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投资大咖喊「别押黄仁勋会输」!拆解辉达AI护城河:供应链、融资、生态系全制霸

2026-10-11 02:44:47 网络 阅读(53)

辉达(NVDA-US) 在人工智慧(AI)产业的主导地位究竟有多难撼动?知名投资人Gavin Baker近期在创投公司a16z Podcast节目中,与a16z合伙人David George深入讨论辉达的竞争优势,两人均认为,辉达目前正处于「非常、非常有利的位置」。

投资大咖喊「别押黄仁勋会输」!拆解辉达AI护城河:供应链、融资、生态系全制霸

Baker认为,辉达执行长黄仁勋打造的不只是晶片技术优势,而是一套涵盖供应链、硬体、生态系与融资机制的完整护城河,使辉达在AI产业的地位极难复制。

David George则表示,过去26年的经验让他学到一件事:「永远不要押注黄仁勋会输。」

从9种晶片到完整生态系

Baker指出,辉达目前的产品组合已涵盖9种晶片,包括多款加速晶片、CPU、乙太网路交换器、两种GPU以及InfiniBand。

在他看来,这并非单纯扩大产品线,而是辉达「垂直整合、横向开放」策略的一部分。即使市场上出现真正具有竞争力的晶片,只要能够接入辉达建立的生态系,仍有机会从中受益。

因此,他认为竞争对手实际上面临两条路:直接与辉达竞争,或选择加入其生态系。

Baker甚至向半导体业者的执行长提出建议,认为最应该做的事情就是感谢黄仁勋创造机会,并思考如何与辉达合作。

他并指出,如今AI市场中,每1%的市占率价值约1000亿美元,因此对竞争者而言,找到一个细分市场并取得1%市占,就已经足够。

供应链掌控成最难复制护城河

Baker认为,辉达真正难以被复制的优势,不只来自晶片设计,而是其对整体供应链的掌控。

他在节目中表示,辉达已锁定全球关键供应的70%至80%,范围包括台积电晶圆产能、DRAM、NAND、雷射、电容器,以及打造AI伺服器机架所需的各项零组件。

Baker形容,黄仁勋过去15年逐步将原本每2至3年进行、规模达数十亿美元的投资决策,提升至数千亿美元的规模,同时将整个供应链与融资体系纳入其中。

因此,即使竞争者能开发出效能相近的晶片,也可能面临另一个现实问题:没有足够的产能可以取得。

Baker表示:「硬体很难,现实世界很难。黄仁勋如今能以目前的规模与速度,同时掌握供应链及融资体系,这种模式非常难以复制。」

残值担保让「融资能力」变成竞争优势

除了供应链,Baker认为辉达另一项容易被市场忽略的护城河,是其融资结构。

他以一座成本500亿美元的辉达资料中心为例指出,客户可能只需要投入150亿美元股权,其余350亿美元则可透过融资取得。

包括黑石(BX-US) 、KKR (KKR-US) 、Apollo(APO-US) 、高盛集团(GS-US) 及摩根大通(JPM-US) 等金融机构之愿意参与融资,关键就在于辉达提供残值担保。

Baker表示,只要残值担保的成本低于辉达销售晶片给资料中心所取得的毛利,辉达的风险几乎为零,同时还能从相关交易中取得收入分成。

相比之下,他认为TPU可能是市场上第二具融资能力的选项,但可能需要至少投入两倍的股权,融资利率也更高。

Baker认为,资本成本本身就是辉达的一项优势,也是市场参与者希望成为辉达生态系一环的原因。

David George进一步指出,辉达透过残值担保协助规模较小的业者与Anthropic、OpenAI竞争,这与过去扶植新兴云端服务商(NeoClouds)的做法类似,本质上是在扩大算力取得机会。

开源AI反而可能成为辉达利多

针对市场担忧开源AI模型崛起可能压缩辉达利润,Baker则持完全相反的看法。

他认为,开源模型确实可能让单一Token的利润率从90%降至40%,但开源同时会推升Token使用量,而更多Token代表需要更多运算能力。

在AI算力仍处于供给受限的环境下,Baker认为,这对辉达反而是一项重大利多。

他进一步指出,辉达的利益与AI模型多元化、算力分散以及AI产业碎片化天然一致,而这也与美国国家利益相符。

因此,在Baker眼中,辉达对开源AI的支持并非削弱自身业务,反而可能进一步强化其商业模式。

挑战辉达如同「招惹状态正佳的乔丹」

谈到竞争对手如何挑战辉达,Baker以NBA球星麦可・乔丹(Michael Jordan)作为比喻。

他形容,有时会看到竞争者在辉达面前发表挑衅言论,就像一名自信满满的年轻球员,在乔丹状态正佳时主动挑衅对方;而接下来发生的事情,正是他最喜欢看的时刻。

Baker以TPU团队为例,认为相关竞争者曾试图挑战辉达,但结果并不理想。

至于苹果(AAPL-US) 自研AI晶片Jalapeno,Baker则给予较正面的评价,称这是他见过第一款真正具备竞争力的内部ASIC,而且能在相对短的时间内完成,应该获得肯定。不过他也提醒,Jalapeno仍是在挑战辉达,后续结果仍有待观察。

Baker同时指出,通用GPU之所以难以被专用晶片取代,也有其结构性原因。

他提到DeepSeek、Kimmy及Qwen三个主流中国开源模型,以非常不同的方式持续演进。这些模型都可以运行在通用GPU上,但若要针对特定模型进行专用化设计,就必须面对AI模型演进方向的不确定性,因此通用晶片仍具有优势。

从交易条件看出客户真正偏好

Baker最后提出另一项观察市场的方法:研究晶片公司与客户之间的交易结构。

他将相关交易大致分为4个层级,从最有利到最不利依序为:晶片公司直接投资客户,例如Google(GOOGL-US) 、亚马逊(AMZN-US) 针对Anthropic的TPU与Tranium交易;其次是残值担保架构;再来是与固定Token价格挂钩的认股权证;最后则是单纯提供认股权证的交易,这类交易甚至可能是负净现值(NPV)。

Baker认为,透过比较不同交易结构,就能进一步判断客户真正偏好的晶片与运算方案。

他表示,辉达所达成的交易通常相当不错,而且许多精明的市场参与者都愿意参与其中;在他看来,这本身就是一项值得注意的讯号。

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    "content": "<p>辉达(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 在人工智慧(AI)产业的主导地位究竟有多难撼动?知名投资人Gavin Baker近期在创投公司a16z Podcast节目中,与a16z合伙人David George深入讨论辉达的竞争优势,两人均认为,辉达目前正处于「非常、非常有利的位置」。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6593790/l/1e5e7a49d2a41fc5da6ff47c13992ff5.jpg\" alt=\"投资大咖喊「别押黄仁勋会输」!拆解辉达AI护城河:供应链、融资、生态系全制霸\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>Baker认为,辉达执行长黄仁勋打造的不只是晶片技术优势,而是一套涵盖供应链、硬体、生态系与融资机制的完整护城河,使辉达在AI产业的地位极难复制。</p>\n\n<p>David George则表示,过去26年的经验让他学到一件事:「永远不要押注黄仁勋会输。」</p>\n\n<h6><strong>从</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>种晶片到完整生态系</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Baker指出,辉达目前的产品组合已涵盖9种晶片,包括多款加速晶片、CPU、乙太网路交换器、两种GPU以及InfiniBand。</p>\n\n<p>在他看来,这并非单纯扩大产品线,而是辉达「垂直整合、横向开放」策略的一部分。即使市场上出现真正具有竞争力的晶片,只要能够接入辉达建立的生态系,仍有机会从中受益。</p>\n\n<p>因此,他认为竞争对手实际上面临两条路:直接与辉达竞争,或选择加入其生态系。</p>\n\n<p>Baker甚至向半导体业者的执行长提出建议,认为最应该做的事情就是感谢黄仁勋创造机会,并思考如何与辉达合作。</p>\n\n<p>他并指出,如今AI市场中,每1%的市占率价值约1000亿美元,因此对竞争者而言,找到一个细分市场并取得1%市占,就已经足够。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>供应链掌控成最难复制护城河</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Baker认为,辉达真正难以被复制的优势,不只来自晶片设计,而是其对整体供应链的掌控。</p>\n\n<p>他在节目中表示,辉达已锁定全球关键供应的70%至80%,范围包括台积电晶圆产能、DRAM、NAND、雷射、电容器,以及打造AI伺服器机架所需的各项零组件。</p>\n\n<p>Baker形容,黄仁勋过去15年逐步将原本每2至3年进行、规模达数十亿美元的投资决策,提升至数千亿美元的规模,同时将整个供应链与融资体系纳入其中。</p>\n\n<p>因此,即使竞争者能开发出效能相近的晶片,也可能面临另一个现实问题:没有足够的产能可以取得。</p>\n\n<p>Baker表示:「硬体很难,现实世界很难。黄仁勋如今能以目前的规模与速度,同时掌握供应链及融资体系,这种模式非常难以复制。」</p>\n\n<h6><strong>残</strong><strong>值</strong><strong>担保让「融资能力」变成竞争优势</strong></h6>\n\n<p>除了供应链,Baker认为辉达另一项容易被市场忽略的护城河,是其融资结构。</p>\n\n<p>他以一座成本500亿美元的辉达资料中心为例指出,客户可能只需要投入150亿美元股权,其余350亿美元则可透过融资取得。</p>\n\n<p>包括黑石(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:BX:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">BX-US</a>) 、KKR (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:KKR:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">KKR-US</a>) 、Apollo(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:APO:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">APO-US</a>) 、高盛集团(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GS:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GS-US</a>) 及摩根大通(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:JPM:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">JPM-US</a>) 等金融机构之愿意参与融资,关键就在于辉达提供残值担保。</p>\n\n<p>Baker表示,只要残值担保的成本低于辉达销售晶片给资料中心所取得的毛利,辉达的风险几乎为零,同时还能从相关交易中取得收入分成。</p>\n\n<p>相比之下,他认为TPU可能是市场上第二具融资能力的选项,但可能需要至少投入两倍的股权,融资利率也更高。</p>\n\n<p>Baker认为,资本成本本身就是辉达的一项优势,也是市场参与者希望成为辉达生态系一环的原因。</p>\n\n<p>David George进一步指出,辉达透过残值担保协助规模较小的业者与Anthropic、OpenAI竞争,这与过去扶植新兴云端服务商(NeoClouds)的做法类似,本质上是在扩大算力取得机会。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>开源</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong>反而可能成</strong><strong>为</strong><strong>辉达利多</strong></h6>\n\n<p>针对市场担忧开源AI模型崛起可能压缩辉达利润,Baker则持完全相反的看法。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,开源模型确实可能让单一Token的利润率从90%降至40%,但开源同时会推升Token使用量,而更多Token代表需要更多运算能力。</p>\n\n<p>在AI算力仍处于供给受限的环境下,Baker认为,这对辉达反而是一项重大利多。</p>\n\n<p>他进一步指出,辉达的利益与AI模型多元化、算力分散以及AI产业碎片化天然一致,而这也与美国国家利益相符。</p>\n\n<p>因此,在Baker眼中,辉达对开源AI的支持并非削弱自身业务,反而可能进一步强化其商业模式。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>挑战辉达如同「招惹状态正佳的乔丹」</strong></h6>\n\n<p>谈到竞争对手如何挑战辉达,Baker以NBA球星麦可・乔丹(Michael Jordan)作为比喻。</p>\n\n<p>他形容,有时会看到竞争者在辉达面前发表挑衅言论,就像一名自信满满的年轻球员,在乔丹状态正佳时主动挑衅对方;而接下来发生的事情,正是他最喜欢看的时刻。</p>\n\n<p>Baker以TPU团队为例,认为相关竞争者曾试图挑战辉达,但结果并不理想。</p>\n\n<p>至于苹果(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AAPL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AAPL-US</a>) 自研AI晶片Jalapeno,Baker则给予较正面的评价,称这是他见过第一款真正具备竞争力的内部ASIC,而且能在相对短的时间内完成,应该获得肯定。不过他也提醒,Jalapeno仍是在挑战辉达,后续结果仍有待观察。</p>\n\n<p>Baker同时指出,通用GPU之所以难以被专用晶片取代,也有其结构性原因。</p>\n\n<p>他提到DeepSeek、Kimmy及Qwen三个主流中国开源模型,以非常不同的方式持续演进。这些模型都可以运行在通用GPU上,但若要针对特定模型进行专用化设计,就必须面对AI模型演进方向的不确定性,因此通用晶片仍具有优势。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>从交易条件看出客户</strong><strong>真</strong><strong>正偏好</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Baker最后提出另一项观察市场的方法:研究晶片公司与客户之间的交易结构。</p>\n\n<p>他将相关交易大致分为4个层级,从最有利到最不利依序为:晶片公司直接投资客户,例如Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 、亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 针对Anthropic的TPU与Tranium交易;其次是残值担保架构;再来是与固定Token价格挂钩的认股权证;最后则是单纯提供认股权证的交易,这类交易甚至可能是负净现值(NPV)。</p>\n\n<p>Baker认为,透过比较不同交易结构,就能进一步判断客户真正偏好的晶片与运算方案。</p>\n\n<p>他表示,辉达所达成的交易通常相当不错,而且许多精明的市场参与者都愿意参与其中;在他看来,这本身就是一项值得注意的讯号。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11863.html\" title=\"两枚伊朗飞弹逼近!阿联宣布暂停与伊朗经贸往来\">两枚伊朗飞弹逼近!阿联宣布暂停与伊朗经贸往来</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7502.html\" title=\"川普签行政令 强化国防供应链 降低中国稀土依赖\">川普签行政令 强化国防供应链 降低中国稀土依赖</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-20761.html\" title=\"星链乌克兰限速谁主使?川普:「不是我 也不是马斯克」\">星链乌克兰限速谁主使?川普:「不是我 也不是马斯克」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-246.html\" title=\"辉达法说不只看财报!市场更想听黄仁勋谈川普与对中晶片出口\">辉达法说不只看财报!市场更想听黄仁勋谈川普与对中晶片出口</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-19781.html\" title=\"Fed 10月升息反成美股利多?美银示警「债券终结泡沫」\">Fed 10月升息反成美股利多?美银示警「债券终结泡沫」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-12984.html\" title=\"HP AI PC出货占比冲46%2027年上看70%、记忆体涨价压力第4季估触底\">HP AI PC出货占比冲46%2027年上看70%、记忆体涨价压力第4季估触底</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-09-01T23:10:04.000Z",
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