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AI改变投资逻辑 艾克曼:部分市场霸主可能因新技术消失

2026-10-02 11:40:04 网络 阅读(1)

潘兴广场(Pershing Square)创办人暨执行长艾克曼(Bill Ackman)表示,人工智慧(AI)快速发展已「大幅提高企业遭颠覆的风险」,投资人过去用来判断企业竞争优势与护城河的方式,必须重新检视。他指出,AI技术进步速度远超过过去多数科技变革,即使目前占据市场主导地位的企业,也可能在未来因新技术而失去原有优势,甚至退出市场。

AI改变投资逻辑 艾克曼:部分市场霸主可能因新技术消失

艾克曼日前接受Shane Parrish主持的《The Knowledge Project》Podcast访问时表示,评估长期投资时,他会思考如果股市关闭10年,自己是否仍愿意持有这家公司的股票,并进一步预测企业10年、20年甚至30年后的业务型态。他认为,AI让这项工作变得更加困难,因为新技术提高了企业被颠覆的可能性。

艾克曼指出,投资人现在必须更加仔细分析企业的护城河,以及这项优势究竟有多宽、能维持多久。他提到,过去网际网路已经颠覆许多看似牢不可破的商业模式,例如Wikipedia取代部分传统百科全书,而AI带来的变化更为复杂。他认为,即使是目前全球最具主导地位的企业,也会有部分最终因AI而消失。

他同时指出,AI对投资人的挑战并不代表AI只有负面影响。相反地,AI可能催生过去根本无法成立的新企业,也让原本没有创业经验的人具备成为企业家的能力。艾克曼形容,AI能力进步的速度是他「见过最快的」,过去软体重大版本更新可能相隔数年,如今AI模型与相关产品甚至可能在几天内出现重大能力提升。

艾克曼举出AI软体公司Cognition的案例表示,该公司的AI工具能协助大型银行及金融机构处理长期累积的旧有系统。许多大型金融机构因过去多年并购而留下大量Legacy Systems,维护及更新成本相当高,而AI可以协助将Cobol等旧程式码转换为现代程式语言,原本可能需要数月的工作,有机会缩短至数天。

他认为,这类AI应用可能让大型金融机构及科技企业的营运效率大幅提高,并降低整体成本。不过,效率提升后所产生的利润能否由企业保留,仍是另一个问题。如果所有竞争者都被迫采用最有效率的AI软体,成本下降可能透过更低价格转嫁给客户,最终企业未必能完整取得生产力提升所带来的利润。

艾克曼指出,这项结果将取决于产业特性及企业定价能力。以银行业为例,银行提供的资金本身具有高度商品化特性,因此即使AI降低营运成本,也不代表新增利润一定能全部留在银行体内。

在AI投资布局方面,艾克曼透露,潘兴广场已经将AI用于投资研究,利用相关工具协助团队处理资讯及分析企业。他认为,AI不仅可能改变企业的成本结构,也可能改变投资研究本身的工作方式。

艾克曼也谈到Meta(META-US)近期推出的AI代理人Muse。他表示,自己当时尚未亲自使用Muse,但潘兴广场办公室内已有员工实际使用,并讨论Muse让使用者建立自己的AI代理人变得更加容易。他认为,这类产品显示AI已经从单纯回答问题,逐步朝着直接替使用者执行工作的方向发展。

他指出,AI代理人的进步可能进一步改变企业竞争环境。当消费者或企业可以透过AI代理人完成搜寻、分析、比较及执行任务时,传统企业依靠品牌、介面、流量或流程所建立的优势,都可能面临重新评估。

艾克曼尤其关注AI对企业护城河的影响。他表示,投资人最困难的问题之一,就是判断一家目前极具主导地位的企业,其竞争优势能否延续到10年、20年甚至30年后。AI发展速度越快,企业原有优势被新技术削弱的时间就可能越短。

在AI基础建设方面,艾克曼则点名Brookfield(BN-US),认为该公司是AI发展的受益者之一。原因在于AI运算需求快速增加,除了晶片及软体之外,也需要大量资料中心、电力及其他实体基础设施,而Brookfield长期布局实体基础设施及相关资产,因此有机会参与AI产业扩张所带来的资本支出需求。

艾克曼对AI的看法并非单纯看多或看空。他一方面认为AI将带来巨大的生产力提升,催生过去不存在的企业及商业模式,并让更多人成为创业者;另一方面,他也认为AI会让投资人更难判断企业的长期价值,尤其是那些目前看似拥有强大护城河的企业。

他也提醒,AI产业本身可能出现泡沫及资本损失。随着大量资金投入AI企业及相关基础建设,投资人可能高估部分企业的长期获利能力,而AI技术快速演进也可能导致今天被视为重要的产品或商业模式,在未来被更有效率的新技术取代。

艾克曼认为,AI与过去网际网路革命的一个重要差异,在于技术更新速度更快。过去大型软体公司推出重大版本更新,可能需要数年时间,但目前AI产品的能力可能在几天内就出现明显变化。这意味着企业即使今天建立起竞争优势,也必须持续投入资源才能维持领先。

他因此表示,投资人未来不能只问一家企业目前是不是市场龙头,也必须问这家公司在AI环境下仍然具备什么不可取代的优势,以及竞争对手是否能透过AI降低进入门槛。如果新的竞争者可以利用AI以更低成本、更快速度提供相同服务,传统企业长期累积的护城河就可能遭到侵蚀。

对潘兴广场而言,这也意味着长期投资的核心仍是判断企业未来能否持续产生现金流及维持竞争优势,但AI已经成为其中不可忽略的新变数。艾克曼表示,企业的市场地位、品牌、规模及既有护城河仍然重要,但投资人必须进一步判断这些优势是否能抵抗AI带来的结构性变化。

艾克曼此次谈话也延续他近年对长期投资方法的思考。他过去曾因Netflix(NFLX-US)的投资决策重新检视自己的投资流程,这次则把AI视为影响未来企业价值判断的重要变数。对他而言,AI不只是科技产业的投资题材,而是可能重新定义企业竞争优势及产业结构的技术变革。

随着AI代理人、生成式AI及AI基础设施持续快速发展,艾克曼认为,投资人未来需要同时面对两个方向:一方面寻找AI能够创造新需求、降低成本及催生新企业的机会;另一方面则必须防范现有企业的护城河因技术进步而快速缩小。这使得AI不只是新的成长题材,也成为长期投资人重新评估企业存续能力的重要因素。

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艾克曼并看好Brookfield受惠AI资料中心与电力需求,但警告AI产业可能出现泡沫。",
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    "content": "<p>潘兴广场(Pershing Square)创办人暨执行长艾克曼(Bill Ackman)表示,人工智慧(AI)快速发展已「大幅提高企业遭颠覆的风险」,投资人过去用来判断企业竞争优势与护城河的方式,必须重新检视。他指出,AI技术进步速度远超过过去多数科技变革,即使目前占据市场主导地位的企业,也可能在未来因新技术而失去原有优势,甚至退出市场。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6620172/l/b1b41ebd4a834535a8f3274c8db51e03.jpg\" alt=\"AI改变投资逻辑 艾克曼:部分市场霸主可能因新技术消失\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>艾克曼日前接受Shane Parrish主持的《The Knowledge Project》Podcast访问时表示,评估长期投资时,他会思考如果股市关闭10年,自己是否仍愿意持有这家公司的股票,并进一步预测企业10年、20年甚至30年后的业务型态。他认为,AI让这项工作变得更加困难,因为新技术提高了企业被颠覆的可能性。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼指出,投资人现在必须更加仔细分析企业的护城河,以及这项优势究竟有多宽、能维持多久。他提到,过去网际网路已经颠覆许多看似牢不可破的商业模式,例如Wikipedia取代部分传统百科全书,而AI带来的变化更为复杂。他认为,即使是目前全球最具主导地位的企业,也会有部分最终因AI而消失。</p>\n\n<p>他同时指出,AI对投资人的挑战并不代表AI只有负面影响。相反地,AI可能催生过去根本无法成立的新企业,也让原本没有创业经验的人具备成为企业家的能力。艾克曼形容,AI能力进步的速度是他「见过最快的」,过去软体重大版本更新可能相隔数年,如今AI模型与相关产品甚至可能在几天内出现重大能力提升。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼举出AI软体公司Cognition的案例表示,该公司的AI工具能协助大型银行及金融机构处理长期累积的旧有系统。许多大型金融机构因过去多年并购而留下大量Legacy Systems,维护及更新成本相当高,而AI可以协助将Cobol等旧程式码转换为现代程式语言,原本可能需要数月的工作,有机会缩短至数天。</p>\n\n<p>他认为,这类AI应用可能让大型金融机构及科技企业的营运效率大幅提高,并降低整体成本。不过,效率提升后所产生的利润能否由企业保留,仍是另一个问题。如果所有竞争者都被迫采用最有效率的AI软体,成本下降可能透过更低价格转嫁给客户,最终企业未必能完整取得生产力提升所带来的利润。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼指出,这项结果将取决于产业特性及企业定价能力。以银行业为例,银行提供的资金本身具有高度商品化特性,因此即使AI降低营运成本,也不代表新增利润一定能全部留在银行体内。</p>\n\n<p>在AI投资布局方面,艾克曼透露,潘兴广场已经将AI用于投资研究,利用相关工具协助团队处理资讯及分析企业。他认为,AI不仅可能改变企业的成本结构,也可能改变投资研究本身的工作方式。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼也谈到Meta(META-US)近期推出的AI代理人Muse。他表示,自己当时尚未亲自使用Muse,但潘兴广场办公室内已有员工实际使用,并讨论Muse让使用者建立自己的AI代理人变得更加容易。他认为,这类产品显示AI已经从单纯回答问题,逐步朝着直接替使用者执行工作的方向发展。</p>\n\n<p>他指出,AI代理人的进步可能进一步改变企业竞争环境。当消费者或企业可以透过AI代理人完成搜寻、分析、比较及执行任务时,传统企业依靠品牌、介面、流量或流程所建立的优势,都可能面临重新评估。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼尤其关注AI对企业护城河的影响。他表示,投资人最困难的问题之一,就是判断一家目前极具主导地位的企业,其竞争优势能否延续到10年、20年甚至30年后。AI发展速度越快,企业原有优势被新技术削弱的时间就可能越短。</p>\n\n<p>在AI基础建设方面,艾克曼则点名Brookfield(BN-US),认为该公司是AI发展的受益者之一。原因在于AI运算需求快速增加,除了晶片及软体之外,也需要大量资料中心、电力及其他实体基础设施,而Brookfield长期布局实体基础设施及相关资产,因此有机会参与AI产业扩张所带来的资本支出需求。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼对AI的看法并非单纯看多或看空。他一方面认为AI将带来巨大的生产力提升,催生过去不存在的企业及商业模式,并让更多人成为创业者;另一方面,他也认为AI会让投资人更难判断企业的长期价值,尤其是那些目前看似拥有强大护城河的企业。</p>\n\n<p>他也提醒,AI产业本身可能出现泡沫及资本损失。随着大量资金投入AI企业及相关基础建设,投资人可能高估部分企业的长期获利能力,而AI技术快速演进也可能导致今天被视为重要的产品或商业模式,在未来被更有效率的新技术取代。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼认为,AI与过去网际网路革命的一个重要差异,在于技术更新速度更快。过去大型软体公司推出重大版本更新,可能需要数年时间,但目前AI产品的能力可能在几天内就出现明显变化。这意味着企业即使今天建立起竞争优势,也必须持续投入资源才能维持领先。</p>\n\n<p>他因此表示,投资人未来不能只问一家企业目前是不是市场龙头,也必须问这家公司在AI环境下仍然具备什么不可取代的优势,以及竞争对手是否能透过AI降低进入门槛。如果新的竞争者可以利用AI以更低成本、更快速度提供相同服务,传统企业长期累积的护城河就可能遭到侵蚀。</p>\n\n<p>对潘兴广场而言,这也意味着长期投资的核心仍是判断企业未来能否持续产生现金流及维持竞争优势,但AI已经成为其中不可忽略的新变数。艾克曼表示,企业的市场地位、品牌、规模及既有护城河仍然重要,但投资人必须进一步判断这些优势是否能抵抗AI带来的结构性变化。</p>\n\n<p>艾克曼此次谈话也延续他近年对长期投资方法的思考。他过去曾因Netflix(NFLX-US)的投资决策重新检视自己的投资流程,这次则把AI视为影响未来企业价值判断的重要变数。对他而言,AI不只是科技产业的投资题材,而是可能重新定义企业竞争优势及产业结构的技术变革。</p>\n\n<p>随着AI代理人、生成式AI及AI基础设施持续快速发展,艾克曼认为,投资人未来需要同时面对两个方向:一方面寻找AI能够创造新需求、降低成本及催生新企业的机会;另一方面则必须防范现有企业的护城河因技术进步而快速缩小。这使得AI不只是新的成长题材,也成为长期投资人重新评估企业存续能力的重要因素。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-17838.html\" title=\"OpenAI拟募资至少300亿美元 估值上看1.4兆美元\">OpenAI拟募资至少300亿美元 估值上看1.4兆美元</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8045.html\" title=\"油价牵着利率往上冲 美股牛市「简单获利」宣告结束\">油价牵着利率往上冲 美股牛市「简单获利」宣告结束</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10729.html\" title=\"低估还是泡沫?专家评AI霸主:辉达财报碾压同业 低负债撑起高溢价\">低估还是泡沫?专家评AI霸主:辉达财报碾压同业 低负债撑起高溢价</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11428.html\" title=\"川普祭无人机100%重税 无人机股全面升空\">川普祭无人机100%重税 无人机股全面升空</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5508.html\" title=\"AI狂热拉警报!科技股波动创网路泡沫后新高\">AI狂热拉警报!科技股波动创网路泡沫后新高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5837.html\" title=\"AI与机器人融合进入新阶段!辉达携Hugging Face推开源机器人模型 软硬协同降产业进入门槛\">AI与机器人融合进入新阶段!辉达携Hugging Face推开源机器人模型 软硬协同降产业进入门槛</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-02T03:20:03.000Z",
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