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美银示警全球股市「5大潜在风险」!脱钩基本面 AI利润神话能走多久?

2026-09-12 10:05:56 网络 阅读(97)

全球股市近期频频改写历史纪录,但推动这波涨势的力量,已逐渐与传统经济基本面脱钩。根据美银证券最新研究,市场目前几乎将人工智慧(AI)带来的企业获利能力大幅提升视为既定事实,然而这项乐观预期能否真正实现,仍取决于多项关键条件是否同步到位。

数据显示,MSCI 全球指数未来 12 个月预估每股盈余(EPS)在过去三个月累计上调 9%,若换算成年化增速接近 40%,创下 2021 年以来最强劲的成长动能。

同一期间,标普 500 指数未来 12 个月 EPS 的三个月修正幅度升至 12%,写下近 40 年来新高,而过去类似水准通常只会出现在经济自衰退谷底强势反弹的阶段。

然而,这次企业获利预期大幅上修的背景却显得相当特殊。全球采购经理人指数(PMI)目前已降至约 50.5,来到近两年低点。依照历史经验,在此经济景气水准下,企业盈余预估往往趋于停滞,甚至面临下修压力,而非大幅上调。

美银进一步指出,过去三个月欧洲及全球企业 EPS 预测上修的动能中,约有三分之二来自市场对企业利润率改善的期待,而非营收成长本身。

受此带动,欧洲企业未来 12 个月预估利润率已攀升至 13.9%,全球企业则达 11.4%,双双刷新历史纪录。

「AI 效应类比中国入世」:市场押注利润率结构性跃升

对于这一反常现象,美银策略师给出了一个颇具历史纵深的解读框架。

报告指出,当前利润率预期超越宏观逻辑的起点,与 ChatGPT 于 2022 年底问世的时间节点高度吻合。最具说服力的解释,是市场正对「AI 革命驱动企业盈利能力结构性提升」进行定价。

美银将此类比于 2001 年中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)的历史冲击。当时超过 10 亿中国劳动力涌入全球市场,大幅削弱了发达国家工人的议价能力,推动美国企业税后利润占 GDP 比重从 5% 至 8% 跃升至 10% 至 12%,并长期维持。

报告认为,如今 AI 工具的大规模部署或将对白领工人产生类似效应。企业得以用成本更低的 AI 取代人力资本,在无需宏观加速的背景下,实现利润率的再度结构性上移。

从估值角度来看,市场数据同样呈现出与上述逻辑相呼应的变化。近期美国股市总市值相对 GDP 的比率已攀升至 225%,刷新历史纪录;而全球股市总市值与全球 GDP 的比例也首次突破 100%,达到约 105%。

美银指出,若企业未来确实能在 AI 等新一轮技术周期中取得更高的经济附加值与利润分配权,那么股市相对整体经济体量的估值中枢,理论上也可能随之上移。

值得注意的是,这并非单纯的科技板块现象。剔除科技股后,MSCI 全球指数 12 个月远期共识利润率同样升至 12% 的历史新高,科技股预计将贡献未来 12 个月全球企业利润的 23%,亦创历史记录。

不过,美银同时也提出另一种较为谨慎的解读框架:从历史经验来看,每当出现大规模资本支出或产业投资浪潮时,往往会先经历一段供给相对不足、需求快速扩张的阶段,进而推升企业获利率短期走高。

然而,随着产能逐步开出、折旧成本上升以及竞争加剧,利润率通常会在后期出现回落。

这种从扩张到修正的循环,在多次技术与产业周期中都有迹可循,例如 1880 年代的铁路建设热潮、1920 年代的无线电与电气化浪潮,以及 1990 年代的网路与科技繁荣时期,都曾出现类似的「繁荣—泡沫—破灭」过程。

五大障碍横亘其前,美银示警下行风险遭系统性低估

美银强调,「企业盈利黄金时代」的愿景逻辑上并非不可能,但从理想情境走向现实,至少面临五大潜在障碍:

一、外生性宏观下行风险: 布鲁金斯学会估计,若荷姆兹海峡能源流量未能及时恢复,全球将被迫透过「需求破坏」寻求新的供需平衡;预测市场目前仅将海峡于 7 月初恢复正常的机率定在约 34%。

与此同时,美国消费者实际收入增速已降至衰退水准,财政刺激效应趋于耗尽。

二、内生性宏观下行风险:若多家企业同步以 AI 取代人力、缩减用工,可能进一步削弱本已脆弱的劳动力市场,形成类似凯因斯所描述的「节俭悖论」。

美银数据显示,美国 3 个月非农就业增速仍接近零,历史上这一读数与经济衰退高度相关,且与 AI 相关的裁员公告比例近期已升至新高。

三、AI 使用成本攀升:据彭博数据,今年以来 AI 大型语言模型的 token 使用成本已翻倍,原因涵盖厂商 IPO 前削减补贴、AI 代理推升用量,以及能源成本走高。

美银已观察到部分企业因成本上升而缩减 AI 使用,若此趋势延续,将动摇 AI 经济性替代劳动力的核心假设。

四、生率提升时间线的不确定性:美银经济学家基于自下而上数据的测算显示,AI 目前对生产率增速的年均贡献约为 0.1 个百分点,全面效果的显现可能需要长达十年,与市场预期的利润即时跃升存在明显落差。

五、政治风险:AI 大规模取代白领工人即便未造成显著的就业市场冲击,也可能引发政治反弹,推升对科技巨头课征暴利税的压力,正如上一波蓝领就业流失催生了 2010 至 2020 年代的民粹主义浪潮。

报告援引韩国近期出现的「以 AI 利润资助国家股息」相关诉求,视其为这股政治压力的早期讯号。

美银维持欧股负面评级,预期第三季存在一成下行空间

基于上述判断,美银证券维持对欧洲股市的整体负面评级,预计欧洲斯托克 600 指数至第三季末存在约 10% 的下行空间,目标点位 560 点,年末目标则为 590 点。

美银认为,目前市场最大的风险在于投资人对 AI 带来企业获利率长期提升的前景过于乐观,几乎将其视为高机率事件;相较之下,市场对能源价格上涨可能抑制消费与企业支出、进而冲击经济需求的风险则显得准备不足。

从估值指标来看,欧洲斯托克 600 指数(STOXX 600)的股权风险溢价(ERP)目前约为 4.6%,仅比今年稍早创下的 20 年低点高出 0.1 个百分点,反映市场普遍预期全球 PMI 将温和回升,但与美银研究团队的观点相违背。

在板块策略上,美银超配食品饮料、医药等防御性板块及品质股,低配银行与资本财,并对周期股相对防御股的表现维持负面看法,该比率目前处于 30 年来的高点,美银预计存在约 10% 的下行空间。

美银最终坦承,若 AI 效率红利迅速落地、宏观韧性持续、能源危机消散,本轮高利润率预期确有可能得到验证。

然而该行也警告,这一近乎理想化的情境,目前已被市场以过高的确定性定价,一旦宏观下行与风险溢价走阔同步成真,盈利预期下修与估值压缩恐将双重打击市场。

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    "content": "<p>全球股市近期频频改写历史纪录,但推动这波涨势的力量,已逐渐与传统经济基本面脱钩。根据美银证券最新研究,市场目前几乎将人工智慧(AI)带来的企业获利能力大幅提升视为既定事实,然而这项乐观预期能否真正实现,仍取决于多项关键条件是否同步到位。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6477870/l/8f82a7b565f0a88983abfcc7c3459497.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>数据显示,MSCI 全球指数未来 12 个月预估每股盈余(EPS)在过去三个月累计上调 9%,若换算成年化增速接近 40%,创下 2021 年以来最强劲的成长动能。</p>\n\n<p>同一期间,标普 500 指数未来 12 个月 EPS 的三个月修正幅度升至 12%,写下近 40 年来新高,而过去类似水准通常只会出现在经济自衰退谷底强势反弹的阶段。</p>\n\n<p>然而,这次企业获利预期大幅上修的背景却显得相当特殊。全球采购经理人指数(PMI)目前已降至约 50.5,来到近两年低点。依照历史经验,在此经济景气水准下,企业盈余预估往往趋于停滞,甚至面临下修压力,而非大幅上调。</p>\n\n<p>美银进一步指出,过去三个月欧洲及全球企业 EPS 预测上修的动能中,约有三分之二来自市场对企业利润率改善的期待,而非营收成长本身。</p>\n\n<p>受此带动,欧洲企业未来 12 个月预估利润率已攀升至 13.9%,全球企业则达 11.4%,双双刷新历史纪录。</p>\n\n<h6>「AI 效应类比中国入世」:市场押注利润率结构性跃升</h6>\n\n<p>对于这一反常现象,美银策略师给出了一个颇具历史纵深的解读框架。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,当前利润率预期超越宏观逻辑的起点,与 ChatGPT 于 2022 年底问世的时间节点高度吻合。最具说服力的解释,是市场正对「AI 革命驱动企业盈利能力结构性提升」进行定价。</p>\n\n<p>美银将此类比于 2001 年中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)的历史冲击。当时超过 10 亿中国劳动力涌入全球市场,大幅削弱了发达国家工人的议价能力,推动美国企业税后利润占 GDP 比重从 5% 至 8% 跃升至 10% 至 12%,并长期维持。</p>\n\n<p>报告认为,如今 AI 工具的大规模部署或将对白领工人产生类似效应。企业得以用成本更低的 AI 取代人力资本,在无需宏观加速的背景下,实现利润率的再度结构性上移。</p>\n\n<p>从估值角度来看,市场数据同样呈现出与上述逻辑相呼应的变化。近期美国股市总市值相对 GDP 的比率已攀升至 225%,刷新历史纪录;而全球股市总市值与全球 GDP 的比例也首次突破 100%,达到约 105%。</p>\n\n<p>美银指出,若企业未来确实能在 AI 等新一轮技术周期中取得更高的经济附加值与利润分配权,那么股市相对整体经济体量的估值中枢,理论上也可能随之上移。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,这并非单纯的科技板块现象。剔除科技股后,MSCI 全球指数 12 个月远期共识利润率同样升至 12% 的历史新高,科技股预计将贡献未来 12 个月全球企业利润的 23%,亦创历史记录。</p>\n\n<p>不过,美银同时也提出另一种较为谨慎的解读框架:从历史经验来看,每当出现大规模资本支出或产业投资浪潮时,往往会先经历一段供给相对不足、需求快速扩张的阶段,进而推升企业获利率短期走高。</p>\n\n<p>然而,随着产能逐步开出、折旧成本上升以及竞争加剧,利润率通常会在后期出现回落。</p>\n\n<p>这种从扩张到修正的循环,在多次技术与产业周期中都有迹可循,例如 1880 年代的铁路建设热潮、1920 年代的无线电与电气化浪潮,以及 1990 年代的网路与科技繁荣时期,都曾出现类似的「繁荣&mdash;泡沫&mdash;破灭」过程。</p>\n\n<h6>五大障碍横亘其前,美银示警下行风险遭系统性低估</h6>\n\n<p>美银强调,「企业盈利黄金时代」的愿景逻辑上并非不可能,但从理想情境走向现实,至少面临五大潜在障碍:</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>一、外生性宏观下行风险:</strong> </em>布鲁金斯学会估计,若荷姆兹海峡能源流量未能及时恢复,全球将被迫透过「需求破坏」寻求新的供需平衡;预测市场目前仅将海峡于 7 月初恢复正常的机率定在约 34%。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,美国消费者实际收入增速已降至衰退水准,财政刺激效应趋于耗尽。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>二、内生性宏观下行风险:</strong></em>若多家企业同步以 AI 取代人力、缩减用工,可能进一步削弱本已脆弱的劳动力市场,形成类似凯因斯所描述的「节俭悖论」。</p>\n\n<p>美银数据显示,美国 3 个月非农就业增速仍接近零,历史上这一读数与经济衰退高度相关,且与 AI 相关的裁员公告比例近期已升至新高。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>三、</strong><strong>AI</strong><strong> 使用成本攀升:</strong></em>据彭博数据,今年以来 AI 大型语言模型的 token 使用成本已翻倍,原因涵盖厂商 IPO 前削减补贴、AI 代理推升用量,以及能源成本走高。</p>\n\n<p>美银已观察到部分企业因成本上升而缩减 AI 使用,若此趋势延续,将动摇 AI 经济性替代劳动力的核心假设。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>四、生</strong><strong>产</strong><strong>率提升时间线的不确定性:</strong></em>美银经济学家基于自下而上数据的测算显示,AI 目前对生产率增速的年均贡献约为 0.1 个百分点,全面效果的显现可能需要长达十年,与市场预期的利润即时跃升存在明显落差。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>五、政治风险:</strong></em>AI 大规模取代白领工人即便未造成显著的就业市场冲击,也可能引发政治反弹,推升对科技巨头课征暴利税的压力,正如上一波蓝领就业流失催生了 2010 至 2020 年代的民粹主义浪潮。</p>\n\n<p>报告援引韩国近期出现的「以 AI 利润资助国家股息」相关诉求,视其为这股政治压力的早期讯号。</p>\n\n<h6>美银维持欧股负面评级,预期第三季存在一成下行空间</h6>\n\n<p>基于上述判断,美银证券维持对欧洲股市的整体负面评级,预计欧洲斯托克 600 指数至第三季末存在约 10% 的下行空间,目标点位 560 点,年末目标则为 590 点。</p>\n\n<p>美银认为,目前市场最大的风险在于投资人对 AI 带来企业获利率长期提升的前景过于乐观,几乎将其视为高机率事件;相较之下,市场对能源价格上涨可能抑制消费与企业支出、进而冲击经济需求的风险则显得准备不足。</p>\n\n<p>从估值指标来看,欧洲斯托克 600 指数(STOXX 600)的股权风险溢价(ERP)目前约为 4.6%,仅比今年稍早创下的 20 年低点高出 0.1 个百分点,反映市场普遍预期全球 PMI 将温和回升,但与美银研究团队的观点相违背。</p>\n\n<p>在板块策略上,美银超配食品饮料、医药等防御性板块及品质股,低配银行与资本财,并对周期股相对防御股的表现维持负面看法,该比率目前处于 30 年来的高点,美银预计存在约 10% 的下行空间。</p>\n\n<p>美银最终坦承,若 AI 效率红利迅速落地、宏观韧性持续、能源危机消散,本轮高利润率预期确有可能得到验证。</p>\n\n<p>然而该行也警告,这一近乎理想化的情境,目前已被市场以过高的确定性定价,一旦宏观下行与风险溢价走阔同步成真,盈利预期下修与估值压缩恐将双重打击市场。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15484.html\" title=\"债市抛售风暴蔓延 华尔街警告:10年期殖利率若达5% 美股将面临10%修正风险\">债市抛售风暴蔓延 华尔街警告:10年期殖利率若达5% 美股将面临10%修正风险</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4649.html\" title=\"突破记忆体限制?光互连HBM崛起  供应链谁将受益?\">突破记忆体限制?光互连HBM崛起  供应链谁将受益?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10958.html\" title=\"川普政府:TikTok业务重组后不再被视为国安威胁 已正式解禁\">川普政府:TikTok业务重组后不再被视为国安威胁 已正式解禁</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9129.html\" title=\"再等恐付出更大代价!Fed反对票官员公开要求升息\">再等恐付出更大代价!Fed反对票官员公开要求升息</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7344.html\" title=\"AI概念股迎财报关键周!Alphabet资本支出、Intel财测成美股多空风向球\">AI概念股迎财报关键周!Alphabet资本支出、Intel财测成美股多空风向球</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4764.html\" title=\"马斯克要造手机?SpaceX展示AI装置原型 比iPhone还薄\">马斯克要造手机?SpaceX展示AI装置原型 比iPhone还薄</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-05-31T20:40:02.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-12T02:05:56.000Z"
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