100万美元,另有两家未具名客户约为6,000万至6,100万美元,换算后最高达每吉瓦610亿美元,GB300晶片的每小时租金则接近14美元。</p>\n\n<p>然而,短期现货价格约为长期合约的两倍。</p>\n\n<p>在大宗商品市场,当短期价格高于长期价格时,通常称为「逆价差」(Backwardation)。这种现象可能反映市场认为目前的供应短缺具有阶段性,而非永久性的结构问题。</p>\n\n<p>企业愿意为短期取得算力支付额外费用,也显示其急于满足当前需求,却未必愿意以相同价格承诺长期采购。</p>\n\n<p>高盛估算,超算云业者建置每吉瓦算力的全包资本支出约为420亿美元。若以每年400亿至500亿美元的现货租赁收入计算,理论上约一年即可回收建置成本;即使采用每年200亿美元的长期合约价格,也约需两年。</p>\n\n<p>不过,高盛特别提醒,多数托管合约允许双方在90天内取消,因此若直接以目前价格推算至合约原定到期日,可能高估实际可实现的收入。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>高盛估算:大型云端业者每吉瓦年收入门槛约</strong><strong>116</strong><strong>亿美元</strong></h6>\n\n<p>高盛科技分析团队先前针对大型云端业者的AI资本支出进行回报测算,估计Alphabet、亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 、微软(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MSFT:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MSFT-US</a>) 、Meta(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:META:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">META-US</a>) 、甲骨文(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ORCL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ORCL-US</a>) 及SpaceX(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:SPCX:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">SPCX-US</a>) 等六家业者,必须在2028年至2030年间累计创造约1.42兆美元的AI收入,才能让2026年至2027年的AI算力投资达到15%的投入资本报酬率(ROIC)。</p>\n\n<p>换算下来,所需收入约为每吉瓦每年116亿美元。即使将ROIC目标提高至30%,并采用较高的资本支出假设,每吉瓦所需年收入仍不超过186亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,目前短期超算云租赁价格约为上述基本回报门槛的2至4倍。</p>\n\n<p>这也凸显自建与租赁之间的经济效益差异。以Google为例,若以每吉瓦约450亿美元的年化价格租用SpaceX算力,成本远高于高盛估算的大型云端业者自建算力所需的回报门槛。</p>\n\n<p>高盛的分析指出,云端业者愿意承担高额租金,关键在于自建产能尚未到位。但随着自建资料中心逐步扩充,企业对外部算力租赁的依赖可能下降,现货租金也将面临下行压力。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>Token</strong><strong>收入难以支撑高</strong><strong>昂</strong><strong>算力成本</strong></h6>\n\n<p>AI算力租赁的另一项挑战,在于终端AI服务收入能否支撑高昂的基础设施成本。</p>\n\n<p>摩根大通分析师Gokul Hariharan提出相对乐观的估算,认为尖端模型业者的推论业务毛利率可达60%至80%,每吉瓦算力可创造200亿至400亿美元的年化Token收入,明显高于2025年约100亿美元的水准。</p>\n\n<p>但若以每年450亿美元租用一吉瓦算力,并假设算力成本占Token收入的20%至40%,业者必须创造约1,100亿至2,250亿美元的Token销售收入,才有机会覆盖算力成本并达到获利。</p>\n\n<p>这相当于摩根大通乐观预测区间的约3至11倍,显示即使AI模型需求持续成长,终端服务收入也未必足以支撑当前的高价算力租赁模式。</p>\n\n<p>因此,部分超算云业者的算力需求,可能并非完全来自可直接变现的付费服务,而是用于训练下一代AI模型,并仰赖后续股权或债务融资支应相关成本。</p>\n\n<p>Rothschild Redburn分析师Alexander Haissl上月对CoreWeave与Nebius发布卖出评等时,也提出类似疑虑,认为AI模型训练需求能否持续,取决于外部资本是否充裕。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>AI</strong><strong>产</strong><strong>业收入存在重复计算问题</strong></h6>\n\n<p>除了算力成本与终端收入之间的落差,AI产业的收入统计方式也可能放大市场对整体商机的认知。</p>\n\n<p>以企业采购AI服务为例,企业支付费用给Anthropic后,相关支出可能被纳入Anthropic的总收入;云端合作伙伴AWS或Google再将自身取得的分成计入云端收入。</p>\n\n<p>若云端业者的算力不足,进一步向SpaceX或CoreWeave租用算力,后者也会将相关费用列为托管收入;而超算云业者向辉达(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 采购晶片时,相关支出又会成为辉达的资料中心收入。</p>\n\n<p>因此,沿着AI产业链加总各家公司的收入,可能将同一笔终端支出重复计入多次,使整体产业收入看起来远高于最终客户实际支付的金额。</p>\n\n<p>近期AI类股下跌,也凸显投资人对AI业者营收规模与成长速度的敏感度。《金融时报》报导,OpenAI截至9月底的年化收入约为500亿美元,低于市场先前流传的约700亿美元月度经常性收入(MRR)数字。</p>\n\n<p>不过,高盛科技、媒体与电信(TMT)专家Sean Johnstone指出,Anthropic与OpenAI采用的收入认列口径有所不同。</p>\n\n<p>Anthropic较接近总收入概念,将云端合作伙伴所取得的客户支出纳入收入,并将合作伙伴分成列为成本;OpenAI则较接近净收入,只计入自身取得的收入份额。</p>\n\n<p>当投资人试图将OpenAI的数据调整为总收入口径时,便可能推算出更高的收入数字。高盛认为,这起事件凸显市场对私人AI公司的营收轨迹高度敏感,也反映不同公司的财务口径可能使市场比较失真。</p>\n\n<p>《彭博》报导也指出,即使是500亿美元的年化收入数字,本身仍是根据较短期间的销售表现推算而来,不能直接视为已实现的全年收入。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>41</strong><strong>吉瓦算力若按现货价格计算,每年需</strong><strong>1.8</strong><strong>兆美元收入</strong></h6>\n\n<p>高盛的测算进一步显示,目前的算力现货价格难以直接套用至整个AI产业的建置规模。</p>\n\n<p>若以六大业者2026年至2027年的AI资本支出推算,并按照高盛估计的每吉瓦每年116亿美元收入需求计算,相关投资规模约对应41吉瓦的AI算力。</p>\n\n<p>不同租赁价格所对应的收入需求差距相当显著:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>依15% ROIC门槛计算:每吉瓦每年约116亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约4,700亿美元收入。</li>\n<li>依长期托管合约价格计算:每吉瓦每年约200亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约8,100亿美元收入。</li>\n<li>依短期现货租金计算:每吉瓦每年约450亿美元,41吉瓦每年需约1.8兆美元收入。</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>相较之下,市场对AI终端收入的预期仍存在明显差距。资料显示,三家领先AI实验室7月合计年化收入约为1,000亿美元;投资人Brad Gerstner认为,年底收入需要达到1,800亿至2,000亿美元,才能维持市场对AI投资的乐观逻辑。</p>\n\n<p>高盛投资组合策略团队则表示,市场目前需要看到AI年化收入达约3,000亿美元的实际证据。</p>\n\n<p>这些数字显示,现货租赁价格反映的主要是当前稀缺算力的边际价格,而不是整体产业大规模建置算力后,仍能持续实现的平均价格。</p>\n\n<p>高盛TMT团队因此认为,未来投资回报将愈来愈取决于能否挑选出真正的赢家,而非一味持有所有与AI资本支出相关的标的。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>SpaceX</strong><strong>算力规模快速扩张,稀缺溢价恐逐步收敛</strong></h6>\n\n<p>供给端的变化,可能进一步加速算力租金回归。</p>\n\n<p>高盛预测,SpaceX的算力规模将从2026年第二季的1.4吉瓦,扩大至2027年底约7吉瓦,并于2028年底达到约10.6吉瓦,短短数年间扩张逾7倍。</p>\n\n<p>随着SpaceX及其他业者持续扩充算力基础设施,市场供给增加可能削弱目前的短期租赁溢价。从现货与长期合约价格的差距来看,市场已反映对未来算力供需改善的预期。</p>\n\n<p>不过,AI基础设施扩张能否持续,仍取决于终端收入成长是否足以支撑资本支出,以及融资市场能否继续提供资金。若算力供给快速增加,但AI服务收入未能同步成长,依赖高额租金与外部融资的业者,将面临更大的回报压力。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,高盛TMT团队已将甲骨文与博通(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AVGO:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AVGO-US</a>) 的信用利差,列为观察债务驱动AI资本支出风险的重要指标。甲骨文五年期信用违约交换(CDS)周四收于261个基点,创历史新高。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3789.html\" title=\"〈美股早盘〉美光财测点燃AI信心 主要指数开高科技股领涨\">〈美股早盘〉美光财测点燃AI信心 主要指数开高科技股领涨</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13795.html\" title=\"Google锁定近1GW地热电力|AI资料中心抢电升级15年长约直接绑定新电厂\">Google锁定近1GW地热电力|AI资料中心抢电升级15年长约直接绑定新电厂</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10111.html\" title=\"iPhone 18 Pro涨价+缺货双重夹击!A20 Pro良率高却卡在DRAM 华尔街:新机1399美元起跳\">iPhone 18 Pro涨价+缺货双重夹击!A20 Pro良率高却卡在DRAM 华尔街:新机1399美元起跳</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-17652.html\" title=\"Meta下跌4.8% 为何Muse AI涨势已开始降温?\">Meta下跌4.8% 为何Muse AI涨势已开始降温?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6039.html\" title=\"晶片股强弹!AMD涨超5% Meta拟倍增AI运算容量\">晶片股强弹!AMD涨超5% Meta拟倍增AI运算容量</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-16837.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉美元升至近8周高点 欧元因德国政局受瞩\">〈纽约汇市〉美元升至近8周高点 欧元因德国政局受瞩</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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