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1998还是2000?高盛:AI股暴跌更像LTCM危机而非网路泡沫化 但最大疑问仍是投资回报

2026-11-07 08:57:57 网络 阅读(1)

美股科技股近期遭遇剧烈抛售,市场开始争论,这波跌势究竟更接近1998年长期资本管理公司(LTCM)危机引发的流动性冲击,还是2000年网路泡沫破裂的前兆?高盛Delta One交易主管Rich Privorotsky倾向前者,但他也指出,AI投资热潮能否产生足以匹配庞大资本支出的营收,仍是市场尚未解答的关键问题。

1998还是2000?高盛:AI股暴跌更像LTCM危机而非网路泡沫化 但最大疑问仍是投资回报

美股周四(5日)遭遇重挫,纳斯达克指数单日下跌5.5%,费城半导体指数重挫12%,标普500指数下跌4.4%,创2025年4月以来最大单日跌幅。高盛波动性恐慌指数升至满分10分中的9.3分,衡量波动率波动程度的VVIX单日飙升近45点,写下历史第二大单日涨幅,仅次于2018年的「波动末日」事件。

这波卖压的直接导火线,是民主党在期中选举取得胜利后,市场重新评估美国资料中心建设前景,尤其德州等州可能加强监管,令投资人担忧AI基础设施扩张速度放缓。不过,Privorotsky认为,周四跌势不只是基本面重新定价,也受到杠杆ETF、程式交易及做市商避险部位共同推动。

Privorotsky指出,半导体及纳斯达克100指数相关杠杆ETF在收盘前触发机械式卖单,加上做市商持有负Gamma部位,形成价格下跌、避险卖压增加,再进一步压低市场的自我强化效应。

野村证券策略师Charlie McElligott估算,周四杠杆ETF卖出规模达470亿美元,波动率控制基金卖出约610亿美元;做市商每当标普500下跌1%,便面临约70亿美元的负Gamma曝险。

高盛美国销售交易员Ariana Contessa在当日资金流向与持仓报告中指出,VIX单日大涨67%,升至27.77,高盛多个AI相关投资组合当天创下ChatGPT推出以来最大单日跌幅。

程式交易卖压也可能延续。标普500期货收盘跌破CTA中期交易门槛7549点,高盛以指数下跌2.5个标准差的情境估算,未来一周标普500可能面临逾74.8亿美元程式化卖压;瑞银则警告,风险控制基金周四单日卖出规模可能超过1000亿美元。

然而,Privorotsky认为,真正值得担忧的并非只有程式卖盘,而是市场买盘明显不足。高盛现股交易部门周四净卖出30亿美元,其中科技股占22亿美元,使科技股累计净卖出规模达270亿美元,已超过2025年7月市场技术性修正期间的210亿美元。

Contessa表示,客户询问市场的热度达到满分10分,但实际交易活跃程度只有5分,ETF交易量占当日市场总成交量32%。尤其周三曾支撑大盘的大型科技股,周四几乎没有出现相应的买盘承接。

Privorotsky指出,真正的问题是底层需求不足,尤其缺乏长期基金进场承接。他观察到,多策略基金、量化基金、长线基金及散户似乎都朝同一方向减码,当市场缺少愿意逆势买进的资金时,卖压便更容易放大。

对于这波跌势是否代表AI泡沫破裂,Privorotsky更倾向将其比作1998年LTCM危机。当年俄罗斯违约及LTCM崩盘引发金融市场流动性紧缩,但美国经济成长基本面仍然稳健,之后随着流动性恢复及联准会降息,市场迅速收复失土。

他认为,目前AI产业的成长引擎可能仍然完好,市场只是在重新评估资料中心建设的融资能力、支出速度与时间表。支持这项看法的重要理由,是当前大型科技企业与2000年网路泡沫时期的公司不同,已经具备实际营收、现金流及相对稳健的资产负债表。

高盛TMT交易员Peter Callahan指出,半导体指数估值倍数相较6月至7月高点已压缩约50%。辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US)未来24个月预估本益比约10倍,为2013年以来最低;相较之下,2000年网路泡沫高峰时,思科 (Cisco) (CSCO-US)本益比曾超过100倍。

不过,Privorotsky也承认,当前市场与2000年网路泡沫仍有令人不安的相似之处,尤其是资本支出规模庞大,投资回报却高度不确定。他提出的核心问题是,市场究竟只是在抛售一个基本面健康的成长故事,还是开始发现这套AI投资模式在经济上根本难以成立?他目前倾向前者,但认为需求、产能利用率及投资回报都必须接受检验。

Privorotsky将AI投资风险归纳为四大问题,包括融资能力是否足以支撑建设规模、营收能否证明资本投入合理、电力与许可是否足以支撑算力扩张,以及整体资本支出轨迹是否能够持续。

他认为,市场目前过度聚焦第三项,也就是电力供应与建设许可限制,这反而可能是四项风险中相对次要的问题。供给受到限制,不代表市场需求消失,真正需要检验的是企业未来营收能否匹配投入的资本。

相较之下,融资问题已经浮现警讯。根据高盛投资人关系团队统计,超大型科技公司今年已发行约2960亿美元债券,高于高盛原先预估的全年2500亿美元,也占全球投资级债券供给约9%。

与此同时,资料中心相关信用违约交换(CDS)周四突破500个基点,创下历史新高;AI云端运算业者CoreWeave (CRWV-US)的债券利差也超过1200个基点,显示市场对相关企业融资风险的疑虑升高。

Privorotsky警告,电力供应与建设许可延误,可能进一步推高资料中心融资成本。每延后一季取得许可,尚未完工的资料中心就可能多承担一季利息支出,形成建设延宕与融资成本上升的恶性循环。

政治与监管变化也是市场重新定价的关键。高盛估算,各州可能采取的资料中心暂停建设措施,涉及约45%的美国计划资料中心产能,其中德州约占四分之一。市场担心,若各州限制建设,将延后AI基础设施扩张,进而影响晶片、伺服器及云端服务需求。

不过,Privorotsky认为,市场可能过度解读德州候任州长Gina Hinojosa的监管立场。她曾表示,推动经济发展与保障德州居民利益并不冲突,也强调自己并非反对资料中心。Privorotsky认为,这更像是监管规则重新调整,而非政治上全面排斥资料中心,实际支出可能高于市场目前折价反映的程度。

高盛投资人关系团队另引述《CNBC》报导指出,Hinojosa已表示,取得许可的资料中心将获准完工,这可能保障2027年及2028年大部分建设进度。高盛经济学家也预期,相关暂停措施可能不会持续太久,因为资料中心议题在选民关注事项中的优先顺序相对较低。

但地方反弹情绪确实升高。Jefferies援引Heatmap调查指出,强烈反对在自家住所附近兴建资料中心的美国民众比例,已从2025年9月的24%升至2026年8月的61%。除了德州,乔治亚州、俄亥俄州及密西根州也正关注类似立法动向。德州立法会期将持续至2027年5月31日,相关监管调整仍可能影响后续建设规划。

Privorotsky最后也提醒,1998年的历史类比有一项重要限制:当年市场反弹的重要推力,是联准会恢复流动性并连续降息。1998年时任联准会主席葛林斯潘在七周内三度降息,但目前市场环境并不相同,不能直接假设联准会会再次提供同样的支撑。

报导指出,当时市场对联准会12月升息的机率定价约为65%,克里夫兰联邦准备银行总裁Hammack周四上午也公开表达维持限制性货币政策的倾向。这意味着,即使市场出现流动性压力,也未必能像1998年一样迅速获得降息支援。

Privorotsky另援引历史统计指出,自1950年以来,标普500在19次美国期中选举后的12个月内都录得上涨,但这项统计并不代表市场短期内一定会反弹。他认为,历史经验显示选举后的市场波动可能提供布局机会,但投资人仍难以精准掌握进场时点。

整体而言,这波AI股抛售可能同时包含程式交易引发的流动性冲击,以及市场对资料中心融资、建设进度与投资回报的基本面疑虑。1998年的LTCM危机或许是较接近的历史参照,但在长线资金尚未重新进场、AI营收能否支撑巨额资本支出仍不明朗之际,市场也不能排除经历更长时间估值调整的可能。

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    "title": "1998还是2000?高盛:AI股暴跌更像LTCM危机而非网路泡沫化 但最大疑问仍是投资回报",
    "shortTitle": "1998还是2000?高盛:AI股暴跌更像LTCM危机而非网",
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    "description": "科技股重挫,纳指跌5.5%、费半跌12%,高盛指杠杆ETF、程式交易及做市商避险加剧流动性冲击。
高盛认为更像1998年LTCM危机,AI基本面仍在,但融资能力及营收能否支撑资本支出仍待验证。
超大科企今年已发债2960亿美元,资料中心CDS突破500基点,监管与建设延迟恐推升融资成本。",
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    "content": "<p>美股科技股近期遭遇剧烈抛售,市场开始争论,这波跌势究竟更接近1998年长期资本管理公司(LTCM)危机引发的流动性冲击,还是2000年网路泡沫破裂的前兆?高盛Delta One交易主管Rich Privorotsky倾向前者,但他也指出,AI投资热潮能否产生足以匹配庞大资本支出的营收,仍是市场尚未解答的关键问题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6651832/l/aa5da1d1888d2829e2873e5077fc7dbe.jpg\" alt=\"1998还是2000?高盛:AI股暴跌更像LTCM危机而非网路泡沫化 但最大疑问仍是投资回报\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>美股周四(5日)遭遇重挫,纳斯达克指数单日下跌5.5%,费城半导体指数重挫12%,标普500指数下跌4.4%,创2025年4月以来最大单日跌幅。高盛波动性恐慌指数升至满分10分中的9.3分,衡量波动率波动程度的VVIX单日飙升近45点,写下历史第二大单日涨幅,仅次于2018年的「波动末日」事件。</p>\n\n<p>这波卖压的直接导火线,是民主党在期中选举取得胜利后,市场重新评估美国资料中心建设前景,尤其德州等州可能加强监管,令投资人担忧AI基础设施扩张速度放缓。不过,Privorotsky认为,周四跌势不只是基本面重新定价,也受到杠杆ETF、程式交易及做市商避险部位共同推动。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky指出,半导体及纳斯达克100指数相关杠杆ETF在收盘前触发机械式卖单,加上做市商持有负Gamma部位,形成价格下跌、避险卖压增加,再进一步压低市场的自我强化效应。</p>\n\n<p>野村证券策略师Charlie McElligott估算,周四杠杆ETF卖出规模达470亿美元,波动率控制基金卖出约610亿美元;做市商每当标普500下跌1%,便面临约70亿美元的负Gamma曝险。</p>\n\n<p>高盛美国销售交易员Ariana Contessa在当日资金流向与持仓报告中指出,VIX单日大涨67%,升至27.77,高盛多个AI相关投资组合当天创下ChatGPT推出以来最大单日跌幅。</p>\n\n<p>程式交易卖压也可能延续。标普500期货收盘跌破CTA中期交易门槛7549点,高盛以指数下跌2.5个标准差的情境估算,未来一周标普500可能面临逾74.8亿美元程式化卖压;瑞银则警告,风险控制基金周四单日卖出规模可能超过1000亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>然而,Privorotsky认为,真正值得担忧的并非只有程式卖盘,而是市场买盘明显不足。高盛现股交易部门周四净卖出30亿美元,其中科技股占22亿美元,使科技股累计净卖出规模达270亿美元,已超过2025年7月市场技术性修正期间的210亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>Contessa表示,客户询问市场的热度达到满分10分,但实际交易活跃程度只有5分,ETF交易量占当日市场总成交量32%。尤其周三曾支撑大盘的大型科技股,周四几乎没有出现相应的买盘承接。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky指出,真正的问题是底层需求不足,尤其缺乏长期基金进场承接。他观察到,多策略基金、量化基金、长线基金及散户似乎都朝同一方向减码,当市场缺少愿意逆势买进的资金时,卖压便更容易放大。</p>\n\n<p>对于这波跌势是否代表AI泡沫破裂,Privorotsky更倾向将其比作1998年LTCM危机。当年俄罗斯违约及LTCM崩盘引发金融市场流动性紧缩,但美国经济成长基本面仍然稳健,之后随着流动性恢复及联准会降息,市场迅速收复失土。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,目前AI产业的成长引擎可能仍然完好,市场只是在重新评估资料中心建设的融资能力、支出速度与时间表。支持这项看法的重要理由,是当前大型科技企业与2000年网路泡沫时期的公司不同,已经具备实际营收、现金流及相对稳健的资产负债表。</p>\n\n<p>高盛TMT交易员Peter Callahan指出,半导体指数估值倍数相较6月至7月高点已压缩约50%。辉达 (NVIDIA) (NVDA-US)未来24个月预估本益比约10倍,为2013年以来最低;相较之下,2000年网路泡沫高峰时,思科 (Cisco) (CSCO-US)本益比曾超过100倍。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Privorotsky也承认,当前市场与2000年网路泡沫仍有令人不安的相似之处,尤其是资本支出规模庞大,投资回报却高度不确定。他提出的核心问题是,市场究竟只是在抛售一个基本面健康的成长故事,还是开始发现这套AI投资模式在经济上根本难以成立?他目前倾向前者,但认为需求、产能利用率及投资回报都必须接受检验。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky将AI投资风险归纳为四大问题,包括融资能力是否足以支撑建设规模、营收能否证明资本投入合理、电力与许可是否足以支撑算力扩张,以及整体资本支出轨迹是否能够持续。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,市场目前过度聚焦第三项,也就是电力供应与建设许可限制,这反而可能是四项风险中相对次要的问题。供给受到限制,不代表市场需求消失,真正需要检验的是企业未来营收能否匹配投入的资本。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,融资问题已经浮现警讯。根据高盛投资人关系团队统计,超大型科技公司今年已发行约2960亿美元债券,高于高盛原先预估的全年2500亿美元,也占全球投资级债券供给约9%。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,资料中心相关信用违约交换(CDS)周四突破500个基点,创下历史新高;AI云端运算业者CoreWeave (CRWV-US)的债券利差也超过1200个基点,显示市场对相关企业融资风险的疑虑升高。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky警告,电力供应与建设许可延误,可能进一步推高资料中心融资成本。每延后一季取得许可,尚未完工的资料中心就可能多承担一季利息支出,形成建设延宕与融资成本上升的恶性循环。</p>\n\n<p>政治与监管变化也是市场重新定价的关键。高盛估算,各州可能采取的资料中心暂停建设措施,涉及约45%的美国计划资料中心产能,其中德州约占四分之一。市场担心,若各州限制建设,将延后AI基础设施扩张,进而影响晶片、伺服器及云端服务需求。</p>\n\n<p>不过,Privorotsky认为,市场可能过度解读德州候任州长Gina Hinojosa的监管立场。她曾表示,推动经济发展与保障德州居民利益并不冲突,也强调自己并非反对资料中心。Privorotsky认为,这更像是监管规则重新调整,而非政治上全面排斥资料中心,实际支出可能高于市场目前折价反映的程度。</p>\n\n<p>高盛投资人关系团队另引述《CNBC》报导指出,Hinojosa已表示,取得许可的资料中心将获准完工,这可能保障2027年及2028年大部分建设进度。高盛经济学家也预期,相关暂停措施可能不会持续太久,因为资料中心议题在选民关注事项中的优先顺序相对较低。</p>\n\n<p>但地方反弹情绪确实升高。Jefferies援引Heatmap调查指出,强烈反对在自家住所附近兴建资料中心的美国民众比例,已从2025年9月的24%升至2026年8月的61%。除了德州,乔治亚州、俄亥俄州及密西根州也正关注类似立法动向。德州立法会期将持续至2027年5月31日,相关监管调整仍可能影响后续建设规划。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky最后也提醒,1998年的历史类比有一项重要限制:当年市场反弹的重要推力,是联准会恢复流动性并连续降息。1998年时任联准会主席葛林斯潘在七周内三度降息,但目前市场环境并不相同,不能直接假设联准会会再次提供同样的支撑。</p>\n\n<p>报导指出,当时市场对联准会12月升息的机率定价约为65%,克里夫兰联邦准备银行总裁Hammack周四上午也公开表达维持限制性货币政策的倾向。这意味着,即使市场出现流动性压力,也未必能像1998年一样迅速获得降息支援。</p>\n\n<p>Privorotsky另援引历史统计指出,自1950年以来,标普500在19次美国期中选举后的12个月内都录得上涨,但这项统计并不代表市场短期内一定会反弹。他认为,历史经验显示选举后的市场波动可能提供布局机会,但投资人仍难以精准掌握进场时点。</p>\n\n<p>整体而言,这波AI股抛售可能同时包含程式交易引发的流动性冲击,以及市场对资料中心融资、建设进度与投资回报的基本面疑虑。1998年的LTCM危机或许是较接近的历史参照,但在长线资金尚未重新进场、AI营收能否支撑巨额资本支出仍不明朗之际,市场也不能排除经历更长时间估值调整的可能。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-4217.html\" title=\"受Claude Mythos震撼 梁文锋自掏200亿元人民币开启AGI豪赌\">受Claude Mythos震撼 梁文锋自掏200亿元人民币开启AGI豪赌</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-10047.html\" title=\"乌军连环炸「俄罗斯版亚马逊」物流仓库 俄女首富怒了\">乌军连环炸「俄罗斯版亚马逊」物流仓库 俄女首富怒了</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-18587.html\" title=\"AI狂热信徒也担心安全 孙正义:人类已无余裕彼此争斗\">AI狂热信徒也担心安全 孙正义:人类已无余裕彼此争斗</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-14639.html\" title=\"亚股有望连四红!伯恩斯坦示警:美债殖利率上升对亚股构成巨大风险\">亚股有望连四红!伯恩斯坦示警:美债殖利率上升对亚股构成巨大风险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-7739.html\" title=\"全球记忆体股暴力反弹!港股两倍做多海力士飙近15% 韩股触发Sidecar机制\">全球记忆体股暴力反弹!港股两倍做多海力士飙近15% 韩股触发Sidecar机制</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/AI/article-21867.html\" title=\"高阶显卡涨价疯狂 在中国有商家称一周涨了上千元\">高阶显卡涨价疯狂 在中国有商家称一周涨了上千元</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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