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Anthropic营收狂飙背后藏风险!收入随时可撤回、算力成本却被锁死长达20年

2026-11-12 08:25:30 网络 阅读(1)

Anthropic营收正以惊人速度扩张,但高速成长背后,却隐藏着收入与成本期限严重错配的结构性风险。浙商证券最新研究报告指出,Anthropic的核心问题不在于持续亏损,而是客户可以随时缩减人工智慧(AI)服务支出,公司却已对晶片及算力供应商承担最高长达20年的不可撤销付款义务,形成收入高度弹性、成本却难以调整的经营困境。

Anthropic营收狂飙背后藏风险!收入随时可撤回、算力成本却被锁死长达20年

浙商证券分析师周一(9日)发布报告指出,Anthropic今年前三季营收合计达332.42亿美元,9个月年增约1,206%,已超过2025年全年营收的7.2倍。不过,公司第二季营业利益率虽首度转正至8.4%,第三季又转为亏损,降至-3.3%。

报告认为,这项波动凸显Anthropic面临的结构性问题:营收主要来自客户当期实际使用量,剩余履约义务(RPO)仅能覆盖约5.1个月的年化营收,但公司已承担高达8,954亿美元的采购及租赁承诺,部分合约期限甚至延伸至2045年。

营收9个月暴增12倍 按量计费占逾8成

从营收表现来看,Anthropic近年成长速度相当惊人。根据公司S-1文件,2023年营收为4,100万美元,2024年增至3.86亿美元,2025年进一步攀升至45.85亿美元,年增率分别达841%及1,088%。

进入2026年,成长动能进一步加速。第二季营收达115.55亿美元,季增144.2%;第三季再升至169.56亿美元,前三季累计332.42亿美元,9个月年增约1,206%。

从营收来源来看,Anthropic仍高度仰赖客户使用量。2026年上半年,按量计费收入达130.64亿美元,占总营收80.2%;订阅收入32.22亿美元,占19.8%。

浙商证券指出,订阅与按量计费并非彼此取代,而是相互叠加。订阅用户用完额度后,仍可转为额外按量付费,因此订阅收入占比历年维持相对稳定。

推动营收成长的关键则是使用量增加。报告指出,Opus 5.5让客户执行单一任务的成本较前代Opus 5降低约40%,Fable 5.1也使典型工作负载成本下降约25%。尽管服务价格持续下滑,营收仍快速攀升,显示使用量扩张已超过价格下降带来的影响。

然而,营收成长并不代表未来收入已有充分保障。截至2026年9月30日,Anthropic的剩余履约义务仅138亿美元,其中约75%预计在未来12个月内认列,折算后仅相当于约5.1个月的年化营收;递延收入则为19.71亿美元,约相当于0.7个月的年化营收。

浙商证券认为,这代表Anthropic目前的收入仍主要取决于客户即时使用需求,企业客户即使签署部分最低消费承诺,整体合约保障程度仍然有限,客户支出也具有高度调整弹性。

8,954亿美元算力承诺 成本最长锁定至2045年

相较于收入端可以随需求变动,Anthropic在算力供应端的支出承诺却缺乏相同弹性。

浙商证券根据Anthropic S-1及后续修订文件,整理公司与主要供应商签订的合约,指出截至2026年9月30日,Anthropic不可撤销的采购及租赁承诺总额约8,954亿美元。其中约4,475亿美元将在2030年底前发生,其余主要分布于2031年至2045年。

若以合约约束力区分,博通(AVGO-US) 、Google(GOOGL-US) 、亚马逊(AMZN-US) 及微软(MSFT-US) 的四份合约约4,306亿美元,占相关名义承诺规模约66%,是最难以取消的部分。其中包括博通1,612亿美元、Google 1,145亿美元、亚马逊1,100亿美元及微软449亿美元。

这些合约多具有照付不议或补差机制,即使实际需求不如预期,Anthropic仍可能必须承担相关付款义务。

成本压力也反映在财报上。报告指出,Anthropic的算力及基础设施支出主要直接列入当期费用,而非大量转化为资产负债表上的固定资产。今年前三季,公司算力及基础设施费用达188.08亿美元,占营收56.6%;同期新增固定资产购置仅9.25亿美元,占营收不到3%。

换言之,Anthropic每创造100美元营收,就有约57美元用于支付当期算力及基础设施费用。更重要的是,这些费用会随着承诺的算力交付并达到可使用状态而增加,不一定与客户当期实际需求同步变动。

浙商证券进一步估算,若将算力承诺依合约期限平均计算,Anthropic每年满额算力支出约为1,150亿至1,210亿美元,相当于2026年前三季年化算力费用的4.6至4.8倍。

若公司未来仍维持前三季56.6%的算力费用率,要支撑这笔支出,年化营收必须达到约2,085亿美元,相当于目前年化营收的约4.7倍。

收入能缩减、成本难取消 期限错配成最大隐忧

浙商证券认为,市场评估Anthropic时,不应只聚焦公司何时获利,而应注意收入与成本之间的期限缺口。

收入方面,Anthropic虽逐步增加企业客户合约及最低消费承诺,但RPO所提供的未来收入保障仍不足半年;成本方面,最具约束力的四份主要供应商合约,承诺金额已达4,306亿美元,且付款义务可能延续多年。

此外,Anthropic的算力采购模式也正在转变。过去主要透过云端服务供应商(CSP)取得算力,付款通常与可使用的算力规模连动;如今则增加直接租赁晶片、再将设备部署于第三方专用资料中心的模式,博通的五年期设备租赁便是其中一例。

这种模式进一步拉大付款与实际算力使用之间的时间差。相关设备租赁采融资租赁方式处理,付款起算点是设备达到「可投入服务」(ready for service)状态。若资料中心建置延迟,付款义务甚至可能在算力真正投入使用前就已开始。

融资安排也未必能完全缓解压力。Anthropic在S-1文件中列出Google 200亿美元、亚马逊150亿美元及博通420亿美元等票据融资额度,合计870亿美元,但截至2026年6月底均未动用。

浙商证券指出,这些融资额度的提款条件与特定营收目标或算力交付进度挂钩,条件相对严格,因此不能直接视为公司随时可以动用的资金后盾。

另一方面,Anthropic赴美上市也具有产业指标意义。浙商证券指出,Anthropic的S-1文件提供了首个经审计、资讯口径完整的尖端AI模型公司公开财务基准。

公司计划于11月中旬在那斯达克挂牌,正式定价后,将为中国大陆AI模型公司智谱(02513-HK) 、MiniMax(00100-HK) 等提供海外估值参考,有望带动相关族群估值修复。

报告也提到,尖端AI模型之间的能力差距正在缩小。根据Artificial Analysis智慧指数,截至2026年11月上旬,排名前七的模型分数均落在55至60分,最高与最低仅相差5分,显示模型领先优势的维持时间已缩短至季度规模,单一模型或推理能力的领先,已不再足以形成长期定价优势。

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          "id": 47,
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      "id": 37,
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公司有8,954亿美元不可撤销采购租赁承诺,部分延至2045年;最难取消的4份合约达4,306亿美元。",
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    "content": "<p>Anthropic营收正以惊人速度扩张,但高速成长背后,却隐藏着收入与成本期限严重错配的结构性风险。浙商证券最新研究报告指出,Anthropic的核心问题不在于持续亏损,而是客户可以随时缩减人工智慧(AI)服务支出,公司却已对晶片及算力供应商承担最高长达20年的不可撤销付款义务,形成收入高度弹性、成本却难以调整的经营困境。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6658387/l/9f7fc79d213ec7c74dc5a4f4d2d4f13f.jpg\" alt=\"Anthropic营收狂飙背后藏风险!收入随时可撤回、算力成本却被锁死长达20年\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>浙商证券分析师周一(9日)发布报告指出,Anthropic今年前三季营收合计达332.42亿美元,9个月年增约1,206%,已超过2025年全年营收的7.2倍。不过,公司第二季营业利益率虽首度转正至8.4%,第三季又转为亏损,降至-3.3%。</p>\n\n<p>报告认为,这项波动凸显Anthropic面临的结构性问题:营收主要来自客户当期实际使用量,剩余履约义务(RPO)仅能覆盖约5.1个月的年化营收,但公司已承担高达8,954亿美元的采购及租赁承诺,部分合约期限甚至延伸至2045年。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>营收</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>个月暴增</strong><strong>12</strong><strong>倍</strong><strong> </strong><strong>按量计费占逾</strong><strong>8</strong><strong>成</strong></h6>\n\n<p>从营收表现来看,Anthropic近年成长速度相当惊人。根据公司S-1文件,2023年营收为4,100万美元,2024年增至3.86亿美元,2025年进一步攀升至45.85亿美元,年增率分别达841%及1,088%。</p>\n\n<p>进入2026年,成长动能进一步加速。第二季营收达115.55亿美元,季增144.2%;第三季再升至169.56亿美元,前三季累计332.42亿美元,9个月年增约1,206%。</p>\n\n<p>从营收来源来看,Anthropic仍高度仰赖客户使用量。2026年上半年,按量计费收入达130.64亿美元,占总营收80.2%;订阅收入32.22亿美元,占19.8%。</p>\n\n<p>浙商证券指出,订阅与按量计费并非彼此取代,而是相互叠加。订阅用户用完额度后,仍可转为额外按量付费,因此订阅收入占比历年维持相对稳定。</p>\n\n<p>推动营收成长的关键则是使用量增加。报告指出,Opus 5.5让客户执行单一任务的成本较前代Opus 5降低约40%,Fable 5.1也使典型工作负载成本下降约25%。尽管服务价格持续下滑,营收仍快速攀升,显示使用量扩张已超过价格下降带来的影响。</p>\n\n<p>然而,营收成长并不代表未来收入已有充分保障。截至2026年9月30日,Anthropic的剩余履约义务仅138亿美元,其中约75%预计在未来12个月内认列,折算后仅相当于约5.1个月的年化营收;递延收入则为19.71亿美元,约相当于0.7个月的年化营收。</p>\n\n<p>浙商证券认为,这代表Anthropic目前的收入仍主要取决于客户即时使用需求,企业客户即使签署部分最低消费承诺,整体合约保障程度仍然有限,客户支出也具有高度调整弹性。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>8,954</strong><strong>亿美元算力承诺</strong><strong> </strong><strong>成本最长锁定至</strong><strong>2045</strong><strong>年</strong></h6>\n\n<p>相较于收入端可以随需求变动,Anthropic在算力供应端的支出承诺却缺乏相同弹性。</p>\n\n<p>浙商证券根据Anthropic S-1及后续修订文件,整理公司与主要供应商签订的合约,指出截至2026年9月30日,Anthropic不可撤销的采购及租赁承诺总额约8,954亿美元。其中约4,475亿美元将在2030年底前发生,其余主要分布于2031年至2045年。</p>\n\n<p>若以合约约束力区分,博通(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AVGO:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AVGO-US</a>) 、Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 、亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 及微软(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MSFT:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MSFT-US</a>) 的四份合约约4,306亿美元,占相关名义承诺规模约66%,是最难以取消的部分。其中包括博通1,612亿美元、Google 1,145亿美元、亚马逊1,100亿美元及微软449亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>这些合约多具有照付不议或补差机制,即使实际需求不如预期,Anthropic仍可能必须承担相关付款义务。</p>\n\n<p>成本压力也反映在财报上。报告指出,Anthropic的算力及基础设施支出主要直接列入当期费用,而非大量转化为资产负债表上的固定资产。今年前三季,公司算力及基础设施费用达188.08亿美元,占营收56.6%;同期新增固定资产购置仅9.25亿美元,占营收不到3%。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,Anthropic每创造100美元营收,就有约57美元用于支付当期算力及基础设施费用。更重要的是,这些费用会随着承诺的算力交付并达到可使用状态而增加,不一定与客户当期实际需求同步变动。</p>\n\n<p>浙商证券进一步估算,若将算力承诺依合约期限平均计算,Anthropic每年满额算力支出约为1,150亿至1,210亿美元,相当于2026年前三季年化算力费用的4.6至4.8倍。</p>\n\n<p>若公司未来仍维持前三季56.6%的算力费用率,要支撑这笔支出,年化营收必须达到约2,085亿美元,相当于目前年化营收的约4.7倍。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>收入能缩减、成本难取消</strong><strong> </strong><strong>期限错配成最大隐忧</strong></h6>\n\n<p>浙商证券认为,市场评估Anthropic时,不应只聚焦公司何时获利,而应注意收入与成本之间的期限缺口。</p>\n\n<p>收入方面,Anthropic虽逐步增加企业客户合约及最低消费承诺,但RPO所提供的未来收入保障仍不足半年;成本方面,最具约束力的四份主要供应商合约,承诺金额已达4,306亿美元,且付款义务可能延续多年。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Anthropic的算力采购模式也正在转变。过去主要透过云端服务供应商(CSP)取得算力,付款通常与可使用的算力规模连动;如今则增加直接租赁晶片、再将设备部署于第三方专用资料中心的模式,博通的五年期设备租赁便是其中一例。</p>\n\n<p>这种模式进一步拉大付款与实际算力使用之间的时间差。相关设备租赁采融资租赁方式处理,付款起算点是设备达到「可投入服务」(ready for service)状态。若资料中心建置延迟,付款义务甚至可能在算力真正投入使用前就已开始。</p>\n\n<p>融资安排也未必能完全缓解压力。Anthropic在S-1文件中列出Google 200亿美元、亚马逊150亿美元及博通420亿美元等票据融资额度,合计870亿美元,但截至2026年6月底均未动用。</p>\n\n<p>浙商证券指出,这些融资额度的提款条件与特定营收目标或算力交付进度挂钩,条件相对严格,因此不能直接视为公司随时可以动用的资金后盾。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,Anthropic赴美上市也具有产业指标意义。浙商证券指出,Anthropic的S-1文件提供了首个经审计、资讯口径完整的尖端AI模型公司公开财务基准。</p>\n\n<p>公司计划于11月中旬在那斯达克挂牌,正式定价后,将为中国大陆AI模型公司智谱(<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:02513:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">02513-HK</a>) 、MiniMax(<a data-symbol-template=\"HKS:00100:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">00100-HK</a>) 等提供海外估值参考,有望带动相关族群估值修复。</p>\n\n<p>报告也提到,尖端AI模型之间的能力差距正在缩小。根据Artificial Analysis智慧指数,截至2026年11月上旬,排名前七的模型分数均落在55至60分,最高与最低仅相差5分,显示模型领先优势的维持时间已缩短至季度规模,单一模型或推理能力的领先,已不再足以形成长期定价优势。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10349.html\" title=\"波克夏财报亮眼净利暴增111%!阿贝尔上任「积极」、由「净卖方」转为「净买方」\">波克夏财报亮眼净利暴增111%!阿贝尔上任「积极」、由「净卖方」转为「净买方」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9245.html\" title=\"AI股回档免惊?大摩120页报告拆解3大疑虑:真正被低估的是「这个」!\">AI股回档免惊?大摩120页报告拆解3大疑虑:真正被低估的是「这个」!</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5277.html\" title=\"美股下半年展望:华尔街仍看好牛市 聚焦AI变现与多元化布局\">美股下半年展望:华尔街仍看好牛市 聚焦AI变现与多元化布局</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13024.html\" title=\"华尔街最强多头Yardeni:现在不会急着押AI 仍看好「咆哮的2020年代」\">华尔街最强多头Yardeni:现在不会急着押AI 仍看好「咆哮的2020年代」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-22252.html\" title=\"CoreWeave盘后挫5%新云端股齐转跌 微软资本支出低于预期\">CoreWeave盘后挫5%新云端股齐转跌 微软资本支出低于预期</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-20386.html\" title=\"升息决策距期中选举仅6天 Fed会先等到12月?\">升息决策距期中选举仅6天 Fed会先等到12月?</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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