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高盛重磅报告:「后现代」投资图景 资本支出超级周期悄然来袭!

2026-09-10 00:47:11 网络 阅读(65)

高盛策略师 Peter Oppenheimer、Sharon Bell 等人在《后现代周期:驾驭资本支出繁荣》的报告中明确指出以低通膨、低利率、全球化为核心特征的「现代」超级周期已成历史,一个以更高宏观波动性、更高实际利率、更强国家干预和区域化为标志的「后现代」周期正在重塑股票回报的构成逻辑。

高盛重磅报告:「后现代」投资图景 资本支出超级周期悄然来袭!

从「现代」到「后现代」的范式转换

高盛全球股票策略主管彼得 · 奥本海默(Peter Oppenheimer)及其团队在最新发布的《后现代周期:驾驭资本支出繁荣》报告中提出:全球投资范式正在经历一场深刻的结构性转变。

(一)「现代」超级周期(1982-2007):一个不可复制的黄金时代

高盛将 1982 年至 2007 年定义为「现代」超级周期。这一时期的核心驱动力是一系列单向、持续的顺风因素叠加:

宏观层面:全球通膨从 1970 年代高位持续回落,利率开启长达数十年的下行通道,标普 500 本益比从 7 倍的历史低谷一路攀升。

制度层面:里根与撒切尔主导的供给侧改革带来大规模去监管、私有化、减税浪潮。全球化同步加速——1986 年乌拉圭回合谈判、1994 年北美自由贸易协定、2001 年中国加入世贸组织,共同构筑了世界贸易的黄金时代。

企业层面:制造业向低成本地区外包压低劳动力成本,页岩气革命压低能源价格,企业利润占 GDP 比重升至历史高位。这一切造就了一个低宏观波动、高企业盈利、高资产回报的「大稳健」时代。

(二)零利率时代(2009-2022):估值驱动的虚假繁荣

2008 年金融危机打断了「现代」周期的正常演进,但量化宽松开启了另一段独特的行情。高盛数据显示,尽管 2009 年后的经济复苏弱于 1950 年以来的历次平均水平,金融市场表现却远超历史均值。

在名义 GDP 增长低迷、增长稀缺的背景下,资金大规模涌入科技股。2009 年至 2022 年间,全球科技股相对非科技股的超额回报超过 200%,美股相对其他市场的超额回报同样显著,成长风格对价值风格的领先幅度达到历史极值。

然而,高盛明确指出:这一时期的高回报在很大程度上依赖于超低折现率对估值的持续擡升,而非单纯的基本面驱动。这一逻辑在利率环境发生根本性转变后,已难以为继。

(三)「后现代」周期:七大结构性转变

高盛认为,新冠疫情是触发「后现代」周期的关键节点,此后一系列事件加速并放大了结构性转变的烈度。报告梳理出七大核心变化:

资本成本中枢上移——疫情引发的供应链中断触发了本世纪以来首次通胀冲击,实际利率大幅上行,德国和日本 30 年期国债收益率从接近零升至近 4%。

估值扩张空间收窄——更高的资本成本压制了估值倍数扩张空间。

盈利增长成为核心变量——靠估值扩张驱动回报的时代正在终结,每股盈利增长将成为主导市场表现的核心变量。

全球化逆转——持续数十年的全球化进程正在遭遇逆流,区域化趋势加强。

政府干预增强——政府债务负担沈重,债券收益率将维持在高于 2008 年后水平的状态。

人口老龄化——可能使企业利润与经济增长的关系更为复杂。

宏观波动性上升——市场进入更高宏观波动、更高实际利率、更强国家干预的新阶段。

资本支出超级周期正在形成

(一)核心逻辑:从回购到资本支出的范式反转

高盛报告最核心的洞察是:市场正在惩罚回购、奖励资本支出。

数据显示,2026 年标普 500 成分股一季度资本支出同比增长 38%,而回购增速仅为 1%。这与金融危机后十余年间企业因回购而非资本支出获得市场奖励的逻辑形成鲜明反转。

过去 15 年,企业将大量现金用于回购股票以推高每股盈利和股价。而现在,AI 革命和地缘政治正在倒逼企业将资金投向实体基础设施。

(二)AI 驱动的私人资本支出浪潮

高盛汇总的市场一致预期显示,亚马逊、Meta、Google、微软、甲骨文五家科技巨头 2026 年资本支出合计预计约达 755 亿美元,较一年前高出约 80%,较 2025 年实际支出增长约 84%,2027 年预计进一步升至约 920 亿美元。

更关键的是,高盛指出资本支出动能正从数据中心向能源、工业和基础设施领域扩散。科技巨头的增长已越来越依赖数据中心、电力供应等实体基础设施,这将带来「级联效应」,使资本支出溢出至工业、能源、公用事业等传统价值型行业。

(三)地缘政治驱动的公共投资激增

与 AI 私人资本支出同步共振的,是地缘政治驱动的政府公共投资增加。国防开支上升为飞机、坦克、弹药、舰船等传统国防装备需求提供了支撑。

AI 革命带来的私人资本支出浪潮,叠加地缘政治驱动的政府公共投资激增,正在形成一轮同步共振的资本支出超级周期。

(四)对投资回报结构的深远影响

高盛认为,这一转变对投资者的资产配置逻辑具有直接冲击:

第一,指数层面回报趋于平淡。奥本海默直言:「尽管我们认为当前市场高估值具有合理性,但市盈率扩张对回报的贡献空间有限。我们预计,相较于 1945-1968 年、1982-2000 年及 2009-2022 年的超级周期,当前指数层面的年化回报将更为平淡。」高盛首席美国股票策略师大卫 · 科斯汀此前也曾预测,标普 500 指数未来十年将仅能实现 3% 的年化回报率。

第二,市场回报的横截面离散度上升。单纯依赖贝塔敞口(市场整体上涨)的策略将面临更大挑战。

第三,主动选股的阿尔法价值将显著提升。高盛认为,未来跨地域、跨行业、跨风格的相对回报分化将扩大,投资者正进入主动管理和阿尔法生成更具价值的新时代。

高盛「后现代」投资图景的核心要点:「后现代」周期的本质是:过去 40 年低通胀、低利率、全球化带来的「躺赢」时代已经结束。市场正在从奖励金融工程(回购)转向奖励实体投资(资本支出),从奖励被动持有转向奖励主动选股。

投资建议

基于高盛报告的分析框架,以下投资建议供参考:

(一)战略层面

  1. 降低指数化投资的回报预期。高盛明确警告,标普 500 等宽基指数的未来年化回报将显著低于过去三个超级周期。单纯买入并持有指数基金的策略可能令人失望。
  2. 提升主动管理的配置权重。在市场回报离散度上升的环境中,阿尔法价值将显著提升。投资者应考虑增加主动管理型基金、精选个股或主题策略的配置比例。
  3. 拉长投资时间 horizon。在后现代周期中,投资者应采取更长的时间视角,专注于复利效应和优质公司的长期成长。

(二)主题层面

高盛明确推荐四个主题性投资篮子:

  1. 人工智慧(AI)。AI 革命是推动本轮资本支出超级周期的核心引擎,但高盛近期也警告,AI 主题正从简单的「买入一切」阶段进入更复杂的分化阶段。投资者需要精挑细选,而非盲目追涨。
  2. 国防支出。地缘政治紧张推动全球国防开支上升,为传统国防装备需求提供支撑。
  3. 电力与电气化。AI 数据中心、电动车、电气化趋势共同拉动电力需求,公用事业和电力基础设施领域将受益于资本支出的「级联效应」。
  4. HALO(重资产类股票)。资本支出从科技巨头向工业、能源、基础设施等领域扩散,重资产行业将迎来结构性重估机会。

风险提示

第一,估值风险依然存在。尽管高盛认为当前高估值具有「合理性」,但以 GDP 比重衡量的企业利润率同样呈现扩张态势,利率几乎没有下降空间。

第二,资本支出回报存在不确定性。大规模资本支出并不自动等同于高回报,投资者需区分「能产生高回报的资本支出」与「毁灭价值的资本支出」。

第三,宏观波动性上升。后现代周期以更高宏观波动为特征,投资者需做好应对更大市场震荡的准备。

高盛的「后现代」投资图景描绘了一个与过去 40 年截然不同的世界——资本成本更高、全球化退潮、政府干预更强、市场回报更分化。在这个新世界里,「买入并持有指数」的躺赢策略可能不再有效,而主动识别赢家与输家的能力将成为区分投资成败的关键。对普通投资者而言,这意味着需要更审慎地审视自己的资产配置,在降低指数回报预期的同时,有选择地拥抱资本支出超级周期带来的结构性机会。

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  "article": {
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    "title": "高盛重磅报告:「后现代」投资图景 资本支出超级周期悄然来袭!",
    "shortTitle": "高盛重磅报告:「后现代」投资图景 资本支出超级周期悄然来袭!",
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    "description": "高盛报告明确指出以低通膨、低利率、全球化为核心特征的「现代」超级周期已成历史,一个以更高宏观波动性、更高实际利率、更强国家干预和区域化为标志的「后现代」周期正在重塑股票回报的构成逻辑。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6503914/l/d371710562d8518eef70801d85d01aea.jpg",
    "content": "<p>高盛策略师 Peter Oppenheimer、Sharon Bell 等人在《后现代周期:驾驭资本支出繁荣》的报告中明确指出以低通膨、低利率、全球化为核心特征的「现代」超级周期已成历史,一个以更高宏观波动性、更高实际利率、更强国家干预和区域化为标志的「后现代」周期正在重塑股票回报的构成逻辑。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6503914/l/d371710562d8518eef70801d85d01aea.jpg\" alt=\"高盛重磅报告:「后现代」投资图景 资本支出超级周期悄然来袭!\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p><em><strong>从「现代」到「后现代」的范式转换</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>高盛全球股票策略主管彼得 &middot; 奥本海默(Peter Oppenheimer)及其团队在最新发布的《后现代周期:驾驭资本支出繁荣》报告中提出:全球投资范式正在经历一场深刻的结构性转变。</p>\n\n<p>(一)「现代」超级周期(1982-2007):一个不可复制的黄金时代</p>\n\n<p>高盛将 1982 年至 2007 年定义为「现代」超级周期。这一时期的核心驱动力是一系列单向、持续的顺风因素叠加:</p>\n\n<p>宏观层面:全球通膨从 1970 年代高位持续回落,利率开启长达数十年的下行通道,标普 500 本益比从 7 倍的历史低谷一路攀升。</p>\n\n<p>制度层面:里根与撒切尔主导的供给侧改革带来大规模去监管、私有化、减税浪潮。全球化同步加速&mdash;&mdash;1986 年乌拉圭回合谈判、1994 年北美自由贸易协定、2001 年中国加入世贸组织,共同构筑了世界贸易的黄金时代。</p>\n\n<p>企业层面:制造业向低成本地区外包压低劳动力成本,页岩气革命压低能源价格,企业利润占 GDP 比重升至历史高位。这一切造就了一个低宏观波动、高企业盈利、高资产回报的「大稳健」时代。</p>\n\n<p>(二)零利率时代(2009-2022):估值驱动的虚假繁荣</p>\n\n<p>2008 年金融危机打断了「现代」周期的正常演进,但量化宽松开启了另一段独特的行情。高盛数据显示,尽管 2009 年后的经济复苏弱于 1950 年以来的历次平均水平,金融市场表现却远超历史均值。</p>\n\n<p>在名义 GDP 增长低迷、增长稀缺的背景下,资金大规模涌入科技股。2009 年至 2022 年间,全球科技股相对非科技股的超额回报超过 200%,美股相对其他市场的超额回报同样显著,成长风格对价值风格的领先幅度达到历史极值。</p>\n\n<p>然而,高盛明确指出:这一时期的高回报在很大程度上依赖于超低折现率对估值的持续擡升,而非单纯的基本面驱动。这一逻辑在利率环境发生根本性转变后,已难以为继。</p>\n\n<p>(三)「后现代」周期:七大结构性转变</p>\n\n<p>高盛认为,新冠疫情是触发「后现代」周期的关键节点,此后一系列事件加速并放大了结构性转变的烈度。报告梳理出七大核心变化:</p>\n\n<p>资本成本中枢上移&mdash;&mdash;疫情引发的供应链中断触发了本世纪以来首次通胀冲击,实际利率大幅上行,德国和日本 30 年期国债收益率从接近零升至近 4%。</p>\n\n<p>估值扩张空间收窄&mdash;&mdash;更高的资本成本压制了估值倍数扩张空间。</p>\n\n<p>盈利增长成为核心变量&mdash;&mdash;靠估值扩张驱动回报的时代正在终结,每股盈利增长将成为主导市场表现的核心变量。</p>\n\n<p>全球化逆转&mdash;&mdash;持续数十年的全球化进程正在遭遇逆流,区域化趋势加强。</p>\n\n<p>政府干预增强&mdash;&mdash;政府债务负担沈重,债券收益率将维持在高于 2008 年后水平的状态。</p>\n\n<p>人口老龄化&mdash;&mdash;可能使企业利润与经济增长的关系更为复杂。</p>\n\n<p>宏观波动性上升&mdash;&mdash;市场进入更高宏观波动、更高实际利率、更强国家干预的新阶段。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>资本支出超级周期正在形成</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>(一)核心逻辑:从回购到资本支出的范式反转</p>\n\n<p>高盛报告最核心的洞察是:市场正在惩罚回购、奖励资本支出。</p>\n\n<p>数据显示,2026 年标普 500 成分股一季度资本支出同比增长 38%,而回购增速仅为 1%。这与金融危机后十余年间企业因回购而非资本支出获得市场奖励的逻辑形成鲜明反转。</p>\n\n<p>过去 15 年,企业将大量现金用于回购股票以推高每股盈利和股价。而现在,AI 革命和地缘政治正在倒逼企业将资金投向实体基础设施。</p>\n\n<p>(二)AI 驱动的私人资本支出浪潮</p>\n\n<p>高盛汇总的市场一致预期显示,亚马逊、Meta、Google、微软、甲骨文五家科技巨头 2026 年资本支出合计预计约达 755 亿美元,较一年前高出约 80%,较 2025 年实际支出增长约 84%,2027 年预计进一步升至约 920 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>更关键的是,高盛指出资本支出动能正从数据中心向能源、工业和基础设施领域扩散。科技巨头的增长已越来越依赖数据中心、电力供应等实体基础设施,这将带来「级联效应」,使资本支出溢出至工业、能源、公用事业等传统价值型行业。</p>\n\n<p>(三)地缘政治驱动的公共投资激增</p>\n\n<p>与 AI 私人资本支出同步共振的,是地缘政治驱动的政府公共投资增加。国防开支上升为飞机、坦克、弹药、舰船等传统国防装备需求提供了支撑。</p>\n\n<p>AI 革命带来的私人资本支出浪潮,叠加地缘政治驱动的政府公共投资激增,正在形成一轮同步共振的资本支出超级周期。</p>\n\n<p>(四)对投资回报结构的深远影响</p>\n\n<p>高盛认为,这一转变对投资者的资产配置逻辑具有直接冲击:</p>\n\n<p>第一,指数层面回报趋于平淡。奥本海默直言:「尽管我们认为当前市场高估值具有合理性,但市盈率扩张对回报的贡献空间有限。我们预计,相较于 1945-1968 年、1982-2000 年及 2009-2022 年的超级周期,当前指数层面的年化回报将更为平淡。」高盛首席美国股票策略师大卫 &middot; 科斯汀此前也曾预测,标普 500 指数未来十年将仅能实现 3% 的年化回报率。</p>\n\n<p>第二,市场回报的横截面离散度上升。单纯依赖贝塔敞口(市场整体上涨)的策略将面临更大挑战。</p>\n\n<p>第三,主动选股的阿尔法价值将显著提升。高盛认为,未来跨地域、跨行业、跨风格的相对回报分化将扩大,投资者正进入主动管理和阿尔法生成更具价值的新时代。</p>\n\n<p>高盛「后现代」投资图景的核心要点:「后现代」周期的本质是:过去 40 年低通胀、低利率、全球化带来的「躺赢」时代已经结束。市场正在从奖励金融工程(回购)转向奖励实体投资(资本支出),从奖励被动持有转向奖励主动选股。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>投资建议</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>基于高盛报告的分析框架,以下投资建议供参考:</p>\n\n<p>(一)战略层面</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>降低指数化投资的回报预期。高盛明确警告,标普 500 等宽基指数的未来年化回报将显著低于过去三个超级周期。单纯买入并持有指数基金的策略可能令人失望。</li>\n<li>提升主动管理的配置权重。在市场回报离散度上升的环境中,阿尔法价值将显著提升。投资者应考虑增加主动管理型基金、精选个股或主题策略的配置比例。</li>\n<li>拉长投资时间 horizon。在后现代周期中,投资者应采取更长的时间视角,专注于复利效应和优质公司的长期成长。</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>(二)主题层面</p>\n\n<p>高盛明确推荐四个主题性投资篮子:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>人工智慧(AI)。AI 革命是推动本轮资本支出超级周期的核心引擎,但高盛近期也警告,AI 主题正从简单的「买入一切」阶段进入更复杂的分化阶段。投资者需要精挑细选,而非盲目追涨。</li>\n<li>国防支出。地缘政治紧张推动全球国防开支上升,为传统国防装备需求提供支撑。</li>\n<li>电力与电气化。AI 数据中心、电动车、电气化趋势共同拉动电力需求,公用事业和电力基础设施领域将受益于资本支出的「级联效应」。</li>\n<li>HALO(重资产类股票)。资本支出从科技巨头向工业、能源、基础设施等领域扩散,重资产行业将迎来结构性重估机会。</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><em><strong>风险提示</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>第一,估值风险依然存在。尽管高盛认为当前高估值具有「合理性」,但以 GDP 比重衡量的企业利润率同样呈现扩张态势,利率几乎没有下降空间。</p>\n\n<p>第二,资本支出回报存在不确定性。大规模资本支出并不自动等同于高回报,投资者需区分「能产生高回报的资本支出」与「毁灭价值的资本支出」。</p>\n\n<p>第三,宏观波动性上升。后现代周期以更高宏观波动为特征,投资者需做好应对更大市场震荡的准备。</p>\n\n<p>高盛的「后现代」投资图景描绘了一个与过去 40 年截然不同的世界&mdash;&mdash;资本成本更高、全球化退潮、政府干预更强、市场回报更分化。在这个新世界里,「买入并持有指数」的躺赢策略可能不再有效,而主动识别赢家与输家的能力将成为区分投资成败的关键。对普通投资者而言,这意味着需要更审慎地审视自己的资产配置,在降低指数回报预期的同时,有选择地拥抱资本支出超级周期带来的结构性机会。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-12736.html\" title=\"因市场饱和与清算潮涌现 美国单一股票杠杆ETF热潮正在降温\">因市场饱和与清算潮涌现 美国单一股票杠杆ETF热潮正在降温</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3822.html\" title=\"Fed古尔斯比:服务通膨露曙光 但核心通膨仍过高且方向恶化\">Fed古尔斯比:服务通膨露曙光 但核心通膨仍过高且方向恶化</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5342.html\" title=\"苹果折叠手机量产在即!陆媒:富士康高价找临时工 蓝思科技提供UTG\">苹果折叠手机量产在即!陆媒:富士康高价找临时工 蓝思科技提供UTG</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-15994.html\" title=\"今年还能涨、明年恐摔21%!分析师示警美股已进入「泡沫末期」\">今年还能涨、明年恐摔21%!分析师示警美股已进入「泡沫末期」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7802.html\" title=\"40倍杠杆、瞬间强平!美散户涌入加密货币永续期货合约 消费者组织怒轰:币圈最危险产品\">40倍杠杆、瞬间强平!美散户涌入加密货币永续期货合约 消费者组织怒轰:币圈最危险产品</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-5042.html\" title=\"辉达市值霸主地位受威胁!重点在能否复制苹果长胜之道?\">辉达市值霸主地位受威胁!重点在能否复制苹果长胜之道?</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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