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中国晶片设计传突破!荷兰半导体专家泼冷水:艾司摩尔EUV曝光机仍是「最难跨越的门槛」

2026-09-18 07:08:23 网络 阅读(51)

荷兰半导体观察家 Marc Hijink 近日在《新鹿特丹报》撰文直言,中国半导体产业目前最难跨越的门槛,仍是先进微影设备,即艾司摩尔 (ASML-US) 的极紫外光(EUV)曝光机,这项技术至今仍无任何替代方案。

中国晶片设计传突破!荷兰半导体专家泼冷水:艾司摩尔EUV曝光机仍是「最难跨越的门槛」

根据报导,华为等中国企业正积极在晶片设计领域寻求技术突破,其中一项关键策略,是采用开源指令集架构 RISC-V,试图绕开美国主导的 x86 架构与 ARM(ARM-US) 架构所受到的出口管制限制。

根据陆媒先前的归纳,中国晶片产业的发展路径大致可分为两种典型模式。第一种被称为「高铁模式」,以海思、海光、飞腾等业者为代表,循「引进—消化—吸收—再创新」的路径,逐步打造具市场竞争力的产品。

第二种则是「北斗模式」,以龙芯中科 (688047-CN) 为代表,选择从零打造完全自主的技术体系与产业生态,追求彻底的自主可控。业内普遍认为这两种模式并非互斥,而是相互补充的发展思路。

以华为 Mate60 系列搭载的麒麟 9000S 晶片为例,部分核心运算单元采用华为自研的「泰山架构」,但整体指令集仍未脱离 ARM 阵营。这也是该款手机能迅速重新融入既有软体生态、让华为手机业务快速回春的关键原因之一。

除了延续 ARM 相容路线外,华为旗下半导体与器件设计公司海思也同步推进 RISC-V 架构的晶片研发。根据海思官方公开资料,该公司已运用 RISC-V 开发出多款晶片,应用范围涵盖智慧家电、电动载具、吹风机、按摩椅等消费性产品,同时也延伸至太阳能逆变器、可携式储能装置等工业应用领域。

分析指出,RISC-V 属于免费开源的指令集架构,精简指令集的设计理念与 ARM 有相似之处,但整体产业生态的成熟度目前仍远不及 ARM。

相较之下,英特尔 (INTC-US) 主导的 x86 属于复杂指令集架构,主要瀚向个人电脑、行动工作站等高效能运算市场。

值得注意的是,ARM 公司总部虽设于英国,但其技术体系中仍包含大量美国技术元素,产业生态同样由美国企业主导,因此 ARM 与 x86 一样,其最新架构的授权与更新都可能受到美国政府政策的牵制。

不过,中国科学院半导体研究所转载的相关报导也提到,大规模推动 RISC-V 面临的最大挑战在于产业生态与经济成本。

华为海思目前仅在物联网领域小规模采用 RISC-V,但伺服器主力仍依赖 ARM 指令集。若要全面转向 RISC-V,意味着必须重建整条供应链、重新培训工程团队,并改写底层软体生态,所需投入的成本相当庞大,业界普遍认为须谨慎评估。

EUV 曝光机:全球唯一的技术孤岛

在指令集架构之外,中国本土 EUV 曝光机的研发工作也同步进行中。

Hijink 指出,中国企业在 EUV 领域已投入多年研发资源,并取得若干专利,但他同时提醒,荷兰设备巨头艾司摩尔当年也耗费约 15 年时间,才成功让 EUV 技术从光源原理走向实际量产,这牵涉光源技术与高精度工业制造的复杂整合,过程中已有竞争者因技术难度过高而退场。

Hijink 所提到的退场案例,正是日本光学大厂尼康。尼康过去投入逾 1000 亿日元研发 EUV 技术,但截至 2018 年仍未能拿出可实际量产的原型机。

相较之下,艾司摩尔同期已将量产级 EUV 设备交付客户,投入 7 奈米制程晶片生产,尼康最终在这场竞赛中黯然退出。

报导分析认为,相较于晶片设计软体、架构与指令集领域,中国本土厂商虽技术上仍落后国际先进水准,但已具备一定的技术积累与市场规模,可循不同路径寻求突破。

然而,EUV 微影设备的处境则更为严峻。不仅中国本土尚无商业化量产设备,放眼全球,这项技术也几乎被荷兰艾司摩尔一家独占,堪称集结全球顶尖资源才得以实现的技术成果,绝非单一企业所能复制。

报导最后指出,中国企业在现有出口管制环境下投入自主 EUV 研发,等同于踏入一片技术「无人区」。

尽管 EUV 曝光机属于极尖端的工业设备,但只要是工业制造技术,理论上终究存在可行的研发路径与技术方法,这也将是观察中国半导体产业后续发展的重要指标。

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    "description": "华为积极布局 RISC-V 开源架构,寻求突破 ARM 与 x86 技术限制,加速中国半导体自主发展。然而专家指出,真正限制中国先进晶片制造的仍是 ASML 独占的 EUV 曝光机。本文解析 RISC-V、ARM、x86 与 EUV 技术差异,以及",
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    "content": "<p>荷兰半导体观察家 Marc Hijink 近日在《新鹿特丹报》撰文直言,中国半导体产业目前最难跨越的门槛,仍是先进微影设备,即艾司摩尔 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ASML:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ASML-US</a>) 的极紫外光(EUV)曝光机,这项技术至今仍无任何替代方案。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6515004/l/cf33c560bfa41a11f7962244ffd0cae8.jpg\" alt=\"中国晶片设计传突破!荷兰半导体专家泼冷水:艾司摩尔EUV曝光机仍是「最难跨越的门槛」\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>根据报导,华为等中国企业正积极在晶片设计领域寻求技术突破,其中一项关键策略,是采用开源指令集架构 RISC-V,试图绕开美国主导的 x86 架构与 ARM(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ARM:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ARM-US</a>) 架构所受到的出口管制限制。</p>\n\n<p>根据陆媒先前的归纳,中国晶片产业的发展路径大致可分为两种典型模式。第一种被称为「高铁模式」,以海思、海光、飞腾等业者为代表,循「引进&mdash;消化&mdash;吸收&mdash;再创新」的路径,逐步打造具市场竞争力的产品。</p>\n\n<p>第二种则是「北斗模式」,以龙芯中科 (<a data-symbol-template=\"CNS:688047:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">688047-CN</a>) 为代表,选择从零打造完全自主的技术体系与产业生态,追求彻底的自主可控。业内普遍认为这两种模式并非互斥,而是相互补充的发展思路。</p>\n\n<p>以华为 Mate60 系列搭载的麒麟 9000S 晶片为例,部分核心运算单元采用华为自研的「泰山架构」,但整体指令集仍未脱离 ARM 阵营。这也是该款手机能迅速重新融入既有软体生态、让华为手机业务快速回春的关键原因之一。</p>\n\n<p>除了延续 ARM 相容路线外,华为旗下半导体与器件设计公司海思也同步推进 RISC-V 架构的晶片研发。根据海思官方公开资料,该公司已运用 RISC-V 开发出多款晶片,应用范围涵盖智慧家电、电动载具、吹风机、按摩椅等消费性产品,同时也延伸至太阳能逆变器、可携式储能装置等工业应用领域。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,RISC-V 属于免费开源的指令集架构,精简指令集的设计理念与 ARM 有相似之处,但整体产业生态的成熟度目前仍远不及 ARM。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,英特尔 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:INTC:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">INTC-US</a>) 主导的 x86 属于复杂指令集架构,主要瀚向个人电脑、行动工作站等高效能运算市场。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,ARM 公司总部虽设于英国,但其技术体系中仍包含大量美国技术元素,产业生态同样由美国企业主导,因此 ARM 与 x86 一样,其最新架构的授权与更新都可能受到美国政府政策的牵制。</p>\n\n<p>不过,中国科学院半导体研究所转载的相关报导也提到,大规模推动 RISC-V 面临的最大挑战在于产业生态与经济成本。</p>\n\n<p>华为海思目前仅在物联网领域小规模采用 RISC-V,但伺服器主力仍依赖 ARM 指令集。若要全面转向 RISC-V,意味着必须重建整条供应链、重新培训工程团队,并改写底层软体生态,所需投入的成本相当庞大,业界普遍认为须谨慎评估。</p>\n\n<h6>EUV 曝光机:全球唯一的技术孤岛</h6>\n\n<p>在指令集架构之外,中国本土 EUV 曝光机的研发工作也同步进行中。</p>\n\n<p>Hijink 指出,中国企业在 EUV 领域已投入多年研发资源,并取得若干专利,但他同时提醒,荷兰设备巨头艾司摩尔当年也耗费约 15 年时间,才成功让 EUV 技术从光源原理走向实际量产,这牵涉光源技术与高精度工业制造的复杂整合,过程中已有竞争者因技术难度过高而退场。</p>\n\n<p>Hijink 所提到的退场案例,正是日本光学大厂尼康。尼康过去投入逾 1000 亿日元研发 EUV 技术,但截至 2018 年仍未能拿出可实际量产的原型机。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,艾司摩尔同期已将量产级 EUV 设备交付客户,投入 7 奈米制程晶片生产,尼康最终在这场竞赛中黯然退出。</p>\n\n<p>报导分析认为,相较于晶片设计软体、架构与指令集领域,中国本土厂商虽技术上仍落后国际先进水准,但已具备一定的技术积累与市场规模,可循不同路径寻求突破。</p>\n\n<p>然而,EUV 微影设备的处境则更为严峻。不仅中国本土尚无商业化量产设备,放眼全球,这项技术也几乎被荷兰艾司摩尔一家独占,堪称集结全球顶尖资源才得以实现的技术成果,绝非单一企业所能复制。</p>\n\n<p>报导最后指出,中国企业在现有出口管制环境下投入自主 EUV 研发,等同于踏入一片技术「无人区」。</p>\n\n<p>尽管 EUV 曝光机属于极尖端的工业设备,但只要是工业制造技术,理论上终究存在可行的研发路径与技术方法,这也将是观察中国半导体产业后续发展的重要指标。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6050.html\" title=\"AI记忆体需求爆发!美光再砸2500亿美元扩大美国制造 股价劲扬近5%\">AI记忆体需求爆发!美光再砸2500亿美元扩大美国制造 股价劲扬近5%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-6473.html\" title=\"SK海力士还能追?分析师反而更看好AI供应链「这家公司」\">SK海力士还能追?分析师反而更看好AI供应链「这家公司」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11066.html\" title=\"美光涨近5%仍落后SK海力士 新加坡淡马锡可能是关键\">美光涨近5%仍落后SK海力士 新加坡淡马锡可能是关键</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7607.html\" title=\"SK海力士泼冷水也没用?美光止跌反弹  华尔街估DRAM、NAND续涨\">SK海力士泼冷水也没用?美光止跌反弹  华尔街估DRAM、NAND续涨</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4014.html\" title=\"义大利对微软展开调查 质疑Microsoft 365涨价及AI捆绑策略\">义大利对微软展开调查 质疑Microsoft 365涨价及AI捆绑策略</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15314.html\" title=\"传奇投资人:Fed降息已无必要 AI恐陷「获利泡沫」\">传奇投资人:Fed降息已无必要 AI恐陷「获利泡沫」</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-06-28T08:20:02.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-17T23:08:23.000Z"
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