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不只禁晶片出口!美国再从资金下手 AI、量子运算、极音速与生技都纳管

2026-10-23 11:34:23 网络 阅读(3)

美国财政部22日提出新规草案,计划进一步限制美国资金流向中国、俄罗斯、北韩、伊朗、古巴等受关注国家的敏感科技产业,防止美国投资协助相关国家提升军事、情报、监控及网路作战能力。新规将扩大现行对外投资安全计划的适用范围,涵盖半导体、人工智慧(AI)、量子资讯、高效能运算、超级运算、极音速系统及部分生技技术,并区分禁止交易与须申报交易。草案目前仍在征询公众意见,并非已经生效的最终规定。

不只禁晶片出口!美国再从资金下手 AI、量子运算、极音速与生技都纳管

这项提案由美国财政部依据2025年12月国会通过的《全面对外投资国家安全法》(Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act, COINS Act)制定。该法纳入2026财政年度《国防授权法》,将前总统拜登2023年透过行政命令建立的对外投资限制制度进一步法制化,并扩大适用的科技领域与受关注国家。

美国财政部长贝森特 (Scott Bessent)表示,新规旨在防止美国对外投资被利用来发展可能威胁美国国家安全的关键技术,同时透过更明确的规则,让美国及外国投资人了解相关限制,并保留提出意见的机会。财政部投资安全助理部长Christopher Pilkerton则指出,这项规则将强化现有的对外投资安全计划。

新规涵盖的科技领域包括半导体技术与微电子、AI系统、量子资讯技术、高效能运算与超级运算,以及极音速系统。财政部并进一步纳入部分生技技术,认为相关技术可能被用于军事、情报、监控或网路作战能力,因此有必要纳入国家安全审查范围。

在生技领域,草案针对特定敏感技术设定禁止投资范围,包括涉及受出口管制病原体或毒素的开发与工程、生物制造及生物工程设备、特定高性能功能材料、部分药物与生物制剂、生质燃料,以及脑机介面等技术。财政部认为,这些技术可能涉及生物武器扩散、供应链安全及军事用途,因此美国资金若流入相关受限制企业,可能带来国家安全风险。

在地理范围方面,草案除中国大陆外,也涵盖香港与澳门,并将俄罗斯、伊朗、古巴及北韩纳入受关注国家名单。法律条文另涉及委内瑞拉尼古拉斯・马杜洛政权,但财政部草案指出,美国已于2026年3月5日承认德尔西・罗德里格斯为委内瑞拉国家元首,因此马杜洛政权相关条文的适用情况也须依草案定义判断。

美国财政部提出的规范不代表所有对相关国家的投资都会被禁止,而是依交易形式、投资标的及技术类型,分别采取禁止或申报要求。可能纳入规范的交易包括取得股权或附带股权权利、有限合伙投资、绿地投资、合资企业,以及特定债务融资。美国人士透过受其控制的海外企业进行交易,也可能受到规范。

对于属于须申报类型的交易,草案设有小额交易例外:同一美国投资人与相关受涵盖外国企业或合资企业,在前12个月累计交易价值不超过5万美元,可适用申报义务的例外。不过,这项门槛并不代表所有低于5万美元的禁止交易都能获得豁免;若交易本身属于禁止类型,仍可能涉及违规。

公开交易的证券、部分投资基金、企业内部资金移转及一般行政或附带交易等,也可能适用例外规定。但若投资附带超出一般少数股东保障的特定公司治理权利,部分例外仍可能不适用。因此,企业不能只依投资金额或交易形式判断是否合规,仍须检视实际交易内容及投资标的。

草案也要求美国投资人于交易前进行合理且审慎的调查,确认投资对象是否属于受规范的外国企业,以及其涉及的技术是否落入禁止或申报范围。财政部将建立提供非约束性意见及匿名公开指引的机制,协助投资人厘清可能涉及限制的交易。

违反规定者可能面临民事罚款,最高金额依相关法律规定,以经通膨调整的25万美元或违规交易金额的两倍两者中较高者为上限。财政部也可要求处分或撤销涉及禁止技术的交易。草案拟保留民事处罚及强制剥离投资的权力,但不纳入现行规则中的相关刑事处罚条文。

美国财政部估计,这项新规将带来一定的企业合规成本。根据PitchBook约2023年至2025年的交易资料,近230家美国投资人于相关国家的半导体、AI、量子资讯、极音速、高效能运算及生技等领域,完成约300笔初始或追加投资。换算后,平均每年约有75家投资人参与约100笔可能受到规范的交易。财政部认为,商业资料可能低估实际交易量,因此在估算行政负担时,将平均数据加倍计算。

依草案的行政负担估算,财政部假设每年约有150家机构回应相关资讯搜集要求,合计提交200份回复,每份回复平均耗费50至90个人工作小时,全年申报与纪录保存负担约1.8万小时。相关资讯搜集成本预估每年介于231万至527.4万美元之间。

美国政府近年持续强化对外投资与科技出口管制,背后反映美中两大经济体在关键技术领域的竞争。双方先后限制部分敏感技术与关键产品出口,包括中国稀土及美国先进晶片,并透过关税措施施加经济压力。尽管川普与中国国家主席习近平曾同意暂时缓和紧张关系,并将休战安排延长至2027年1月,科技与投资限制仍持续推进。

执法行动也显示美国政府已开始追究未申报交易。美国财政部今年7月对一家美国企业处以20万美元罚款,原因是该公司旗下子公司投资一家中国AI与机器人企业9.25万美元,却未依规定向财政部申报。这起案件显示,投资人即使透过子公司进行交易,也可能承担合规责任。

美国智库民主防卫基金会资深研究员Craig Singleton认为,这项提案向市场传达华府正追踪美国资金流向及其协助建立的技术能力。他指出,资金与技术移转一样,都可能加速军事相关能力发展。法律专家Jason Chipman则认为,新规将促使企业建立更完整的合规制度,以管理跨境投资风险。

目前,财政部已公开征求各界对规范范围、关键定义、申报要求、处罚及执法流程的意见,书面意见截止日期为2026年12月7日。财政部将在审阅意见后制定最终规则,届时才会另行确定生效日期。

整体而言,美国此次拟议规则将对外投资审查从既有的半导体、AI及量子技术,扩大至更多高效能运算、极音速与生技领域,并将更多国家纳入监管范围。对美国投资基金、创投、私募股权及科技企业而言,未来投资相关市场时,除评估商业回报,也必须更加重视投资对象的技术活动、股权安排、融资方式及申报义务。新规最终范围仍可能因公众意见而调整,但美国政府持续追踪资金流向敏感科技领域的方向已相当明确。

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    "description": "美财部拟限美资流向中国等敏感科技,涵盖半导体、AI、量子、高效能运算、极音速与部分生技。
草案区分禁止与须申报交易,涵盖股权、基金、绿地投资、合资等;违规最高罚25万美元或交易额两倍。
目前仍征询意见至2026年12月7日,最终规则未定;财部估每年申报与保存成本约231万至527.4万美元。",
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    "content": "<p>美国财政部22日提出新规草案,计划进一步限制美国资金流向中国、俄罗斯、北韩、伊朗、古巴等受关注国家的敏感科技产业,防止美国投资协助相关国家提升军事、情报、监控及网路作战能力。新规将扩大现行对外投资安全计划的适用范围,涵盖半导体、人工智慧(AI)、量子资讯、高效能运算、超级运算、极音速系统及部分生技技术,并区分禁止交易与须申报交易。草案目前仍在征询公众意见,并非已经生效的最终规定。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6636450/l/86667afb9b52c9b15e3b947b67f617f5.jpg\" alt=\"不只禁晶片出口!美国再从资金下手 AI、量子运算、极音速与生技都纳管\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>这项提案由美国财政部依据2025年12月国会通过的《全面对外投资国家安全法》(Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act, COINS Act)制定。该法纳入2026财政年度《国防授权法》,将前总统拜登2023年透过行政命令建立的对外投资限制制度进一步法制化,并扩大适用的科技领域与受关注国家。</p>\n\n<p>美国财政部长贝森特 (Scott Bessent)表示,新规旨在防止美国对外投资被利用来发展可能威胁美国国家安全的关键技术,同时透过更明确的规则,让美国及外国投资人了解相关限制,并保留提出意见的机会。财政部投资安全助理部长Christopher Pilkerton则指出,这项规则将强化现有的对外投资安全计划。</p>\n\n<p>新规涵盖的科技领域包括半导体技术与微电子、AI系统、量子资讯技术、高效能运算与超级运算,以及极音速系统。财政部并进一步纳入部分生技技术,认为相关技术可能被用于军事、情报、监控或网路作战能力,因此有必要纳入国家安全审查范围。</p>\n\n<p>在生技领域,草案针对特定敏感技术设定禁止投资范围,包括涉及受出口管制病原体或毒素的开发与工程、生物制造及生物工程设备、特定高性能功能材料、部分药物与生物制剂、生质燃料,以及脑机介面等技术。财政部认为,这些技术可能涉及生物武器扩散、供应链安全及军事用途,因此美国资金若流入相关受限制企业,可能带来国家安全风险。</p>\n\n<p>在地理范围方面,草案除中国大陆外,也涵盖香港与澳门,并将俄罗斯、伊朗、古巴及北韩纳入受关注国家名单。法律条文另涉及委内瑞拉尼古拉斯・马杜洛政权,但财政部草案指出,美国已于2026年3月5日承认德尔西・罗德里格斯为委内瑞拉国家元首,因此马杜洛政权相关条文的适用情况也须依草案定义判断。</p>\n\n<p>美国财政部提出的规范不代表所有对相关国家的投资都会被禁止,而是依交易形式、投资标的及技术类型,分别采取禁止或申报要求。可能纳入规范的交易包括取得股权或附带股权权利、有限合伙投资、绿地投资、合资企业,以及特定债务融资。美国人士透过受其控制的海外企业进行交易,也可能受到规范。</p>\n\n<p>对于属于须申报类型的交易,草案设有小额交易例外:同一美国投资人与相关受涵盖外国企业或合资企业,在前12个月累计交易价值不超过5万美元,可适用申报义务的例外。不过,这项门槛并不代表所有低于5万美元的禁止交易都能获得豁免;若交易本身属于禁止类型,仍可能涉及违规。</p>\n\n<p>公开交易的证券、部分投资基金、企业内部资金移转及一般行政或附带交易等,也可能适用例外规定。但若投资附带超出一般少数股东保障的特定公司治理权利,部分例外仍可能不适用。因此,企业不能只依投资金额或交易形式判断是否合规,仍须检视实际交易内容及投资标的。</p>\n\n<p>草案也要求美国投资人于交易前进行合理且审慎的调查,确认投资对象是否属于受规范的外国企业,以及其涉及的技术是否落入禁止或申报范围。财政部将建立提供非约束性意见及匿名公开指引的机制,协助投资人厘清可能涉及限制的交易。</p>\n\n<p>违反规定者可能面临民事罚款,最高金额依相关法律规定,以经通膨调整的25万美元或违规交易金额的两倍两者中较高者为上限。财政部也可要求处分或撤销涉及禁止技术的交易。草案拟保留民事处罚及强制剥离投资的权力,但不纳入现行规则中的相关刑事处罚条文。</p>\n\n<p>美国财政部估计,这项新规将带来一定的企业合规成本。根据PitchBook约2023年至2025年的交易资料,近230家美国投资人于相关国家的半导体、AI、量子资讯、极音速、高效能运算及生技等领域,完成约300笔初始或追加投资。换算后,平均每年约有75家投资人参与约100笔可能受到规范的交易。财政部认为,商业资料可能低估实际交易量,因此在估算行政负担时,将平均数据加倍计算。</p>\n\n<p>依草案的行政负担估算,财政部假设每年约有150家机构回应相关资讯搜集要求,合计提交200份回复,每份回复平均耗费50至90个人工作小时,全年申报与纪录保存负担约1.8万小时。相关资讯搜集成本预估每年介于231万至527.4万美元之间。</p>\n\n<p>美国政府近年持续强化对外投资与科技出口管制,背后反映美中两大经济体在关键技术领域的竞争。双方先后限制部分敏感技术与关键产品出口,包括中国稀土及美国先进晶片,并透过关税措施施加经济压力。尽管川普与中国国家主席习近平曾同意暂时缓和紧张关系,并将休战安排延长至2027年1月,科技与投资限制仍持续推进。</p>\n\n<p>执法行动也显示美国政府已开始追究未申报交易。美国财政部今年7月对一家美国企业处以20万美元罚款,原因是该公司旗下子公司投资一家中国AI与机器人企业9.25万美元,却未依规定向财政部申报。这起案件显示,投资人即使透过子公司进行交易,也可能承担合规责任。</p>\n\n<p>美国智库民主防卫基金会资深研究员Craig Singleton认为,这项提案向市场传达华府正追踪美国资金流向及其协助建立的技术能力。他指出,资金与技术移转一样,都可能加速军事相关能力发展。法律专家Jason Chipman则认为,新规将促使企业建立更完整的合规制度,以管理跨境投资风险。</p>\n\n<p>目前,财政部已公开征求各界对规范范围、关键定义、申报要求、处罚及执法流程的意见,书面意见截止日期为2026年12月7日。财政部将在审阅意见后制定最终规则,届时才会另行确定生效日期。</p>\n\n<p>整体而言,美国此次拟议规则将对外投资审查从既有的半导体、AI及量子技术,扩大至更多高效能运算、极音速与生技领域,并将更多国家纳入监管范围。对美国投资基金、创投、私募股权及科技企业而言,未来投资相关市场时,除评估商业回报,也必须更加重视投资对象的技术活动、股权安排、融资方式及申报义务。新规最终范围仍可能因公众意见而调整,但美国政府持续追踪资金流向敏感科技领域的方向已相当明确。</p><div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21589.html\" title=\"今年首度突破央行2%目标!日本9月核心CPI年增2.1% 强化年底升息预期\">今年首度突破央行2%目标!日本9月核心CPI年增2.1% 强化年底升息预期</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21565.html\" title=\"别人退场他们扫货 江苏首富夫妇一路抄底买对了什么?\">别人退场他们扫货 江苏首富夫妇一路抄底买对了什么?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21524.html\" title=\"〈财报〉少涨价也能交好成绩!宝侨上季营收、获利胜预期 盘前涨逾3%\">〈财报〉少涨价也能交好成绩!宝侨上季营收、获利胜预期 盘前涨逾3%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21529.html\" title=\"AI云端股跌惨空方赚翻!本月帐面获利达60亿美元\">AI云端股跌惨空方赚翻!本月帐面获利达60亿美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21546.html\" title=\"不只AI借钱让人怕!法国公债也拉警报 信用市场怎么了?\">不只AI借钱让人怕!法国公债也拉警报 信用市场怎么了?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-21564.html\" title=\"莫德纳崩跌逾17% 癌症疫苗试验数据意外外流\">莫德纳崩跌逾17% 癌症疫苗试验数据意外外流</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-23T01:00:42.000Z",
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