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〈分析〉科技股重挫 石油双雄创高 炼油红利能撑多久?

2026-10-31 14:20:25 网络 阅读(1)

10月30日(周五),美股市场出现明显的产业分歧。人工智慧(AI)资本支出持续攀升、投资回收前景引发疑虑,科技股遭遇大规模抛售,那斯达克综合指数重挫逾3%,创下6月以来最差单日表现;然而,同一个交易日,美国两大石油巨头埃克森美孚 (Exxon Mobil) (XOM-US)与雪佛龙 (Chevron) (CVX-US)却逆势走强,盘中双双触及历史新高。两家公司第三季财报均优于市场预期,其中炼油业务获利大幅跃升,成为支撑能源股表现的重要力量。

〈分析〉科技股重挫 石油双雄创高 炼油红利能撑多久?

埃克森美孚第三季净利达154亿美元,年增逾一倍,每股盈余3.72美元,调整后每股盈余4.23美元,高于《CNBC》引述LSEG调查分析师预估的4.08美元;营收年增33%至1,132亿美元。雪佛龙第三季净利则达99亿美元,年增约180%,每股盈余5.06美元,调整后每股盈余5.28美元,同样优于市场预期;营收年增36%至678亿美元。两家公司营收与获利同步成长,反映能源市场供应紧张已转化为石油巨头的财务优势。

值得注意的是,这次两大石油公司的获利亮点并非完全来自原油开采,而是下游炼油业务。埃克森美孚第三季能源产品部门获利达71.7亿美元,略高于上游部门的70.9亿美元,显示在成品油供应受限、炼油利差扩大的环境下,将原油加工成汽油、柴油等产品所创造的利润,已足以与传统油气开采业务并驾齐驱,甚至略胜一筹。今年前三季,埃克森能源产品部门获利累计约114亿美元,较去年同期的40亿美元大幅增加,成长幅度接近两倍。

雪佛龙的下游业务同样出现爆发性成长,第三季获利达49.3亿美元,年增逾三倍。美国炼厂原油吞吐量升至每日109万桶,创下历史纪录,设备开工率约98%;埃克森美孚在美国墨西哥湾沿岸的炼油厂则以100%产能利用率运转。两家公司均充分运用美国炼油产能,承接国际市场因供应中断而转移的成品油需求。

这波炼油获利暴增,关键在于全球炼油产能受到地缘政治冲突及设施遇袭影响。自3月美国与以色列攻击伊朗后,中东能源供应持续受到干扰;此外,乌克兰及胡塞武装组织对俄罗斯与中东炼油设施发动攻击,也进一步压缩全球成品油供应。相关冲击使全球炼油产能减少每日数百万桶,市场柴油供应尤其吃紧,原本依赖中东及其他地区进口的国家,因而转向美国墨西哥湾沿岸炼油厂采购燃料。

当成品油供应减少、柴油价格上涨,而原油与成品油价格之间的价差扩大,炼油业者便能取得更高的炼油利差。这也解释了为何埃克森美孚能源产品部门获利能超越上游部门,以及雪佛龙下游获利能在一年内增加逾三倍。换言之,两家公司本季的亮眼表现,不只是原油价格变动带来的收益,更反映全球燃料供应链受阻后,具备大型炼油产能的企业取得了额外定价优势。

不过,炼油业者获利增加的另一面,是消费者及企业承受更高能源成本。美国汽车协会(AAA)数据显示,全美柴油平均价格已升至每加仑6.32美元,较去年同期上涨约71%,并在9月一度创下纪录;普通汽油平均价格则达每加仑4.20美元,较一年前高出约1.20美元。柴油是货运、农业及部分工业活动的重要燃料,价格持续上涨将推升物流、制造及商品运输成本,最终可能转嫁至企业与消费者。

因此,石油巨头与一般经济部门正面临截然不同的能源价格环境。对拥有炼油设施、能够在供应短缺时提高产能利用率的企业而言,高炼油利差意味着获利机会;但对航空、运输、物流及制造业来说,燃料成本上升则会侵蚀利润。若高油价持续,能源企业可能维持强劲现金流,却也可能加重整体经济的成本压力,形成能源股受惠、下游产业承压的分化局面。

除了短期炼油利差,两家公司也具备一定的营运与股东回馈支撑。埃克森美孚宣布季度股利每股1.07美元,并规划2027年股票回购金额达200亿美元,持续透过现金股利与库藏股回购回馈股东。公司已连续44年提高年度股利,展现长期配息纪律。执行长伍兹(Darren Woods)表示,自2019年以来,公司馏分油产量已提高约40%,反映过去对炼油设施及产能的投资,正好在全球柴油供应紧张时发挥作用。

雪佛龙则面临不同的营运挑战。执行长沃斯(Mike Wirth)坦言,当前能源供应体系承受压力,整体环境相当脆弱。雪佛龙全球第三季日产量为398万桶油当量,低于去年同期的409万桶;埃克森美孚今年日均产量也约为450万桶,较去年同期下滑。这意味着两家公司虽然受惠于炼油业务,但上游油气产量并未同步增加,甚至受到部分地区营运及地缘政治因素影响。

这也凸显石油企业目前获利结构的变化:上游业务仍受到油气产量、开采成本及原油价格影响,下游炼油业务则更直接受到成品油供需与炼油利差左右。当全球炼油产能受损,具备大型炼油设施及物流网络的业者便能取得更高利润;但如果受损设施恢复运作,或市场需求因价格上涨而减弱,炼油利差也可能迅速收敛。

未来最大的变数在于供应中断能否持续。若中东及俄罗斯受损炼油设施陆续修复,战事降温,或荷姆兹海峡运输风险降低,全球成品油供应可能逐步恢复,进而压低柴油价格与炼油利差。反之,若冲突扩大、更多炼油设施遭到破坏,或能源运输持续受阻,全球燃料供应缺口可能进一步扩大,让美国炼油业者继续受惠,但高油价也将对消费者与企业成本造成更大冲击。

从投资角度来看,埃克森美孚与雪佛龙第三季财报证明,炼油业务在全球供应链受阻时具备相当强的获利弹性,也让石油巨头在科技股因AI资本支出疑虑遭到抛售之际,成为市场资金关注的另一选择。然而,投资人不能将本季炼油获利直接视为长期常态。这波利润很大程度来自地缘政治造成的供应缺口,而非单纯来自企业效率提升或需求结构永久改变。

因此,后续评估两大石油巨头的投资价值,除了观察股利、股票回购及现金流,也必须追踪全球炼油产能恢复速度、战事发展、成品油需求与炼油利差变化。若供应紧张持续,两家公司有机会维持较高获利;但若市场逐步恢复平衡,炼油业务可能失去目前的超额利润。这场能源股与科技股的市场分化,究竟代表资金开始重新评价能源产业,还是仅是地缘政治推动的阶段性行情,仍有待未来几季财报验证。

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炼油利差扩大推升获利,埃克森能源产品赚71.7亿美元,雪佛龙下游赚49.3亿美元,柴油供应成关键。",
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    "content": "<p>10月30日(周五),美股市场出现明显的产业分歧。人工智慧(AI)资本支出持续攀升、投资回收前景引发疑虑,科技股遭遇大规模抛售,那斯达克综合指数重挫逾3%,创下6月以来最差单日表现;然而,同一个交易日,美国两大石油巨头埃克森美孚 (Exxon Mobil) (XOM-US)与雪佛龙 (Chevron) (CVX-US)却逆势走强,盘中双双触及历史新高。两家公司第三季财报均优于市场预期,其中炼油业务获利大幅跃升,成为支撑能源股表现的重要力量。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6642930/l/ae098d20bc58c70ee826fefbdffac308.jpg\" alt=\"〈分析〉科技股重挫 石油双雄创高 炼油红利能撑多久?\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>埃克森美孚第三季净利达154亿美元,年增逾一倍,每股盈余3.72美元,调整后每股盈余4.23美元,高于《CNBC》引述LSEG调查分析师预估的4.08美元;营收年增33%至1,132亿美元。雪佛龙第三季净利则达99亿美元,年增约180%,每股盈余5.06美元,调整后每股盈余5.28美元,同样优于市场预期;营收年增36%至678亿美元。两家公司营收与获利同步成长,反映能源市场供应紧张已转化为石油巨头的财务优势。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,这次两大石油公司的获利亮点并非完全来自原油开采,而是下游炼油业务。埃克森美孚第三季能源产品部门获利达71.7亿美元,略高于上游部门的70.9亿美元,显示在成品油供应受限、炼油利差扩大的环境下,将原油加工成汽油、柴油等产品所创造的利润,已足以与传统油气开采业务并驾齐驱,甚至略胜一筹。今年前三季,埃克森能源产品部门获利累计约114亿美元,较去年同期的40亿美元大幅增加,成长幅度接近两倍。</p>\n\n<p>雪佛龙的下游业务同样出现爆发性成长,第三季获利达49.3亿美元,年增逾三倍。美国炼厂原油吞吐量升至每日109万桶,创下历史纪录,设备开工率约98%;埃克森美孚在美国墨西哥湾沿岸的炼油厂则以100%产能利用率运转。两家公司均充分运用美国炼油产能,承接国际市场因供应中断而转移的成品油需求。</p>\n\n<p>这波炼油获利暴增,关键在于全球炼油产能受到地缘政治冲突及设施遇袭影响。自3月美国与以色列攻击伊朗后,中东能源供应持续受到干扰;此外,乌克兰及胡塞武装组织对俄罗斯与中东炼油设施发动攻击,也进一步压缩全球成品油供应。相关冲击使全球炼油产能减少每日数百万桶,市场柴油供应尤其吃紧,原本依赖中东及其他地区进口的国家,因而转向美国墨西哥湾沿岸炼油厂采购燃料。</p>\n\n<p>当成品油供应减少、柴油价格上涨,而原油与成品油价格之间的价差扩大,炼油业者便能取得更高的炼油利差。这也解释了为何埃克森美孚能源产品部门获利能超越上游部门,以及雪佛龙下游获利能在一年内增加逾三倍。换言之,两家公司本季的亮眼表现,不只是原油价格变动带来的收益,更反映全球燃料供应链受阻后,具备大型炼油产能的企业取得了额外定价优势。</p>\n\n<p>不过,炼油业者获利增加的另一面,是消费者及企业承受更高能源成本。美国汽车协会(AAA)数据显示,全美柴油平均价格已升至每加仑6.32美元,较去年同期上涨约71%,并在9月一度创下纪录;普通汽油平均价格则达每加仑4.20美元,较一年前高出约1.20美元。柴油是货运、农业及部分工业活动的重要燃料,价格持续上涨将推升物流、制造及商品运输成本,最终可能转嫁至企业与消费者。</p>\n\n<p>因此,石油巨头与一般经济部门正面临截然不同的能源价格环境。对拥有炼油设施、能够在供应短缺时提高产能利用率的企业而言,高炼油利差意味着获利机会;但对航空、运输、物流及制造业来说,燃料成本上升则会侵蚀利润。若高油价持续,能源企业可能维持强劲现金流,却也可能加重整体经济的成本压力,形成能源股受惠、下游产业承压的分化局面。</p>\n\n<p>除了短期炼油利差,两家公司也具备一定的营运与股东回馈支撑。埃克森美孚宣布季度股利每股1.07美元,并规划2027年股票回购金额达200亿美元,持续透过现金股利与库藏股回购回馈股东。公司已连续44年提高年度股利,展现长期配息纪律。执行长伍兹(Darren Woods)表示,自2019年以来,公司馏分油产量已提高约40%,反映过去对炼油设施及产能的投资,正好在全球柴油供应紧张时发挥作用。</p>\n\n<p>雪佛龙则面临不同的营运挑战。执行长沃斯(Mike Wirth)坦言,当前能源供应体系承受压力,整体环境相当脆弱。雪佛龙全球第三季日产量为398万桶油当量,低于去年同期的409万桶;埃克森美孚今年日均产量也约为450万桶,较去年同期下滑。这意味着两家公司虽然受惠于炼油业务,但上游油气产量并未同步增加,甚至受到部分地区营运及地缘政治因素影响。</p>\n\n<p>这也凸显石油企业目前获利结构的变化:上游业务仍受到油气产量、开采成本及原油价格影响,下游炼油业务则更直接受到成品油供需与炼油利差左右。当全球炼油产能受损,具备大型炼油设施及物流网络的业者便能取得更高利润;但如果受损设施恢复运作,或市场需求因价格上涨而减弱,炼油利差也可能迅速收敛。</p>\n\n<p>未来最大的变数在于供应中断能否持续。若中东及俄罗斯受损炼油设施陆续修复,战事降温,或荷姆兹海峡运输风险降低,全球成品油供应可能逐步恢复,进而压低柴油价格与炼油利差。反之,若冲突扩大、更多炼油设施遭到破坏,或能源运输持续受阻,全球燃料供应缺口可能进一步扩大,让美国炼油业者继续受惠,但高油价也将对消费者与企业成本造成更大冲击。</p>\n\n<p>从投资角度来看,埃克森美孚与雪佛龙第三季财报证明,炼油业务在全球供应链受阻时具备相当强的获利弹性,也让石油巨头在科技股因AI资本支出疑虑遭到抛售之际,成为市场资金关注的另一选择。然而,投资人不能将本季炼油获利直接视为长期常态。这波利润很大程度来自地缘政治造成的供应缺口,而非单纯来自企业效率提升或需求结构永久改变。</p>\n\n<p>因此,后续评估两大石油巨头的投资价值,除了观察股利、股票回购及现金流,也必须追踪全球炼油产能恢复速度、战事发展、成品油需求与炼油利差变化。若供应紧张持续,两家公司有机会维持较高获利;但若市场逐步恢复平衡,炼油业务可能失去目前的超额利润。这场能源股与科技股的市场分化,究竟代表资金开始重新评价能源产业,还是仅是地缘政治推动的阶段性行情,仍有待未来几季财报验证。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22675.html\" title=\"惠誉砍法国信评展望至「负向」!债务恶化、政局分裂加深财政风险\">惠誉砍法国信评展望至「负向」!债务恶化、政局分裂加深财政风险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22627.html\" title=\"美股亮罕见警讯!关键指标飙近70年新高 两场大熊市曾出现\">美股亮罕见警讯!关键指标飙近70年新高 两场大熊市曾出现</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22676.html\" title=\"卢比欧将与巴西外长会谈!川普准波索纳洛赴美避风头升高美巴紧张\">卢比欧将与巴西外长会谈!川普准波索纳洛赴美避风头升高美巴紧张</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22684.html\" title=\"AI融资问题已经显现?巴克莱:华尔街仍陷「否认阶段」、CoreWeave债券殖利率逼近15%\">AI融资问题已经显现?巴克莱:华尔街仍陷「否认阶段」、CoreWeave债券殖利率逼近15%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22616.html\" title=\"全球主要央行多暂停升息 但能源与地缘政治阴影下 紧缩周期尚未结束\">全球主要央行多暂停升息 但能源与地缘政治阴影下 紧缩周期尚未结束</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-22631.html\" title=\"美国抗通膨债券年利率升至5.51%!固定利率创近20年新高\">美国抗通膨债券年利率升至5.51%!固定利率创近20年新高</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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