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长鑫4F²架构突破 美光为何选择不跟进? 分析师:全球存储市场步入分层博弈

2026-10-23 10:32:56 网络 阅读(3)

长鑫存储推进4F² DRAM架构,引发全球记忆体产业对技术路线与成本竞争的重新评估。美光科技 (Micron Technology) (MU-US) 近期明确表态,经过长期研究与原型验证后,仍决定延续既有的6F²架构,未来再朝3D DRAM发展。美光认为,4F²虽然在理论上能缩小记忆体单元面积,但电容间距、制程复杂度与量产成本等因素,可能抵销其密度优势,长期微缩也面临物理限制。

长鑫4F²架构突破 美光为何选择不跟进? 分析师:全球存储市场步入分层博弈

长鑫存储 (CXMT) 总裁曹堪宇10月10日透露,公司计划在今年底前推出采用4F²架构的新一代DDR5 RDIMM伺服器记忆体。相较目前主流的6F²架构,4F²的理论记忆体单元面积可减少约三分之一,长鑫则预期新架构能缩小晶片面积约30%,提高单片晶圆可生产的晶片数量,进而提升位元密度并降低单位成本。

不过,产品推出并不代表已经具备大规模量产能力。4F²的技术价值仍取决于制程整合、良率、产能爬升及客户认证,能否把理论上的面积优势转化为实际成本竞争力,仍有待验证。

美光总裁暨技术与产品长Scott DeBoer于10月21日主持技术与产品线上研讨会时,针对市场关注的4F²架构作出回应。他表示,美光并非没有研究过这条技术路线,公司经过数十年评估,也曾制作相关原型,但最终认为,现阶段继续发展6F²,并在适当时机转向3D DRAM,比投入4F²更具吸引力。

美光的主要考量在于,DRAM的位元密度不只由电晶体所占面积决定,电容器的尺寸与间距同样是关键。即使电晶体结构由6F²缩小至4F²,如果电容间距无法同步缩减,整体记忆体单元的面积仍可能受到限制,理论上的密度提升便不一定能完全实现。

此外,4F²架构涉及垂直通道电晶体 (VCAT) 等技术,制程可能需要更复杂的原子层沉积 (ALD) 与选择性磊晶等步骤。美光认为,随着制程节点持续微缩,这些额外的制造要求可能推高成本,侵蚀晶片面积缩小所带来的经济效益。DeBoer也指出,4F²并非无法制造,而是进一步微缩时存在根本性限制,未必能成为可长期延伸的技术路线。

瑞银分析师Timothy Arcuri团队在会后报告中也提到,垂直通道电晶体的后续微缩路径,是评估4F²前景的重要因素。若相关结构缺乏持续缩小间距的可行方案,再加上制程复杂度上升,即使初期能达成较高密度,也未必能长期维持成本优势。德意志银行分析师Melissa Weathers则指出,美光已对4F²进行数十年研究并开发原型,最后仍选择不采用,反映这并非单纯的研发进度差异,而是对长期技术经济效益的判断。

美光选择延续6F²,也不代表其他记忆体大厂会采取相同策略。三星电子 (Samsung Electronics) 仍被市场视为可能导入4F²架构的业者之一。瑞银研究指出,三星可能考虑在未来的0a奈米节点采用4F²,以缓解电容器高深宽比带来的制程压力。相关规画显示,三星预计2027年推进1d奈米节点的6F²量产,并可能在2028年底前导入0a奈米节点的4F²架构;实际进度仍取决于技术研发与量产验证。

SK海力士 (SK hynix) 同样被列为持续探索4F²技术的主要记忆体业者。这使全球记忆体产业逐渐形成不同的技术布局:长鑫积极推进4F²,希望借由缩小记忆体单元面积提高密度;三星与SK海力士仍在评估相关架构的发展潜力;美光则选择延长6F²的技术生命周期,将长期重心放在3D DRAM及其他制程创新。

美光的路线并非只押注单一技术。公司规画持续推进既有DRAM制程微缩,并搭配晶圆键合、新材料及先进微影技术,延长平面DRAM的发展空间。美光预计下一代1δ制程于2027年下半年在美国爱达荷州波夕厂进入量产,该节点相较前一代的位元密度提升幅度预计达到20%中段区间。后续1ε节点则将延续6F²路线,并导入晶圆键合技术。

长期而言,美光希望透过3D DRAM改变记忆体密度的提升方式,不再只依赖平面方向缩小电路,而是将记忆体结构向垂直方向堆叠,以突破传统微缩限制。公司已规画后续3D DRAM技术世代,但尚未公布明确的商业量产时间。美光表示,是否导入新架构,仍须视密度、制造复杂度与成本效益是否达到可行门槛而定。

瑞银将美光的策略解读为平行推进不同技术路线,与公司过去评估是否导入极紫外光 (EUV) 微影技术的决策方式相似。若3D DRAM最终成为产业主流,沉积与蚀刻设备供应商可能从新制程需求中受惠;但实际受惠程度仍取决于技术导入时程与设备需求。

除DRAM单元架构外,美光也在研讨会中强调,人工智慧带动的记忆体需求已不限于训练用途的高频宽记忆体 (HBM),还涵盖AI推论、边缘运算与自动驾驶等市场。公司布局包括LPDDR6、DDR6、SOCAMM,以及容量达1TB的大容量RDIMM,试图扩大在不同AI运算场景中的产品覆盖。

在先进封装方面,美光将混合键结视为未来16层及更高堆叠规格HBM的重要技术之一,并与晶圆代工厂合作开发垂直高频宽记忆体 (vHBM),将记忆体直接垂直堆叠于运算核心上方。这类设计的目标是缩短记忆体与运算单元之间的距离,提升频宽并改善系统整合效率。

美光同时展示超过400层的Gen11 NAND技术蓝图,瞄准AI工作负载对高每秒输入输出操作次数 (IOPS) 与高频宽储存的需求。从DRAM微缩、3D堆叠、HBM封装到NAND储存,美光的技术布局显示,AI时代的记忆体竞争已不只是比较单一位元的制造成本,而是逐步延伸至容量、频宽、能耗、封装与运算架构的整体整合。

分析师对长鑫4F²的短期影响则相对审慎。野村证券认为,在2028年以前,4F²与3D DRAM都不太可能对记忆体市场产生实质影响,并预估长鑫4F²要到2027年至2028年才可能实现量产。中信证券也指出,相关技术仍处于早期验证阶段,后续良率、产量及客户认证都需要观察,因此对中期产业格局的影响仍有限。

长鑫在HBM领域的布局也仍处于起步阶段,短期内能否充分受惠于AI带动的高溢价记忆体需求,仍有不确定性。若其产品组合主要集中在通用DRAM,当市场价格涨幅放缓时,获利表现可能更容易受到供需变化影响。

TrendForce数据显示,通用DRAM合约价格涨幅已开始收敛,2026年第一季季增幅为93%至98%,第三季降至13%至18%,第四季预估进一步放缓至10%至15%。这意味着,即使AI需求仍为记忆体市场提供支撑,厂商仍须面对价格涨幅变化、产能配置及产品组合等多重考验。

长鑫4F²的进展与美光不跟进的决定,反映全球记忆体产业正走向不同技术路线并行的竞争格局。4F²若能克服良率、制程与成本挑战,可能为长鑫带来提高密度及扩大产出的机会;美光则押注6F²延伸微缩与3D DRAM的长期潜力。最终哪条路线具备更好的经济效益,仍须由量产表现、客户采用程度及实际每位元成本决定。

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三星、SK海力士仍评估4F²,分析师预估长鑫可能于2027至2028年量产,短期影响有限。",
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    "content": "<p>长鑫存储推进4F&sup2; DRAM架构,引发全球记忆体产业对技术路线与成本竞争的重新评估。美光科技 (Micron Technology) (MU-US) 近期明确表态,经过长期研究与原型验证后,仍决定延续既有的6F&sup2;架构,未来再朝3D DRAM发展。美光认为,4F&sup2;虽然在理论上能缩小记忆体单元面积,但电容间距、制程复杂度与量产成本等因素,可能抵销其密度优势,长期微缩也面临物理限制。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6636469/l/bbb3ccf25c3c301aa5f20bae29df99fb.jpg\" alt=\"长鑫4F²架构突破 美光为何选择不跟进? 分析师:全球存储市场步入分层博弈\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>长鑫存储 (CXMT) 总裁曹堪宇10月10日透露,公司计划在今年底前推出采用4F&sup2;架构的新一代DDR5 RDIMM伺服器记忆体。相较目前主流的6F&sup2;架构,4F&sup2;的理论记忆体单元面积可减少约三分之一,长鑫则预期新架构能缩小晶片面积约30%,提高单片晶圆可生产的晶片数量,进而提升位元密度并降低单位成本。</p>\n\n<p>不过,产品推出并不代表已经具备大规模量产能力。4F&sup2;的技术价值仍取决于制程整合、良率、产能爬升及客户认证,能否把理论上的面积优势转化为实际成本竞争力,仍有待验证。</p>\n\n<p>美光总裁暨技术与产品长Scott DeBoer于10月21日主持技术与产品线上研讨会时,针对市场关注的4F&sup2;架构作出回应。他表示,美光并非没有研究过这条技术路线,公司经过数十年评估,也曾制作相关原型,但最终认为,现阶段继续发展6F&sup2;,并在适当时机转向3D DRAM,比投入4F&sup2;更具吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>美光的主要考量在于,DRAM的位元密度不只由电晶体所占面积决定,电容器的尺寸与间距同样是关键。即使电晶体结构由6F&sup2;缩小至4F&sup2;,如果电容间距无法同步缩减,整体记忆体单元的面积仍可能受到限制,理论上的密度提升便不一定能完全实现。</p>\n\n<p>此外,4F&sup2;架构涉及垂直通道电晶体 (VCAT) 等技术,制程可能需要更复杂的原子层沉积 (ALD) 与选择性磊晶等步骤。美光认为,随着制程节点持续微缩,这些额外的制造要求可能推高成本,侵蚀晶片面积缩小所带来的经济效益。DeBoer也指出,4F&sup2;并非无法制造,而是进一步微缩时存在根本性限制,未必能成为可长期延伸的技术路线。</p>\n\n<p>瑞银分析师Timothy Arcuri团队在会后报告中也提到,垂直通道电晶体的后续微缩路径,是评估4F&sup2;前景的重要因素。若相关结构缺乏持续缩小间距的可行方案,再加上制程复杂度上升,即使初期能达成较高密度,也未必能长期维持成本优势。德意志银行分析师Melissa Weathers则指出,美光已对4F&sup2;进行数十年研究并开发原型,最后仍选择不采用,反映这并非单纯的研发进度差异,而是对长期技术经济效益的判断。</p>\n\n<p>美光选择延续6F&sup2;,也不代表其他记忆体大厂会采取相同策略。三星电子 (Samsung Electronics) 仍被市场视为可能导入4F&sup2;架构的业者之一。瑞银研究指出,三星可能考虑在未来的0a奈米节点采用4F&sup2;,以缓解电容器高深宽比带来的制程压力。相关规画显示,三星预计2027年推进1d奈米节点的6F&sup2;量产,并可能在2028年底前导入0a奈米节点的4F&sup2;架构;实际进度仍取决于技术研发与量产验证。</p>\n\n<p>SK海力士 (SK hynix) 同样被列为持续探索4F&sup2;技术的主要记忆体业者。这使全球记忆体产业逐渐形成不同的技术布局:长鑫积极推进4F&sup2;,希望借由缩小记忆体单元面积提高密度;三星与SK海力士仍在评估相关架构的发展潜力;美光则选择延长6F&sup2;的技术生命周期,将长期重心放在3D DRAM及其他制程创新。</p>\n\n<p>美光的路线并非只押注单一技术。公司规画持续推进既有DRAM制程微缩,并搭配晶圆键合、新材料及先进微影技术,延长平面DRAM的发展空间。美光预计下一代1&delta;制程于2027年下半年在美国爱达荷州波夕厂进入量产,该节点相较前一代的位元密度提升幅度预计达到20%中段区间。后续1&epsilon;节点则将延续6F&sup2;路线,并导入晶圆键合技术。</p>\n\n<p>长期而言,美光希望透过3D DRAM改变记忆体密度的提升方式,不再只依赖平面方向缩小电路,而是将记忆体结构向垂直方向堆叠,以突破传统微缩限制。公司已规画后续3D DRAM技术世代,但尚未公布明确的商业量产时间。美光表示,是否导入新架构,仍须视密度、制造复杂度与成本效益是否达到可行门槛而定。</p>\n\n<p>瑞银将美光的策略解读为平行推进不同技术路线,与公司过去评估是否导入极紫外光 (EUV) 微影技术的决策方式相似。若3D DRAM最终成为产业主流,沉积与蚀刻设备供应商可能从新制程需求中受惠;但实际受惠程度仍取决于技术导入时程与设备需求。</p>\n\n<p>除DRAM单元架构外,美光也在研讨会中强调,人工智慧带动的记忆体需求已不限于训练用途的高频宽记忆体 (HBM),还涵盖AI推论、边缘运算与自动驾驶等市场。公司布局包括LPDDR6、DDR6、SOCAMM,以及容量达1TB的大容量RDIMM,试图扩大在不同AI运算场景中的产品覆盖。</p>\n\n<p>在先进封装方面,美光将混合键结视为未来16层及更高堆叠规格HBM的重要技术之一,并与晶圆代工厂合作开发垂直高频宽记忆体 (vHBM),将记忆体直接垂直堆叠于运算核心上方。这类设计的目标是缩短记忆体与运算单元之间的距离,提升频宽并改善系统整合效率。</p>\n\n<p>美光同时展示超过400层的Gen11 NAND技术蓝图,瞄准AI工作负载对高每秒输入输出操作次数 (IOPS) 与高频宽储存的需求。从DRAM微缩、3D堆叠、HBM封装到NAND储存,美光的技术布局显示,AI时代的记忆体竞争已不只是比较单一位元的制造成本,而是逐步延伸至容量、频宽、能耗、封装与运算架构的整体整合。</p>\n\n<p>分析师对长鑫4F&sup2;的短期影响则相对审慎。野村证券认为,在2028年以前,4F&sup2;与3D DRAM都不太可能对记忆体市场产生实质影响,并预估长鑫4F&sup2;要到2027年至2028年才可能实现量产。中信证券也指出,相关技术仍处于早期验证阶段,后续良率、产量及客户认证都需要观察,因此对中期产业格局的影响仍有限。</p>\n\n<p>长鑫在HBM领域的布局也仍处于起步阶段,短期内能否充分受惠于AI带动的高溢价记忆体需求,仍有不确定性。若其产品组合主要集中在通用DRAM,当市场价格涨幅放缓时,获利表现可能更容易受到供需变化影响。</p>\n\n<p>TrendForce数据显示,通用DRAM合约价格涨幅已开始收敛,2026年第一季季增幅为93%至98%,第三季降至13%至18%,第四季预估进一步放缓至10%至15%。这意味着,即使AI需求仍为记忆体市场提供支撑,厂商仍须面对价格涨幅变化、产能配置及产品组合等多重考验。</p>\n\n<p>长鑫4F&sup2;的进展与美光不跟进的决定,反映全球记忆体产业正走向不同技术路线并行的竞争格局。4F&sup2;若能克服良率、制程与成本挑战,可能为长鑫带来提高密度及扩大产出的机会;美光则押注6F&sup2;延伸微缩与3D DRAM的长期潜力。最终哪条路线具备更好的经济效益,仍须由量产表现、客户采用程度及实际每位元成本决定。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1652.html\" title=\"AI算力的尽头 竟然是一块玻璃?\">AI算力的尽头 竟然是一块玻璃?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-20734.html\" title=\"iPhone Duo预购秒罄 首批现货溢价2,9000元起\">iPhone Duo预购秒罄 首批现货溢价2,9000元起</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-18463.html\" title=\"传台积电可能参加Terafab晶圆项目 马斯克:仅处于讨论阶段 但可能有所进展\">传台积电可能参加Terafab晶圆项目 马斯克:仅处于讨论阶段 但可能有所进展</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13340.html\" title=\"台积电代工价喊涨10%至15%?AI狂潮推升议价权、回档成布局机会\">台积电代工价喊涨10%至15%?AI狂潮推升议价权、回档成布局机会</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-18748.html\" title=\"美光512GB DDR5亮相!9200MT/s、功耗降逾60% 直攻AI伺服器记忆体需求\">美光512GB DDR5亮相!9200MT/s、功耗降逾60% 直攻AI伺服器记忆体需求</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15072.html\" title=\"AI基设压力测试来了!纽时:OpenAI估2030年算力支出7500亿美元 仍大喊「算力非常不够」\">AI基设压力测试来了!纽时:OpenAI估2030年算力支出7500亿美元 仍大喊「算力非常不够」</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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