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〈分析〉川普败选后恐转打关税牌?韩对美顺差破千亿美元 恐成施压目标

2026-11-05 16:26:30 网络 阅读(1)

川普期中选举失利后,可能重新将关税作为对外施压的主要工具。韩国《首尔经济日报》11月5日分析,民主党拿下美国国会参众两院后,川普国内施政空间受到限制,可能转向总统行政权较大的贸易及外交领域,透过关税向贸易伙伴争取更多经济利益。

〈分析〉川普败选后恐转打关税牌?韩对美顺差破千亿美元 恐成施压目标

韩国因半导体出口暴增、对美贸易顺差快速扩大,可能成为下一波施压目标。专家警告,川普政府与国会的冲突若持续升高,对中政策、盟友关系及贸易谈判的不确定性都可能进一步增加。

西江大学教授许允(Hur Yoon)指出,关税是川普最有力的政策武器,因为总统可以透过行政权推动相关措施,不必完全依赖国会。即使民主党掌控国会后提出限制关税权力的法案,川普仍可行使否决权。

前韩国外交部次官、Lee&Ko律师事务所顾问李泰镐(Lee Tae-ho)也认为,随着川普政府与国会冲突增加,白宫可能转向对中关系及盟友议题寻求突破,政策不可预测性将进一步升高。

美国关税工具并未因期中选举而消失。美国贸易代表署(USTR)今年3月12日依川普指示,针对60个经济体未能禁止或有效执行强迫劳动产品进口禁令的问题,启动《1974年贸易法》第301条款调查。

这项调查历经4月28日至29日公开听证、超过2,100份公众意见,以及与45个以上受调查经济体政府磋商。USTR于6月2日认定相关作法不合理且对美国商业造成负担或限制,可依第301(b)条采取行动,7月23日正式宣布对60个经济体采取关税行动。

依照USTR公布的措施,部分经济体适用10%关税,欧盟、台湾、日本、韩国及瑞士的特定产品则依最惠国待遇(MFN)税率设定不同的累计关税门槛,其余受调查经济体适用12.5%关税。

其中,欧盟及台湾特定产品的MFN税率与301关税合计以10%为基准;日本、韩国及瑞士则以12.5%为基准。若原有MFN税率已达门槛,便不再加征这项301关税,部分原物料及特定产品也可获得豁免。

更值得注意的是,这项强迫劳动调查并非美国目前唯一的301调查。美方今年3月另对16个经济体展开产能过剩调查,涵盖中国、欧盟、韩国、台湾、日本、印度及东南亚部分国家,调查范围涉及制造业结构性产能过剩及持续性贸易顺差。

由于产能过剩调查与强迫劳动调查属于不同案件,未来若美方再以产能过剩为由采取行动,韩国可能面临新的关税压力。即使目前部分301关税面临司法挑战,相关诉讼也可能耗费相当长的时间,难以立即消除企业面对的政策风险。

韩国的脆弱点在于对美贸易顺差急遽扩大。韩国产业通商资源部数据显示,今年1月至10月韩国对美贸易顺差约达1,023亿美元,已超过去年全年494.9亿美元的两倍,半导体出口暴增是主要推力。其中10月数字为暂定值,定案后累计金额可能微幅调整。

韩联社11月1日引述产业通商资源部数据,韩国10月出口总额达1,153亿美元,年增93.7%,创单月历史新高;进口则年增36%至727.8亿美元,贸易顺差达425亿美元。

其中,半导体出口达564亿美元,年增259%,成为出口暴增的主要引擎。石油产品出口年增80%至69.2亿美元,石化产品年增27.5%至40亿美元,化妆品出口年增57.5%至14.4亿美元,汽车出口则年增18.1%至65.5亿美元。

从出口市场来看,韩国10月对中国出口年增133.6%至269.8亿美元,已连续5个月超过200亿美元;对美出口则年增185.8%至249亿美元,主要受到半导体、电脑及AI基础设施相关电气设备需求带动。

半导体景气虽然替韩国带来庞大出口收益,却也让美国更容易将韩国列为贸易谈判施压对象。当韩国对美顺差快速扩大,川普政府可能以市场准入、关税及投资承诺为筹码,要求韩国进一步扩大对美采购与投资。

韩国此前与美国达成的贸易协议,也未必能完全排除新的压力。根据白宫2025年11月14日公布的川普与韩国总统李在明会晤联合事实清单,韩国承诺投入2,000亿美元战略投资,另有1,500亿美元造船产业投资,合计3,500亿美元。

作为交换,美国对韩国原产商品适用的对等关税,以美韩自由贸易协定或最惠国待遇税率与15%两者较高者为准;汽车、汽车零组件、木材及木制品等《232条款》产业关税则调降至15%。

药品方面,美方表示未来若对药品课征《232条款》关税,对韩国产品的税率原则上不高于15%;半导体及半导体制造设备则承诺,未来适用条件不会劣于美国与其他国家达成、涵盖至少相同韩国贸易量的协议。

不过,2,000亿美元战略投资MOU设有资金稳定机制。白宫文件指出,就MOU相关承诺,韩国无须在任何一个历年提供超过200亿美元的资金,并应尽可能透过非市场购汇方式筹措,以降低对韩元及外汇市场的冲击;若履约可能造成市场不稳定,韩国可要求调整资金投入金额与时间。

此外,韩国企业另曾宣布在川普任期内对美直接投资合计1,500亿美元,双方承诺协助推动相关投资。白宫文件也提及,大韩航空(Korean Air)8月宣布采购103架波音(Boeing) (BA-US)飞机,搭载奇异航太(GE Aerospace) (GEV-US)引擎,交易价值360亿美元,使大韩航空2025年波音飞机订单总数超过150架。

然而,韩国已做出的投资与采购承诺,仍可能成为美方要求更多让步的起点。《首尔经济日报》分析,川普政府可能要求韩国增加美国能源及农产品采购、提高对美投资承诺上限,并扩大参与阿拉斯加液化天然气(LNG)开发计划。

阿拉斯加LNG计划目前美韩双方仍存在明显分歧,若美方进一步施压,韩国可能必须在能源安全、投资成本及对美贸易关系之间取得平衡。

核能合作也可能成为谈判筹码。《首尔经济日报》指出,美方可能在8座核反应炉建造计划中寻求对韩国较不利的条件;根据韩国媒体《EDAILY》报导,该计划是在美国兴建8座大型核电厂,属于韩国2,000亿美元对美战略投资的项目之一。

除了贸易,国内政治受挫后转向外交,也有历史先例。前韩国外交部第一次官、Bae Kim & Lee律师事务所顾问林圣男(Lim Sung-nam)指出,小布希第二任期失去国会参众两院控制权后,曾将更多政策能量转向外交,推动六方会谈及美印民用核能协议,并取得一定成果。

林圣男认为,川普也可能借此增加美朝对话的推动力,将外交突破作为国内政治受挫后的另一个政策舞台。若美朝关系出现进展,将为东北亚局势带来新的变数。

不过,韩美安全合作的既有架构短期内不太可能因期中选举直接改变。庆熙大学教授徐正根(Seo Jung-kun)指出,战时作战指挥权移交主要属于行政部门职权,即使民主党掌控参议院军事委员会,也难以直接改变双方政府已达成的安排。

白宫2025年联合事实清单也载明,韩国计划在符合法律程序下,尽快将国防支出提高至GDP的3.5%,并承诺2030年前采购250亿美元美国军事装备,同时依韩国法律程序提供总额330亿美元的驻韩美军支援。

美韩双方另承诺持续推动战时作战指挥权移交、强化联合防卫能力及高科技武器合作。美方也支持韩国民用及海军核能计划,并已批准韩国建造核动力攻击潜舰,后续将协助处理相关造舰需求及燃料来源。

整体而言,民主党掌控国会虽然增加川普推动国内政策的阻力,却不代表美国对外贸易政策会转向温和。相反地,总统仍掌握相当大的行政及关税工具,可能透过301调查、投资谈判及能源采购要求,向主要贸易伙伴施压。

对韩国而言,半导体出口繁荣一方面带动经济成长,另一方面也使对美贸易顺差迅速扩大,增加遭美方锁定的风险。既有15%关税协议及3,500亿美元投资承诺,未必能成为永久保障。

接下来真正值得关注的,不只是川普是否再次提高关税,而是美方会否将产能过剩调查转化为新一轮贸易措施,以及能源采购、阿拉斯加LNG、核能合作与国防支出是否成为新的谈判筹码。川普败选后的贸易政策,恐怕不是走向收敛,而是转向更具针对性且难以预测的施压模式。

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          "id": 69,
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    "title": "〈分析〉川普败选后恐转打关税牌?韩对美顺差破千亿美元 恐成施压目标",
    "shortTitle": "〈分析〉川普败选后恐转打关税牌?韩对美顺差破千亿美元 恐成施",
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    "description": "川普期中选举失利后,可能把关税与301调查作为对外施压主轴,白宫也可能转向贸易、外交寻求突破。
韩国因半导体出口暴增,1至10月对美顺差达1,023亿美元,恐成下一波关税与谈判施压目标。
美韩既有15%关税与3,500亿美元投资承诺未必足够,能源采购、阿拉斯加LNG与核能合作都可能成筹码。",
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    "content": "<p>川普期中选举失利后,可能重新将关税作为对外施压的主要工具。韩国《首尔经济日报》11月5日分析,民主党拿下美国国会参众两院后,川普国内施政空间受到限制,可能转向总统行政权较大的贸易及外交领域,透过关税向贸易伙伴争取更多经济利益。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6647895/l/df341e065a349cf8c902641341971265.jpg\" alt=\"〈分析〉川普败选后恐转打关税牌?韩对美顺差破千亿美元 恐成施压目标\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>韩国因半导体出口暴增、对美贸易顺差快速扩大,可能成为下一波施压目标。专家警告,川普政府与国会的冲突若持续升高,对中政策、盟友关系及贸易谈判的不确定性都可能进一步增加。</p>\n\n<p>西江大学教授许允(Hur Yoon)指出,关税是川普最有力的政策武器,因为总统可以透过行政权推动相关措施,不必完全依赖国会。即使民主党掌控国会后提出限制关税权力的法案,川普仍可行使否决权。</p>\n\n<p>前韩国外交部次官、Lee&Ko律师事务所顾问李泰镐(Lee Tae-ho)也认为,随着川普政府与国会冲突增加,白宫可能转向对中关系及盟友议题寻求突破,政策不可预测性将进一步升高。</p>\n\n<p>美国关税工具并未因期中选举而消失。美国贸易代表署(USTR)今年3月12日依川普指示,针对60个经济体未能禁止或有效执行强迫劳动产品进口禁令的问题,启动《1974年贸易法》第301条款调查。</p>\n\n<p>这项调查历经4月28日至29日公开听证、超过2,100份公众意见,以及与45个以上受调查经济体政府磋商。USTR于6月2日认定相关作法不合理且对美国商业造成负担或限制,可依第301(b)条采取行动,7月23日正式宣布对60个经济体采取关税行动。</p>\n\n<p>依照USTR公布的措施,部分经济体适用10%关税,欧盟、台湾、日本、韩国及瑞士的特定产品则依最惠国待遇(MFN)税率设定不同的累计关税门槛,其余受调查经济体适用12.5%关税。</p>\n\n<p>其中,欧盟及台湾特定产品的MFN税率与301关税合计以10%为基准;日本、韩国及瑞士则以12.5%为基准。若原有MFN税率已达门槛,便不再加征这项301关税,部分原物料及特定产品也可获得豁免。</p>\n\n<p>更值得注意的是,这项强迫劳动调查并非美国目前唯一的301调查。美方今年3月另对16个经济体展开产能过剩调查,涵盖中国、欧盟、韩国、台湾、日本、印度及东南亚部分国家,调查范围涉及制造业结构性产能过剩及持续性贸易顺差。</p>\n\n<p>由于产能过剩调查与强迫劳动调查属于不同案件,未来若美方再以产能过剩为由采取行动,韩国可能面临新的关税压力。即使目前部分301关税面临司法挑战,相关诉讼也可能耗费相当长的时间,难以立即消除企业面对的政策风险。</p>\n\n<p>韩国的脆弱点在于对美贸易顺差急遽扩大。韩国产业通商资源部数据显示,今年1月至10月韩国对美贸易顺差约达1,023亿美元,已超过去年全年494.9亿美元的两倍,半导体出口暴增是主要推力。其中10月数字为暂定值,定案后累计金额可能微幅调整。</p>\n\n<p>韩联社11月1日引述产业通商资源部数据,韩国10月出口总额达1,153亿美元,年增93.7%,创单月历史新高;进口则年增36%至727.8亿美元,贸易顺差达425亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>其中,半导体出口达564亿美元,年增259%,成为出口暴增的主要引擎。石油产品出口年增80%至69.2亿美元,石化产品年增27.5%至40亿美元,化妆品出口年增57.5%至14.4亿美元,汽车出口则年增18.1%至65.5亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>从出口市场来看,韩国10月对中国出口年增133.6%至269.8亿美元,已连续5个月超过200亿美元;对美出口则年增185.8%至249亿美元,主要受到半导体、电脑及AI基础设施相关电气设备需求带动。</p>\n\n<p>半导体景气虽然替韩国带来庞大出口收益,却也让美国更容易将韩国列为贸易谈判施压对象。当韩国对美顺差快速扩大,川普政府可能以市场准入、关税及投资承诺为筹码,要求韩国进一步扩大对美采购与投资。</p>\n\n<p>韩国此前与美国达成的贸易协议,也未必能完全排除新的压力。根据白宫2025年11月14日公布的川普与韩国总统李在明会晤联合事实清单,韩国承诺投入2,000亿美元战略投资,另有1,500亿美元造船产业投资,合计3,500亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>作为交换,美国对韩国原产商品适用的对等关税,以美韩自由贸易协定或最惠国待遇税率与15%两者较高者为准;汽车、汽车零组件、木材及木制品等《232条款》产业关税则调降至15%。</p>\n\n<p>药品方面,美方表示未来若对药品课征《232条款》关税,对韩国产品的税率原则上不高于15%;半导体及半导体制造设备则承诺,未来适用条件不会劣于美国与其他国家达成、涵盖至少相同韩国贸易量的协议。</p>\n\n<p>不过,2,000亿美元战略投资MOU设有资金稳定机制。白宫文件指出,就MOU相关承诺,韩国无须在任何一个历年提供超过200亿美元的资金,并应尽可能透过非市场购汇方式筹措,以降低对韩元及外汇市场的冲击;若履约可能造成市场不稳定,韩国可要求调整资金投入金额与时间。</p>\n\n<p>此外,韩国企业另曾宣布在川普任期内对美直接投资合计1,500亿美元,双方承诺协助推动相关投资。白宫文件也提及,大韩航空(Korean Air)8月宣布采购103架波音(Boeing) (BA-US)飞机,搭载奇异航太(GE Aerospace) (GEV-US)引擎,交易价值360亿美元,使大韩航空2025年波音飞机订单总数超过150架。</p>\n\n<p>然而,韩国已做出的投资与采购承诺,仍可能成为美方要求更多让步的起点。《首尔经济日报》分析,川普政府可能要求韩国增加美国能源及农产品采购、提高对美投资承诺上限,并扩大参与阿拉斯加液化天然气(LNG)开发计划。</p>\n\n<p>阿拉斯加LNG计划目前美韩双方仍存在明显分歧,若美方进一步施压,韩国可能必须在能源安全、投资成本及对美贸易关系之间取得平衡。</p>\n\n<p>核能合作也可能成为谈判筹码。《首尔经济日报》指出,美方可能在8座核反应炉建造计划中寻求对韩国较不利的条件;根据韩国媒体《EDAILY》报导,该计划是在美国兴建8座大型核电厂,属于韩国2,000亿美元对美战略投资的项目之一。</p>\n\n<p>除了贸易,国内政治受挫后转向外交,也有历史先例。前韩国外交部第一次官、Bae Kim & Lee律师事务所顾问林圣男(Lim Sung-nam)指出,小布希第二任期失去国会参众两院控制权后,曾将更多政策能量转向外交,推动六方会谈及美印民用核能协议,并取得一定成果。</p>\n\n<p>林圣男认为,川普也可能借此增加美朝对话的推动力,将外交突破作为国内政治受挫后的另一个政策舞台。若美朝关系出现进展,将为东北亚局势带来新的变数。</p>\n\n<p>不过,韩美安全合作的既有架构短期内不太可能因期中选举直接改变。庆熙大学教授徐正根(Seo Jung-kun)指出,战时作战指挥权移交主要属于行政部门职权,即使民主党掌控参议院军事委员会,也难以直接改变双方政府已达成的安排。</p>\n\n<p>白宫2025年联合事实清单也载明,韩国计划在符合法律程序下,尽快将国防支出提高至GDP的3.5%,并承诺2030年前采购250亿美元美国军事装备,同时依韩国法律程序提供总额330亿美元的驻韩美军支援。</p>\n\n<p>美韩双方另承诺持续推动战时作战指挥权移交、强化联合防卫能力及高科技武器合作。美方也支持韩国民用及海军核能计划,并已批准韩国建造核动力攻击潜舰,后续将协助处理相关造舰需求及燃料来源。</p>\n\n<p>整体而言,民主党掌控国会虽然增加川普推动国内政策的阻力,却不代表美国对外贸易政策会转向温和。相反地,总统仍掌握相当大的行政及关税工具,可能透过301调查、投资谈判及能源采购要求,向主要贸易伙伴施压。</p>\n\n<p>对韩国而言,半导体出口繁荣一方面带动经济成长,另一方面也使对美贸易顺差迅速扩大,增加遭美方锁定的风险。既有15%关税协议及3,500亿美元投资承诺,未必能成为永久保障。</p>\n\n<p>接下来真正值得关注的,不只是川普是否再次提高关税,而是美方会否将产能过剩调查转化为新一轮贸易措施,以及能源采购、阿拉斯加LNG、核能合作与国防支出是否成为新的谈判筹码。川普败选后的贸易政策,恐怕不是走向收敛,而是转向更具针对性且难以预测的施压模式。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23504.html\" title=\"Coherent财报双超预期 AI订单看到2028年、现金流却还没跟上\">Coherent财报双超预期 AI订单看到2028年、现金流却还没跟上</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23517.html\" title=\"选后行情怎押宝?专家解密:府会分治不改美股长多 1年后科技股平均涨幅近31%\">选后行情怎押宝?专家解密:府会分治不改美股长多 1年后科技股平均涨幅近31%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23480.html\" title=\"Fed再升息两次就收手?非农若超预期 市场算盘得重打\">Fed再升息两次就收手?非农若超预期 市场算盘得重打</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23490.html\" title=\"三星通知客户2030年底前全面退出8吋代工 同业近满载、客户急囤货\">三星通知客户2030年底前全面退出8吋代工 同业近满载、客户急囤货</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23484.html\" title=\"厂还没盖订单先到!三星泰勒二厂传替AMD、辉达代工HBM基底晶片\">厂还没盖订单先到!三星泰勒二厂传替AMD、辉达代工HBM基底晶片</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-23481.html\" title=\"民主党秀上台百小时执政清单!医保法案打头阵 关税、伊朗、川普家族调查三管齐下\">民主党秀上台百小时执政清单!医保法案打头阵 关税、伊朗、川普家族调查三管齐下</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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