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辉达CUDA生态系遇挑战!Google、亚马逊从软体下手 98%模型免大幅改写

2026-10-23 10:04:26 网络 阅读(3)

Google自研人工智慧(AI)晶片Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)正式扩大进入外部企业的运算环境,并已在Meta Platforms (META-US)资料中心投入AI推论服务。

辉达CUDA生态系遇挑战!Google、亚马逊从软体下手 98%模型免大幅改写

Alphabet (GOOGL-US)旗下Google与Meta合作开发TorchTPU,让原本以辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US) GPU及CUDA软体平台为主的PyTorch模型,能以更低的移植成本运行于Google TPU。另一方面,亚马逊 (Amazon) (AMZN-US)也推出开源工具TorchNeuron,支援自家Trainium AI晶片。两大科技业者同步从硬体与软体切入,降低企业转换AI晶片的难度,辉达长期建立的软体生态系优势正面临新的竞争压力。

根据《Tom's Hardware》10月22日报导,Meta已透过新版SGLang推论引擎SGLang-TorchTPU,在实际生产环境中使用Google TPU执行AI工作负载。这套系统由Google、Meta及SGLang团队共同开发,负责SGLang技术的RadixArk也参与合作。Meta PyTorch-TPU负责人Zongwei Zhou表示,这套引擎已在Meta投入生产使用,提供相当成熟、原生支援PyTorch的服务架构。

Google也同步开源另一套支援TPU的vLLM推论引擎版本。SGLang与vLLM都是大型语言模型常用的推论工具,让模型在完成训练后,能够根据使用者的提示生成文字、回答问题或执行其他AI任务。过去这些工具在Google TPU上运行时,主要依赖Google自家的JAX机器学习框架;新版本则让TPU能更直接地支援PyTorch,大幅降低开发者为了转换硬体而重新编写程式的需求。

Meta PyTorch工程主管Jana van Greunen指出,Meta不能受到单一硬体架构限制,TorchTPU让公司能将既有PyTorch工作负载部署至Google TPU。这项合作也反映Meta正积极分散AI运算硬体来源,避免过度依赖单一晶片供应商。

PyTorch是目前全球AI模型开发、训练及推论最广泛使用的框架之一。根据《The Elec》报导,全球约85%的AI应用程式开发者使用PyTorch。由于PyTorch早期与辉达GPU及CUDA开发平台深度整合,开发者长期累积的程式、工具与工程经验,形成辉达的重要竞争壁垒。即使其他厂商推出性能具竞争力的AI晶片,企业仍可能因为转换成本高、需要重新调整程式,以及缺乏成熟软体工具而选择继续使用辉达产品。

Google与Meta共同开发的TorchTPU,正是为了解决这项问题。Google表示,超过98%的既有PyTorch模型,只需将程式中的装置设定改为「model.to("tpu")」,便能在TPU上执行。依模型复杂程度不同,转换时间约从几分钟到数天不等,无须全面改写程式。Google也希望让TPU在PyTorch核心层级成为与GPU及中央处理器(CPU)并列的运算选项。

亚马逊则在10月20日于美国加州圣荷西举行的PyTorch Conference 2026上,公布自家开源工具TorchNeuron,让以PyTorch开发的AI模型直接运行于AWS的Trainium2及Trainium3晶片。开发者只需修改少数装置设定,将原本指向辉达CUDA的设定改为AWS Neuron,即可尝试在Trainium上执行既有模型,不必从头重写整套应用程式。

TorchNeuron目前已透过GitHub以公开测试版形式释出,采用Apache 2.0开源授权。亚马逊也将部分程式码直接贡献给PyTorch主开源专案,希望透过更广泛的开发者参与,持续改善自家晶片的软体支援。

过去,将针对辉达GPU生态系最佳化的AI应用程式移植至Google或亚马逊的自研晶片,通常至少需要数天,复杂专案甚至可能耗时数月。TorchTPU与TorchNeuron的推出,预期可降低这些时间及人力成本,让企业更容易比较不同晶片的运算效能、能源效率与价格,而不必因为软体相容性问题被迫留在原有平台。

Google扩大TPU业务并非突然转向。过去Google主要将自研TPU用于内部AI服务,或透过Google Cloud提供云端算力租用。随着外部客户对AI晶片的需求上升,Google已开始将TPU供应给客户自有资料中心。Google母公司Alphabet财务长Anat Ashkenazi今年7月曾表示,公司在第二季首次向客户资料中心交付TPU,并开始认列少量相关订单收入,预期2027年认列的收入将进一步增加。

Meta也早已评估Google TPU的使用方式。根据先前报导,双方曾讨论在2026年租用Google Cloud TPU,并于2027年采购晶片部署在Meta自己的资料中心,Meta之后也传出签署多年期租用协议。不过,目前公开资讯尚未完整揭露Meta实际部署的TPU数量、具体位置及相关采购金额。

这并非Meta首次使用Google TPU。2020年至2023年间,Meta研究团队曾透过PyTorch/XLA桥接工具使用TPU,后来相关合约取消。Google此次推出TorchTPU,则进一步针对Meta不希望为了使用TPU而转换至JAX框架的需求设计,试图直接降低既有PyTorch环境的移植门槛。

在效能方面,Google TPU也开始展现竞争潜力。由vLLM创办团队成立的Inferact协助Google开发vLLM-TorchTPU,并测试以Google第七代Ironwood TPU执行Moonshot AI开源模型Kimi K3。该模型拥有2.8兆参数,测试使用16颗Ironwood TPU搭配推测解码(speculative decoding)技术,单一使用者的生成速度超过每秒700个token。

作为比较,辉达GB200的公开测试配置同样使用16颗晶片,透过vLLM执行相同模型时,生成速度为每秒452个token。不过,两组测试的软体设定与加速方式不完全相同,因此不能直接据此认定TPU在所有工作负载下都优于GB200。

此外,相关测试指出,针对Kimi K3及Qwen 3.8 27B模型最佳化的特定运算核心,在小批次处理情境下,即使不使用推测解码,吞吐量仍约为GB200基准配置的1.4至2倍。这些结果显示,TPU在特定模型与工作负载上具备竞争力,但实际表现仍会受到模型结构、批次大小、软体最佳化及硬体配置影响。

RadixArk表示,SGLang-TorchTPU将持续增加支援模型,初期规划纳入DeepSeek V4.1 Flash及Reflection Beam,并朝2027年第一季实现新开源模型发布当天即可支援TPU的目标推进。Google、Meta与RadixArk也计划于11月12日至13日在美国旧金山举行的SGLang Summit 2026分享更多进展。

Google与亚马逊的策略,核心都是削弱辉达CUDA平台带来的软体黏着度。辉达的竞争优势不只来自GPU效能,也包括成熟的CUDA工具、开发者社群、程式库及长期累积的应用支援。企业若要转换晶片,过去往往必须承担额外工程成本与产品部署风险;当软体移植变得容易,客户就更有条件依照效能、能源效率、价格及供应状况选择硬体。

不过,软体工具降低转换门槛,不代表辉达的市场地位会立即被取代。不同AI模型对硬体的需求差异很大,企业仍须逐一验证模型相容性、实际效能、成本及稳定性。大型AI训练工作负载也涉及大量晶片互连与整体系统设计,不能只靠程式码修改就完全消除转换难题。

随着Google TPU、亚马逊Trainium及其他自研AI加速器持续发展,AI晶片市场的竞争正从单纯比较硬体规格,延伸至软体框架、开发者体验与整体运算成本。Meta将TPU投入生产环境,则为Google提供重要的实际应用案例。若TorchTPU与TorchNeuron能持续扩大模型支援并证明成本效益,企业采用非辉达晶片的阻力有望进一步降低,AI运算市场也可能从过去高度集中於单一生态系,逐步走向更多硬体平台并存的竞争格局。

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    "content": "<p>Google自研人工智慧(AI)晶片Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)正式扩大进入外部企业的运算环境,并已在Meta Platforms (META-US)资料中心投入AI推论服务。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6636425/l/275f797ee888fbbe8e12ab223472b8e6.jpg\" alt=\"辉达CUDA生态系遇挑战!Google、亚马逊从软体下手 98%模型免大幅改写\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Alphabet (GOOGL-US)旗下Google与Meta合作开发TorchTPU,让原本以辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US) GPU及CUDA软体平台为主的PyTorch模型,能以更低的移植成本运行于Google TPU。另一方面,亚马逊 (Amazon) (AMZN-US)也推出开源工具TorchNeuron,支援自家Trainium AI晶片。两大科技业者同步从硬体与软体切入,降低企业转换AI晶片的难度,辉达长期建立的软体生态系优势正面临新的竞争压力。</p>\n\n<p>根据《Tom's Hardware》10月22日报导,Meta已透过新版SGLang推论引擎SGLang-TorchTPU,在实际生产环境中使用Google TPU执行AI工作负载。这套系统由Google、Meta及SGLang团队共同开发,负责SGLang技术的RadixArk也参与合作。Meta PyTorch-TPU负责人Zongwei Zhou表示,这套引擎已在Meta投入生产使用,提供相当成熟、原生支援PyTorch的服务架构。</p>\n\n<p>Google也同步开源另一套支援TPU的vLLM推论引擎版本。SGLang与vLLM都是大型语言模型常用的推论工具,让模型在完成训练后,能够根据使用者的提示生成文字、回答问题或执行其他AI任务。过去这些工具在Google TPU上运行时,主要依赖Google自家的JAX机器学习框架;新版本则让TPU能更直接地支援PyTorch,大幅降低开发者为了转换硬体而重新编写程式的需求。</p>\n\n<p>Meta PyTorch工程主管Jana van Greunen指出,Meta不能受到单一硬体架构限制,TorchTPU让公司能将既有PyTorch工作负载部署至Google TPU。这项合作也反映Meta正积极分散AI运算硬体来源,避免过度依赖单一晶片供应商。</p>\n\n<p>PyTorch是目前全球AI模型开发、训练及推论最广泛使用的框架之一。根据《The Elec》报导,全球约85%的AI应用程式开发者使用PyTorch。由于PyTorch早期与辉达GPU及CUDA开发平台深度整合,开发者长期累积的程式、工具与工程经验,形成辉达的重要竞争壁垒。即使其他厂商推出性能具竞争力的AI晶片,企业仍可能因为转换成本高、需要重新调整程式,以及缺乏成熟软体工具而选择继续使用辉达产品。</p>\n\n<p>Google与Meta共同开发的TorchTPU,正是为了解决这项问题。Google表示,超过98%的既有PyTorch模型,只需将程式中的装置设定改为「model.to(\"tpu\")」,便能在TPU上执行。依模型复杂程度不同,转换时间约从几分钟到数天不等,无须全面改写程式。Google也希望让TPU在PyTorch核心层级成为与GPU及中央处理器(CPU)并列的运算选项。</p>\n\n<p>亚马逊则在10月20日于美国加州圣荷西举行的PyTorch Conference 2026上,公布自家开源工具TorchNeuron,让以PyTorch开发的AI模型直接运行于AWS的Trainium2及Trainium3晶片。开发者只需修改少数装置设定,将原本指向辉达CUDA的设定改为AWS Neuron,即可尝试在Trainium上执行既有模型,不必从头重写整套应用程式。</p>\n\n<p>TorchNeuron目前已透过GitHub以公开测试版形式释出,采用Apache 2.0开源授权。亚马逊也将部分程式码直接贡献给PyTorch主开源专案,希望透过更广泛的开发者参与,持续改善自家晶片的软体支援。</p>\n\n<p>过去,将针对辉达GPU生态系最佳化的AI应用程式移植至Google或亚马逊的自研晶片,通常至少需要数天,复杂专案甚至可能耗时数月。TorchTPU与TorchNeuron的推出,预期可降低这些时间及人力成本,让企业更容易比较不同晶片的运算效能、能源效率与价格,而不必因为软体相容性问题被迫留在原有平台。</p>\n\n<p>Google扩大TPU业务并非突然转向。过去Google主要将自研TPU用于内部AI服务,或透过Google Cloud提供云端算力租用。随着外部客户对AI晶片的需求上升,Google已开始将TPU供应给客户自有资料中心。Google母公司Alphabet财务长Anat Ashkenazi今年7月曾表示,公司在第二季首次向客户资料中心交付TPU,并开始认列少量相关订单收入,预期2027年认列的收入将进一步增加。</p>\n\n<p>Meta也早已评估Google TPU的使用方式。根据先前报导,双方曾讨论在2026年租用Google Cloud TPU,并于2027年采购晶片部署在Meta自己的资料中心,Meta之后也传出签署多年期租用协议。不过,目前公开资讯尚未完整揭露Meta实际部署的TPU数量、具体位置及相关采购金额。</p>\n\n<p>这并非Meta首次使用Google TPU。2020年至2023年间,Meta研究团队曾透过PyTorch/XLA桥接工具使用TPU,后来相关合约取消。Google此次推出TorchTPU,则进一步针对Meta不希望为了使用TPU而转换至JAX框架的需求设计,试图直接降低既有PyTorch环境的移植门槛。</p>\n\n<p>在效能方面,Google TPU也开始展现竞争潜力。由vLLM创办团队成立的Inferact协助Google开发vLLM-TorchTPU,并测试以Google第七代Ironwood TPU执行Moonshot AI开源模型Kimi K3。该模型拥有2.8兆参数,测试使用16颗Ironwood TPU搭配推测解码(speculative decoding)技术,单一使用者的生成速度超过每秒700个token。</p>\n\n<p>作为比较,辉达GB200的公开测试配置同样使用16颗晶片,透过vLLM执行相同模型时,生成速度为每秒452个token。不过,两组测试的软体设定与加速方式不完全相同,因此不能直接据此认定TPU在所有工作负载下都优于GB200。</p>\n\n<p>此外,相关测试指出,针对Kimi K3及Qwen 3.8 27B模型最佳化的特定运算核心,在小批次处理情境下,即使不使用推测解码,吞吐量仍约为GB200基准配置的1.4至2倍。这些结果显示,TPU在特定模型与工作负载上具备竞争力,但实际表现仍会受到模型结构、批次大小、软体最佳化及硬体配置影响。</p>\n\n<p>RadixArk表示,SGLang-TorchTPU将持续增加支援模型,初期规划纳入DeepSeek V4.1 Flash及Reflection Beam,并朝2027年第一季实现新开源模型发布当天即可支援TPU的目标推进。Google、Meta与RadixArk也计划于11月12日至13日在美国旧金山举行的SGLang Summit 2026分享更多进展。</p>\n\n<p>Google与亚马逊的策略,核心都是削弱辉达CUDA平台带来的软体黏着度。辉达的竞争优势不只来自GPU效能,也包括成熟的CUDA工具、开发者社群、程式库及长期累积的应用支援。企业若要转换晶片,过去往往必须承担额外工程成本与产品部署风险;当软体移植变得容易,客户就更有条件依照效能、能源效率、价格及供应状况选择硬体。</p>\n\n<p>不过,软体工具降低转换门槛,不代表辉达的市场地位会立即被取代。不同AI模型对硬体的需求差异很大,企业仍须逐一验证模型相容性、实际效能、成本及稳定性。大型AI训练工作负载也涉及大量晶片互连与整体系统设计,不能只靠程式码修改就完全消除转换难题。</p>\n\n<p>随着Google TPU、亚马逊Trainium及其他自研AI加速器持续发展,AI晶片市场的竞争正从单纯比较硬体规格,延伸至软体框架、开发者体验与整体运算成本。Meta将TPU投入生产环境,则为Google提供重要的实际应用案例。若TorchTPU与TorchNeuron能持续扩大模型支援并证明成本效益,企业采用非辉达晶片的阻力有望进一步降低,AI运算市场也可能从过去高度集中於单一生态系,逐步走向更多硬体平台并存的竞争格局。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-12389.html\" title=\"贝森特突袭回购长债 川普撇清:「不是我下令的!」\">贝森特突袭回购长债 川普撇清:「不是我下令的!」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8244.html\" title=\"AI投资「最坏情境」上演!美股两大利空夹击 后市走向如何?\">AI投资「最坏情境」上演!美股两大利空夹击 后市走向如何?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6951.html\" title=\"黄仁勋日本行战略全解析:见救命恩人、签约机器人三巨头 联手日本「物理AI国家队」Noetra\">黄仁勋日本行战略全解析:见救命恩人、签约机器人三巨头 联手日本「物理AI国家队」Noetra</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10289.html\" title=\"不再是崩盘代名词!价值股大胜成长股 专家:AI扩散助长多头行情\">不再是崩盘代名词!价值股大胜成长股 专家:AI扩散助长多头行情</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3307.html\" title=\"波克夏看似捡到Alphabet便宜 如今看来并非如此\">波克夏看似捡到Alphabet便宜 如今看来并非如此</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-21131.html\" title=\"油价又冲了!西德州原油飙破110美元 布兰特创五个月新高\">油价又冲了!西德州原油飙破110美元 布兰特创五个月新高</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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