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AI改写产业规则 高盛吹响重估号角 记忆体三巨头目标价全面调升

2026-09-13 12:54:29 网络 阅读(47)

AI 基础设施需求持续爆发,全球记忆体产业正迎来结构性转变。高盛最新发布的全球半导体储存产业研究报告指出,记忆体晶片正逐步摆脱过去高度循环的商品属性,转型为 AI 时代不可或缺的战略基础设施。随着需求长期增长、供给受限以及长期供货协议 (LTA) 普及,产业估值框架正从传统的市净率 (P/B) 转向本益比(P/E),并促使华尔街同步上调记忆体龙头企业目标价。

高盛认为,本轮记忆体景气循环与过去明显不同。AI 驱动的需求具有更强持续性,而供给成长则受到产能与技术限制,加上大型云端客户与供应商签订长期供货协议,让获利稳定性显著提高。

报告指出,产业正出现四项关键变化。首先,DRAM、NAND Flash 及高频宽记忆体 (HBM) 市场的供应缺口将持续扩大,2027 年的供应吃紧程度甚至可能超过 2026 年,短缺情况预估将延续至 2028 年。

其次,市场估值逻辑正在发生历史性改变。高盛认为,投资人未来应以本益比而非市净率评价记忆体企业,并据此大幅调升 SK 海力士与三星电子目标价,其中 SK 海力士隐含上涨空间约 53%,三星则约 60%。

第三,高盛上调 HBM 市场前景。报告预估,2027 年 HBM 平均售价将较现阶段进一步上涨,全球 HBM 市场规模预测值由原先估计大幅上修 54%,达到 1,160 亿美元。

最后,高盛同步调高三星电子 (005930-KR)、SK hynix 及 Kioxia Holdings 铠侠未来数年的获利预估,认为高毛利率与高获利能力将维持更长时间。

事实上,在高盛之前,Morgan Stanley 与 JPMorgan Chase 摩根大通已陆续提出相似观点。两家机构均认为,长期供货协议正使记忆体产业从传统强周期商品转型为具稳定现金流特性的科技基础设施产业。

目前记忆体龙头企业远期本益比仅约 7.3 倍,相较台积电 (2330-TW) 存在约 50% 至 80% 的估值折价,未来有望出现重估行情。

高盛指出,推动本轮产业转型的核心来自需求、供给与商业模式三方面的结构性改变。

需求端方面,AI 伺服器已取代消费性电子成为记忆体需求核心来源。2025 年全球伺服器市场预计占 DRAM 需求约 50%、NAND 需求约 40%;至 2028 年,相关占比将进一步升至 61% 与 43%。

高盛估计,2025 年全球伺服器记忆体市场规模约 4,490 亿美元,已是 2017 年的 7.4 倍。随着大型语言模型 (LLM) 进一步演化为企业级 Agentic AI 系统,到 2030 年 Token 消耗量可能达目前运算能力的 24 倍以上,记忆体容量与频宽将成为 AI 发展的重要瓶颈。

供给端方面,HBM 正大量消耗晶圆产能。高盛指出,生产 HBM 所需晶圆产能约为传统 DRAM 的 3 至 4 倍,随着 HBM4 及 HBM4E 世代陆续推出,每单位产品消耗的晶圆数量还将进一步增加。

高盛预估,2026 年至 2030 年间,三大记忆体原厂每月约 139 万至 154 万片可用产能中,约 30% 将被 HBM 产品占用,导致传统 DRAM 供给年复合成长率从 2017 年至 2018 年间的 19%,下降至约 15%。

商业模式方面,长期供货协议正改变市场结构。高盛指出,企业级客户与超大型云端服务供应商已逐步采用 LTA 模式,以降低供应风险并锁定产能。

报告引用 SanDisk 财报指出,其新商业模式合约已包含 420 亿美元递延收入义务 (RPO) 及 4 亿美元预付款,且附带违约罚则。高盛认为,这类模式有助于提高产业获利稳定性,并支持更高估值水准。

在供需展望方面,高盛预测 DRAM 市场供需缺口将从 2026 年的负 5%,扩大至 2027 年的负 5.9%,2028 年仍维持负 3.9%。

受伺服器需求带动,传统 DRAM 平均售价在 2026 年预估将年增 326%,营业利益率有望维持在约 80% 的历史高档区间。

NAND 市场方面,供需缺口预估为负 4.4%、负 4.6% 及负 3.0%。企业级 SSD 需求将在 2026 与 2027 年分别成长 66% 及 31%,推动 NAND 业务营业利益率维持在 60% 以上。

HBM 市场缺货情况则最为严重。高盛预估,2026 年至 2028 年供需缺口分别为负 5.4%、负 6.0% 及负 4.3%。

受 ASIC AI 晶片需求大增带动,高盛预估 HBM 市场规模将从 2026 年的 560 亿美元,成长至 2027 年的 1,160 亿美元,并在 2028 年进一步扩大至 1,680 亿美元。

基于上述预测,高盛将 SK 海力士评等维持「买进」,目标价上调至 330 万至 350 万韩元区间。高盛表示,即使未来两年记忆体价格连续下跌 30%,SK 海力士仍有能力维持约 40% 的营业利益率。

三星电子方面,高盛将目标价上调至 48 万韩元,预估 2026 年营业利益将较前一年暴增逾 8 倍,股东权益报酬率 (ROE) 升至 52%。同时,三星 HBM 营收在 2027 年可望达到约 440 亿美元。

不过高盛也提醒,记忆体价格上涨可能侵蚀三星智慧手机部门获利能力,预估其手机业务营业利益率可能由 11% 降至历史低点约 2%。

铠侠则获高盛调升评等至「买进」,以 2028 会计年度预估获利 7.8 倍本益比计算,12 个月目标价上调至 9.3 万日圆。

值得注意的是,高盛、摩根士丹利与摩根大通均将台积电视为重要参考案例。分析师指出,台积电 (TSM-US) (2330-TW) 在 2014 年与苹果 (AAPL-US) 建立长期合作关系后,市场逐渐将其估值基准由景气循环产业转向科技成长股,长期本益比维持在 10 倍至 30 倍区间。

不过华尔街也提醒,长期供货协议并非万灵丹。2017 年上一轮记忆体景气高峰期间,部分远期协议曾在需求崩跌后迅速失效。

分析师认为,若要真正支撑估值模式转换,关键仍在于企业能否持续取得预付款、递延收入及具法律约束力的长约现金流。若缺乏实际资金流入支撑,即便 AI 需求强劲,产业仍可能面临重新回归周期性波动的风险。

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      "name": "经纪商 ",
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    "content": "<p>AI 基础设施需求持续爆发,全球记忆体产业正迎来结构性转变。高盛最新发布的全球半导体储存产业研究报告指出,记忆体晶片正逐步摆脱过去高度循环的商品属性,转型为 AI 时代不可或缺的战略基础设施。随着需求长期增长、供给受限以及长期供货协议 (LTA) 普及,产业估值框架正从传统的市净率 (P/B) 转向本益比(P/E),并促使华尔街同步上调记忆体龙头企业目标价。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6479941/l/078e9730075581e26d5f7f88c1346cc6.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>高盛认为,本轮记忆体景气循环与过去明显不同。AI 驱动的需求具有更强持续性,而供给成长则受到产能与技术限制,加上大型云端客户与供应商签订长期供货协议,让获利稳定性显著提高。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,产业正出现四项关键变化。首先,DRAM、NAND Flash 及高频宽记忆体 (HBM) 市场的供应缺口将持续扩大,2027 年的供应吃紧程度甚至可能超过 2026 年,短缺情况预估将延续至 2028 年。</p>\n\n<p>其次,市场估值逻辑正在发生历史性改变。高盛认为,投资人未来应以本益比而非市净率评价记忆体企业,并据此大幅调升 SK 海力士与三星电子目标价,其中 SK 海力士隐含上涨空间约 53%,三星则约 60%。</p>\n\n<p>第三,高盛上调 HBM 市场前景。报告预估,2027 年 HBM 平均售价将较现阶段进一步上涨,全球 HBM 市场规模预测值由原先估计大幅上修 54%,达到 1,160 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>最后,高盛同步调高三星电子 (005930-KR)、SK hynix 及 Kioxia Holdings 铠侠未来数年的获利预估,认为高毛利率与高获利能力将维持更长时间。</p>\n\n<p>事实上,在高盛之前,Morgan Stanley 与 JPMorgan Chase 摩根大通已陆续提出相似观点。两家机构均认为,长期供货协议正使记忆体产业从传统强周期商品转型为具稳定现金流特性的科技基础设施产业。</p>\n\n<p>目前记忆体龙头企业远期本益比仅约 7.3 倍,相较台积电 (2330-TW) 存在约 50% 至 80% 的估值折价,未来有望出现重估行情。</p>\n\n<p>高盛指出,推动本轮产业转型的核心来自需求、供给与商业模式三方面的结构性改变。</p>\n\n<p>需求端方面,AI 伺服器已取代消费性电子成为记忆体需求核心来源。2025 年全球伺服器市场预计占 DRAM 需求约 50%、NAND 需求约 40%;至 2028 年,相关占比将进一步升至 61% 与 43%。</p>\n\n<p>高盛估计,2025 年全球伺服器记忆体市场规模约 4,490 亿美元,已是 2017 年的 7.4 倍。随着大型语言模型 (LLM) 进一步演化为企业级 Agentic AI 系统,到 2030 年 Token 消耗量可能达目前运算能力的 24 倍以上,记忆体容量与频宽将成为 AI 发展的重要瓶颈。</p>\n\n<p>供给端方面,HBM 正大量消耗晶圆产能。高盛指出,生产 HBM 所需晶圆产能约为传统 DRAM 的 3 至 4 倍,随着 HBM4 及 HBM4E 世代陆续推出,每单位产品消耗的晶圆数量还将进一步增加。</p>\n\n<p>高盛预估,2026 年至 2030 年间,三大记忆体原厂每月约 139 万至 154 万片可用产能中,约 30% 将被 HBM 产品占用,导致传统 DRAM 供给年复合成长率从 2017 年至 2018 年间的 19%,下降至约 15%。</p>\n\n<p>商业模式方面,长期供货协议正改变市场结构。高盛指出,企业级客户与超大型云端服务供应商已逐步采用 LTA 模式,以降低供应风险并锁定产能。</p>\n\n<p>报告引用 SanDisk 财报指出,其新商业模式合约已包含 420 亿美元递延收入义务 (RPO) 及 4 亿美元预付款,且附带违约罚则。高盛认为,这类模式有助于提高产业获利稳定性,并支持更高估值水准。</p>\n\n<p>在供需展望方面,高盛预测 DRAM 市场供需缺口将从 2026 年的负 5%,扩大至 2027 年的负 5.9%,2028 年仍维持负 3.9%。</p>\n\n<p>受伺服器需求带动,传统 DRAM 平均售价在 2026 年预估将年增 326%,营业利益率有望维持在约 80% 的历史高档区间。</p>\n\n<p>NAND 市场方面,供需缺口预估为负 4.4%、负 4.6% 及负 3.0%。企业级 SSD 需求将在 2026 与 2027 年分别成长 66% 及 31%,推动 NAND 业务营业利益率维持在 60% 以上。</p>\n\n<p>HBM 市场缺货情况则最为严重。高盛预估,2026 年至 2028 年供需缺口分别为负 5.4%、负 6.0% 及负 4.3%。</p>\n\n<p>受 ASIC AI 晶片需求大增带动,高盛预估 HBM 市场规模将从 2026 年的 560 亿美元,成长至 2027 年的 1,160 亿美元,并在 2028 年进一步扩大至 1,680 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>基于上述预测,高盛将 SK 海力士评等维持「买进」,目标价上调至 330 万至 350 万韩元区间。高盛表示,即使未来两年记忆体价格连续下跌 30%,SK 海力士仍有能力维持约 40% 的营业利益率。</p>\n\n<p>三星电子方面,高盛将目标价上调至 48 万韩元,预估 2026 年营业利益将较前一年暴增逾 8 倍,股东权益报酬率 (ROE) 升至 52%。同时,三星 HBM 营收在 2027 年可望达到约 440 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>不过高盛也提醒,记忆体价格上涨可能侵蚀三星智慧手机部门获利能力,预估其手机业务营业利益率可能由 11% 降至历史低点约 2%。</p>\n\n<p>铠侠则获高盛调升评等至「买进」,以 2028 会计年度预估获利 7.8 倍本益比计算,12 个月目标价上调至 9.3 万日圆。</p>\n\n<p>值得注意的是,高盛、摩根士丹利与摩根大通均将台积电视为重要参考案例。分析师指出,台积电 (TSM-US) (2330-TW) 在 2014 年与苹果 (AAPL-US) 建立长期合作关系后,市场逐渐将其估值基准由景气循环产业转向科技成长股,长期本益比维持在 10 倍至 30 倍区间。</p>\n\n<p>不过华尔街也提醒,长期供货协议并非万灵丹。2017 年上一轮记忆体景气高峰期间,部分远期协议曾在需求崩跌后迅速失效。</p>\n\n<p>分析师认为,若要真正支撑估值模式转换,关键仍在于企业能否持续取得预付款、递延收入及具法律约束力的长约现金流。若缺乏实际资金流入支撑,即便 AI 需求强劲,产业仍可能面临重新回归周期性波动的风险。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-2446.html\" title=\"买了又得卖?Manus传斥资20亿美元从Meta手中买回自己\">买了又得卖?Manus传斥资20亿美元从Meta手中买回自己</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7744.html\" title=\"Google更新轻量版Gemini模型阵容 仍未公布旗舰Pro具体发表时间\">Google更新轻量版Gemini模型阵容 仍未公布旗舰Pro具体发表时间</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13025.html\" title=\"美PCE通膨攀升但消费停滞 专家:投资优质股票远比担忧经济重要\">美PCE通膨攀升但消费停滞 专家:投资优质股票远比担忧经济重要</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9820.html\" title=\"Meta又出包!平台惊见儿童性虐待内容 祖克柏传向印度道歉\">Meta又出包!平台惊见儿童性虐待内容 祖克柏传向印度道歉</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9050.html\" title=\"黄仁勋自爆「超内向」:没有开源就没今天的AI  记忆体已成AI最大瓶颈\">黄仁勋自爆「超内向」:没有开源就没今天的AI  记忆体已成AI最大瓶颈</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15319.html\" title=\"英特尔力挺新创挑战HBM市场 美光股价承压\">英特尔力挺新创挑战HBM市场 美光股价承压</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-06-02T00:10:02.000Z",
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