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记忆体危险了?Cerebras晶圆级AI晶片挑战HBM垄断格局

2026-09-12 08:22:49 网络 阅读(89)

人工智慧(AI)晶片新创公司 Cerebras (CBRS-US) 于 14 日在那斯达克挂牌上市,首日股价即翻倍,涨幅达 109%,市值一举突破千亿美元。分析指出,市场押注的,是一条与辉达 (NVDA-US) 截然不同的 AI 晶片技术路线,为市场展现 AI 晶片是可以绕开高频宽记忆体(HBM)的。

Cerebras 的核心产品,是将一整片直径 12 吋的矽晶圆不切割、不分裂,直接制成单一晶片,称为晶圆级引擎(WaferScale Engine)

其最新一代产品 WSE-3 搭载 4 兆个电晶体、90 万个运算核心,以及 44GB 的片上记忆体(SRAM)。

关键在于:这颗晶片完全不使用高频宽记忆体(HBM)。

这看似一个规格上的细节,却牵动着整条 AI 硬体供应链的利益分配。目前全球 HBM 市场由 SK 海力士、三星、美光科技 (MU-US) 三家寡占。

其中,SK 海力士的 HBM 业务毛利率高达 79%,甚至超过辉达本身,正是因为这类记忆体制造难度极高,且是现行 GPU 架构不可或缺的组件。

HBM vs 晶圆级架构:AI 晶片的两条路径

AI 晶片长期面临所谓「记忆体墙」的瓶颈:运算核心速度远超过资料传输速度,大量时间耗费在等待资料,而非实际运算。

辉达的解法,是把原本分散在系统里的记忆体搬到 GPU 旁边,透过 HBM 和先进封装把距离大幅缩短,从几十公分压到毫米级。但本质上,数据仍然需要「跨区搬运」,只是路径更短了。

Cerebras 的做法则更为激进,直接把整片晶圆做成单一运算晶片,让数十万甚至近百万核心与本地记忆体一一绑定。资料不再需要远距离调度,而是像随手可得的工具一样就在计算单元旁边,实现真正的就地存取。

这使 Cerebras 在短上下文推理任务上,速度比 GPU 方案快达 15 倍,适合聊天机器人、程式生成、即时翻译等高频应用场景。

天花板:上下文长度是罩门

然而,晶圆级架构也有其硬限制。Cerebras 的片上记忆体仅有 44GB,远不足以容纳完整的大型模型参数。

为此,Cerebras 发展出「权重流」(Weight Streaming)技术作为因应,模型参数并不存放于晶片之上,而是置于外部的 MemoryX 伺服器,运算时依需求逐层串流载入,晶片上的空间只用来处理当下正在执行的那一层。

这个机制在短上下文场景下运作良好,但一旦模型需要同时掌握大量上下文,例如分析数百页文件、处理长篇会议记录,片上空间就成了无法突破的瓶颈。

Cerebras 目前最高仅支援 128K 的上下文长度,与辉达 B200 可处理的百万 token 级别相比,差距悬殊。深度分析类任务,目前仍是 HBM 大容量架构的主场。

供应链的三层冲击

分析指出,Cerebras 的技术路线,对记忆体产业链构成三个层次的影响。

其一,HBM 需求增量遭分流。 AI 推论市场高速成长,其中短上下文的即时互动需求若大量导入晶圆级方案,对 HBM 的新增需求便会相应减少。

这并非存量替代,而是增量空间被切走一块。SK 海力士目前订单积压逾三年,短期无虞,但两三年后的新增产能规划,恐需重新评估。

其二,设计工具与 IP 厂商受惠。 晶圆级设计需要更精密的 SRAM 架构规划与电子设计自动化(EDA)模拟工具,使受益方从「独立记忆体制造商」变成了「晶圆厂 + 设计工具商」,因此 Arm(ARM-US) 、新思科技 (SNPS-US) 、Cadence 设计系统 (CDNS-US) 等 IP 与设计工具商,成为这条路线的新受益者。

其三,新兴记忆体技术迎来潜在商机。Cerebras 的权重流架构,需要外部记忆体(MemoryX)来存放无法塞进 44GB SRAM 的模型参数,而这类记忆体必须同时具备高频宽、大容量与低功耗。

目前 DRAM、SSD、HBM 各有缺点,因此 MRAM 与 ReRAM 反而有机会成为折衷方案。它们兼具较快速度、更大容量与非挥发特性,过去始终缺乏大规模商业场景,如今可能因晶圆级引擎而迎来真正落地机会。

若晶圆级架构开始普及,MemoryX 需求可能带动 MRAM/ReRAM 与新型记忆体产业链成形。不过,前提仍是晶圆级晶片本身能成功放量。

Cerebras 的路线,理论上为受 HBM 供应链限制的半导体业者提供了另一条出路。

然而,Cerebras 的 WSE-3 采用台积电 (2330-TW) N5 制程,整片晶圆的良率挑战极为严峻,Cerebras 透过 1.5% 核心备援加上软体容错机制,才得以将良率拉至可用水准,技术门槛极高,非一蹴可几。

HBM 垄断格局松动?晶圆级 AI 架构开启新战场

Cerebras 全年营收约 51 亿美元,与辉达资料中心业务的 1,300 亿美元相比,体量悬殊。然而,这家公司的意义,不在于能否取代辉达,而在于它证明了一条在架构层面绕开 HBM 的路确实存在。

分析称,AI 晶片的利益格局过去只有一张桌子:HBM 加 GPU,由 SK 海力士、三星、台积电、辉达四方分食。

如今,第二张桌子正在成形:晶圆级晶片加 MemoryX,台积电同时吃下制造与片上记忆体两块,新兴记忆体技术伺机分羹,HBM 厂商的地位暂时稳固,但增量空间已开始缩水。

两张桌子并陈,哪张将来入座者众,现在尚无定论。但资本与产业链的资金,已悄悄开始向第二张桌子移动。

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    "content": "\n<p>人工智慧(AI)晶片新创公司 Cerebras (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:CBRS:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">CBRS-US</a>) 于 14 日在那斯达克挂牌上市,首日股价即翻倍,涨幅达 109%,市值一举突破千亿美元。分析指出,市场押注的,是一条与辉达 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) 截然不同的 AI 晶片技术路线,为市场展现 AI 晶片是可以绕开高频宽记忆体(HBM)的。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6461861/l/24d8241bd812459659aabfd575a5ae6b.jpg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">Cerebras 的核心产品,是将一整片直径 12 吋的矽晶圆不切割、不分裂,直接制成单一晶片,称为晶圆级引擎(</span>WaferScale Engine)<span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">。</span></p>\n\n<p><span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">其最新一代产品 WSE-3 搭载 4 兆个电晶体、90 万个运算核心,以及 44GB 的片上记忆体(SRAM)。</span></p>\n\n<p>关键在于:这颗晶片完全不使用高频宽记忆体(HBM)。</p>\n\n<p>这看似一个规格上的细节,却牵动着整条 AI 硬体供应链的利益分配。目前全球 HBM 市场由 SK 海力士、三星、美光科技 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MU:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MU-US</a>) 三家寡占。</p>\n\n<p>其中,SK 海力士的 HBM 业务毛利率高达 79%,甚至超过辉达本身,正是因为这类记忆体制造难度极高,且是现行 GPU 架构不可或缺的组件。</p>\n\n<h6>HBM vs 晶圆级架构:AI 晶片的两条路径</h6>\n\n<p>AI 晶片长期面临所谓「记忆体墙」的瓶颈:运算核心速度远超过资料传输速度,大量时间耗费在等待资料,而非实际运算。</p>\n\n<p>辉达的解法,是把原本分散在系统里的记忆体搬到 GPU 旁边,透过 HBM 和先进封装把距离大幅缩短,从几十公分压到毫米级。但本质上,数据仍然需要「跨区搬运」,只是路径更短了。</p>\n\n<p>Cerebras 的做法则更为激进,直接把整片晶圆做成单一运算晶片,让数十万甚至近百万核心与本地记忆体一一绑定。资料不再需要远距离调度,而是像随手可得的工具一样就在计算单元旁边,实现真正的就地存取。</p>\n\n<p>这使 Cerebras 在短上下文推理任务上,速度比 GPU 方案快达 15 倍,适合聊天机器人、程式生成、即时翻译等高频应用场景。</p>\n\n<h6>天花板:上下文长度是罩门</h6>\n\n<p>然而,晶圆级架构也有其硬限制。Cerebras 的片上记忆体仅有 44GB,远不足以容纳完整的大型模型参数。</p>\n\n<p>为此,Cerebras 发展出「权重流」(Weight Streaming)技术作为因应,模型参数并不存放于晶片之上,而是置于外部的 MemoryX 伺服器,运算时依需求逐层串流载入,晶片上的空间只用来处理当下正在执行的那一层。</p>\n\n<p>这个机制在短上下文场景下运作良好,但一旦模型需要同时掌握大量上下文,例如分析数百页文件、处理长篇会议记录,片上空间就成了无法突破的瓶颈。</p>\n\n<p>Cerebras 目前最高仅支援 128K 的上下文长度,与辉达 B200 可处理的百万 token 级别相比,差距悬殊。深度分析类任务,目前仍是 HBM 大容量架构的主场。</p>\n\n<h6>供应链的三层冲击</h6>\n\n<p>分析指出,Cerebras 的技术路线,对记忆体产业链构成三个层次的影响。</p>\n\n<p>其一,HBM 需求增量遭分流。 AI 推论市场高速成长,其中短上下文的即时互动需求若大量导入晶圆级方案,对 HBM 的新增需求便会相应减少。</p>\n\n<p>这并非存量替代,而是增量空间被切走一块。SK 海力士目前订单积压逾三年,短期无虞,但两三年后的新增产能规划,恐需重新评估。</p>\n\n<p>其二,设计工具与 IP 厂商受惠。 晶圆级设计需要更精密的 SRAM 架构规划与电子设计自动化(EDA)模拟工具,使受益方从「独立记忆体制造商」变成了「晶圆厂 + 设计工具商」,因此 Arm(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:ARM:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">ARM-US</a>) 、新思科技 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:SNPS:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">SNPS-US</a>) 、Cadence 设计系统 (<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:CDNS:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">CDNS-US</a>) 等 IP 与设计工具商,成为这条路线的新受益者。</p>\n\n<p>其三,新兴记忆体技术迎来潜在商机。Cerebras 的权重流架构,需要外部记忆体(MemoryX)来存放无法塞进 44GB SRAM 的模型参数,而这类记忆体必须同时具备高频宽、大容量与低功耗。</p>\n\n<p>目前 DRAM、SSD、HBM 各有缺点,因此 MRAM 与 ReRAM 反而有机会成为折衷方案。它们兼具较快速度、更大容量与非挥发特性,过去始终缺乏大规模商业场景,如今可能因晶圆级引擎而迎来真正落地机会。</p>\n\n<p>若晶圆级架构开始普及,MemoryX 需求可能带动 MRAM/ReRAM 与新型记忆体产业链成形。不过,前提仍是晶圆级晶片本身能成功放量。</p>\n\n<p>Cerebras 的路线,理论上为受 HBM 供应链限制的半导体业者提供了另一条出路。</p>\n\n<p>然而,Cerebras 的 WSE-3 采用台积电 (<a data-symbol-template=\"TWS:2330:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">2330-TW</a>) N5 制程,整片晶圆的良率挑战极为严峻,Cerebras 透过 1.5% 核心备援加上软体容错机制,才得以将良率拉至可用水准,技术门槛极高,非一蹴可几。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>HBM 垄断格局松动?晶圆级 AI 架构开启新战场</strong></h6>\n\n<p>Cerebras 全年营收约 51 亿美元,与辉达资料中心业务的 1,300 亿美元相比,体量悬殊。然而,这家公司的意义,不在于能否取代辉达,而在于它证明了一条在架构层面绕开 HBM 的路确实存在。</p>\n\n<p>分析称,AI 晶片的利益格局过去只有一张桌子:HBM 加 GPU,由 SK 海力士、三星、台积电、辉达四方分食。</p>\n\n<p>如今,第二张桌子正在成形:晶圆级晶片加 MemoryX,台积电同时吃下制造与片上记忆体两块,新兴记忆体技术伺机分羹,HBM 厂商的地位暂时稳固,但增量空间已开始缩水。</p>\n\n<p>两张桌子并陈,哪张将来入座者众,现在尚无定论。但资本与产业链的资金,已悄悄开始向第二张桌子移动。</p>\n\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8640.html\" title=\"韩股、台股、美股 全球半导体同步遭抛售 道指却创高537点\">韩股、台股、美股 全球半导体同步遭抛售 道指却创高537点</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9600.html\" title=\"高盛看好美股再创新高!标普500获利年增45%、AI投资热潮仍是最大推手\">高盛看好美股再创新高!标普500获利年增45%、AI投资热潮仍是最大推手</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-9153.html\" title=\"SpaceX跌破IPO价20%创新低 Starship隔热罩只是众多挑战之一\">SpaceX跌破IPO价20%创新低 Starship隔热罩只是众多挑战之一</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-10028.html\" title=\"说好让Fed完全独立!川普却传多次打电话给华许\">说好让Fed完全独立!川普却传多次打电话给华许</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7606.html\" title=\"瑞银:动能股抛售潮接近尾声 是时候分批布局AI与半导体了\">瑞银:动能股抛售潮接近尾声 是时候分批布局AI与半导体了</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-4321.html\" title=\"苹果反击印度反垄断调查 指控监管机构「抄袭」对手主张 未进行独立调查\">苹果反击印度反垄断调查 指控监管机构「抄袭」对手主张 未进行独立调查</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-05-18T06:40:52.000Z",
    "updatedAt": "2026-09-12T00:22:49.000Z"
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