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《纽约客》美国真正有钱人不只亿万富翁!「主街百万富翁」掌握庞大财富与政治影响力

2026-09-15 16:53:43 网络 阅读(1)

经济学家齐达尔(Owen Zidar)与茨维克(Eric Zwick)在新书《无处不在的百万富翁:美国谁才是真正富有、又是如何致富的》(The Everywhere Millionaire: Who Is Really Rich in America and How They Got There)中指出,若只把目光放在亿万富翁,可能反而忽略了美国财富分配中更庞大、却更不受注意的一群人,即「主街百万富翁」(Main Street millionaires)。

《纽约客》美国真正有钱人不只亿万富翁!「主街百万富翁」掌握庞大财富与政治影响力

根据《纽约客》报导,亿万富翁近年在美国文化与政治讨论中的存在感愈来愈高,从影集《金钱战争》(Billions)、《继承之战》(Succession),到马斯克、美国企业家艾克曼(Bill Ackman)与LVMH集团董事长和CEO阿尔诺(Bernard Arnault)等富豪在社群媒体上的争议,都让超级富豪成为舆论焦点。

截至2025年,想进入《富比士》美国400大富豪榜,身家门槛已达38亿美元,榜内富豪平均身家约165亿美元,总净资产达6.6兆美元。此外,还有约500名美国亿万富翁甚至未能进入这份榜单。

然而,相较之下,「主街百万富翁」的规模更为庞大。美国目前约有500万个家庭净资产至少500万美元,净资产达1,000万美元以上的「千万富豪」超过200万户,而净资产达1亿美元以上者约有6.5万人。

齐达尔与茨维克认为,这群人虽不像矽谷科技巨头或华尔街金融家般受到瞩目,却已累积庞大财富,并在地方经济及政治领域拥有相当影响力。

汽车经销商成为美国财富缩影

汽车经销商是这类富豪最典型的代表之一。作家厄普代克(John Updike)在「兔子四部曲」中,便透过汽车经销商这个角色,描写主角哈里・兔子・安格斯特伦(Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom)的生活与财富。

现实中,汽车经销商、啤酒经销商、医疗机构业主,以及律师事务所合伙人等,都可能透过经营看似平凡的企业累积巨额财富。

这些企业往往并不具备令人眼花撩乱的创新技术,却深入美国人的日常生活。从超市、汉堡餐厅、加油站与便利商店,到汽车零件、卫生纸、门把、医疗文件保存等产业,都存在这类由私人业主控制的企业。

例如,美国知名的Buc-ee's与Bass Pro Shops已成为家喻户晓的连锁品牌,但更多企业则默默分布在各州,包括全球大型莫札瑞拉起司制造商、德州最大的无缝排水沟供应商、全球高阶滑雪服市场龙头,以及汽车零件制造商与汉堡面包烘焙商等。

这些企业之所以能让创办人累积大量财富,关键往往不是某项突破性发明,而是长期专注经营、承担风险,以及在竞争中展现高度韧性与策略。

「穿透式企业」成为累积财富的重要工具

齐达尔与茨维克在美国财政部税收分析办公室工作期间开始研究这群企业主。他们原本受命研究企业主究竟缴纳多少税,但由于美国税制复杂,加上国税局资料库彼此分离且高度匿名化,两人花费数年时间追查企业实际所有权,再将企业资料与个人纳税资料进行比对。

研究结果显示,许多富裕企业主都是所谓「穿透式」企业(pass-through businesses)的所有者。

这类企业不需要先以公司名义缴纳所得税,而是将企业净收入直接计入所有者的个人报税资料,由企业主按照个人所得税率纳税,同时可以避免股息税。书中引用一名会计专家的说法,拥有小型企业可说是「美国最划算的税务安排」。

美国税制的演变也进一步强化了这类企业的吸引力。

1913年透过宪法修正案建立现代联邦所得税制度时,最高税率仅为7%,但之后为筹措第一次世界大战军费而大幅提高。个人所得税最高税率在1925年达25%,第二次世界大战期间更升至94%;公司所得税则于1968年达到53%的高点。

到了1981年雷根(Ronald Reagan)就任总统时,个人与公司所得税最高税率分别为70%与46%。

1986年,民主、共和两党共同推动《税收改革法案》,一方面降低税率并简化税制,另一方面则提高穿透式企业的吸引力。当时美国首次出现公司所得税最高税率34%高于个人所得税最高税率28%的情况。

这让企业主可以透过企业结构,以相对较低的个人税率处理企业所得。

「主街百万富翁」往往高度专注於单一企业

齐达尔与茨维克描绘的典型富裕企业主,是一名62岁、受过大学教育的白人男性,而且有高达九成已婚。

这群人的共同特征并不是多元投资或追求工作与生活平衡,而是对单一事业近乎偏执的专注。他们通常只经营一家企业,将大量时间与精力投入其中,承担高度风险,也较少追求其他兴趣。

穆勒(Nancy Mueller)是其中一个案例。1976年,当时已是母亲的穆勒准备去打网球时,突然思考自己十年后想成为什么样的人。她最后决定投入商业,开始生产冷冻迷你乳蛋饼。

她租下一座因业主入狱而闲置的破旧派饼工厂,甚至改装洗衣机来去除菠菜水分,并找来一名曾因反越战而离开航空业的工程师改良设备。很快,她每天便能生产10万份迷你乳蛋饼。

但企业初期始终没有获利。直到1983年,Price Club下了一笔大订单,其他仓储式商店也陆续跟进。到了1990年代末,她已拥有一座8.6万平方英尺的生产基地,年营收达5,000万美元。

1999年,她因担心仓储式商店可能突然停止采购而出售企业给杠杆收购公司,之后退休。

另一个案例则是芝加哥热狗业者波蒂略(Dick Portillo)。

波蒂略出身贫寒,1957年高中毕业后加入美国海军陆战队。1963年,他发现芝加哥以热狗闻名,但郊区却缺乏相关店家,因此在折扣店停车场以一辆自制的小拖车开设第一家热狗摊。

经过多年扩张后,他最终将企业出售给私募股权公司,当时旗下38家餐厅与两座中央厨房的估值达10亿美元。

波蒂略的成功也体现在他与竞争对手的商业竞争上。当芝加哥熊队传奇教练迪特卡(Mike Ditka)成立「Ditka's Dogs」并挖角波蒂略的一名经理时,波蒂略以更高薪资及现金吸引该经理回归,并让被挖走的员工重新加入自己的企业。

结果,Ditka's Dogs最终消失,而波蒂略则持续扩张。

报导分析称,这些故事共同呈现出「主街百万富翁」的典型样貌:他们未必创造革命性产品,却能在看似普通的产业中找到商业机会,透过长期经营、竞争策略与高度投入累积财富。

从创业致富到守住既有优势

然而,作者认为,这些企业主的成功故事并不能单纯被视为自由市场与个人奋斗的胜利。

他们同时也是美国收入不平等扩大的重要参与者。1980年至2024年间,美国劳工在国民所得中的占比估计从65%降至56%,代表企业创造的收入中,原本流向劳工的部分有更多转向企业所有者。

与此同时,生产力持续提高。作者研究「顶级所有制企业」后发现,近年每名劳工创造的劳动生产力,已从每年3.4万美元提升至5.2万美元。

如果增加的1.8万美元完全平均分配,每名劳工原本可以多取得9,000美元;但实际分配结果是,约1.5万美元流向企业所有者,劳工只取得约3,000美元。

美国的社会流动性也同步下降。1940年出生、来自贫困家庭的儿童,约九成最终收入高于父母;1980年出生者,这项比例已降至约七成。

2014年的一项分析显示,一个人若出身于收入最低20%的家庭,最终进入收入最高20%的机率仅7.5%。作者因此认为,21世纪贫困家庭子女进入社会顶层的机会,大约只有20世纪初的一半。

富裕企业主的政治力量

「主街百万富翁」与政治之间的关系,同样是作者关注的核心。创业确实是经济向上流动的重要途径。在那些从收入最低20%跃升至最高20%的人当中,约9%是企业家,而仅有1.3%曾就读顶尖大学。

问题在于,当这些企业主成功之后,他们往往也会利用政治影响力维持既有优势。尽管企业主占美国人口不到1%,却占国会席次约12%,州政府层级同样具有强大的游说力量。

文章指出,这些政治行动的一项共同目的,就是提高市场进入门槛,使后来的创业者更难复制他们过去的致富路径。

啤酒经销与汽车经销便是典型案例。原本用来保护弱势经销商、避免啤酒制造商或汽车制造商压迫的法律,最终反而让既有经销商取得强大的市场地位。

劳动市场也存在类似情况。约18%的美国劳工受到竞业禁止协议限制,甚至包括清洁服务等产业。

房地产经纪业同样拥有庞大的利益。虽然约九成购屋者透过网路搜寻房屋,但其中近九成仍会聘用房仲。房仲通常收取交易金额5%至6%的佣金,整体规模每年约达1,000亿美元。

美国全国房地产经纪人协会(NAR)在2024年选举周期的联邦游说支出,更超过其他企业或组织。

医疗产业则是另一个重要例子。医师团体长期担心医师供给过多,因此支持限制医师培训名额。1997年《平衡预算法案》将多数教学医院可取得联邦医疗保险补助的住院医师名额,大致限制在1996年的水准。

到2017年,美国每1,000人仅有约2.6名医师,低于其他已开发国家平均约3.5名。

医疗业者也长期反对削减联邦医疗保险支付。1997年推出的「永续成长率」机制,原本是为避免医疗保险支出成长速度超过经济成长,但2002年导致医师费用标准下调4.8%。国会此后多次延后削减,直到2015年由美国前总统欧巴马签署两党法案,正式废除该制度。

2017年减税法案成为关键转折

文章认为,「主街百万富翁」透过政治游说取得的重大成果之一,是2017年美国总统川普签署的《减税与就业法案》。

该法案大幅降低企业所得税率,使其低于个人最高所得税率。在参议员约翰逊(Ron Johnson)推动下,符合条件的穿透式企业所有者可针对合格商业所得扣除最高20%。

据估算,这项政策在未来十年内将为联邦政府带来约4,150亿美元的财政负担。

到了2025年,川普政府推出的《大而美法案》(One Big Beautiful Bill Act)进一步将这项穿透式企业扣除永久化并扩大,同时逐步取消清洁车辆的联邦税收抵免。

因此,齐达尔与茨维克认为,社会过度关注「大银行、大石油、大科技」,反而可能忽略大量地方企业所累积的市场力量,以及支持这些企业维持既有优势的政策所带来的社会成本。

重新思考财富与机会

对于如何改善这种情况,两位作者并未把重点放在单纯增加资本或高等教育机会,而是更加重视人脉、社交网路,以及让年轻人更早接触创业者。

他们认为,无论是创业或其他人生选择,当一个人亲眼看到身边的人实际采取行动,就更可能认为自己也能走上相同道路。

至于更广泛的所得不平等问题,作者提出的方向包括改革医疗保险制度、提高最低工资,以及让劳工分享更多企业利润。

在两位经济学家眼中,美国如今面临的问题,已不只是少数亿万富翁拥有多少财富,而是大量遍布全国、掌握地方企业与市场的富裕企业主,同样正在累积庞大的经济与政治力量。

这群人不像马斯克等超级富豪那般容易成为新闻焦点,却可能更深地嵌入美国日常经济生活。也因此,作者认为,理解美国财富集中现象,不能只盯着《富比士》富豪榜,而必须看见那些隐身于汽车经销商、餐厅、便利商店、医疗与各类地方企业背后的「主街百万富翁」。

正如书中所描绘的兔子・安格斯特伦所说,他从不思考政治,因为「不必去想政治」是自己珍视的美国权利之一。

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          "id": 71,
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      "name": "外汇平台",
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      "name": "外汇开户",
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      "name": "外汇经纪商",
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          "id": 67,
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          "name": "Exness外汇",
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          "id": 68,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "TMGM外汇",
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          "id": 69,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "Doo Prime德璞资本",
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "0",
          "listView": "list.html",
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          "id": 70,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "FXTM富拓",
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          "id": 72,
          "pid": 65,
          "name": "EC外汇",
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 10,
      "pid": 0,
      "name": "首页",
      "pinyin": "home",
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      "orderBy": 0,
      "target": "0",
      "status": "0",
      "listView": "list.html",
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          "id": 32,
          "pid": 10,
          "name": "外汇平台排名",
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          "target": "0",
          "status": "1",
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          "id": 34,
          "pid": 10,
          "name": "保险",
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      "title": "不到十个月拟3度升息!日央行料创1990年来最快升速 日债、美债与经济复苏迎来考验",
      "shortTitle": "不到十个月拟3度升息!日央行料创1990年来最快升速 日债、",
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      "description": "在美国财长贝森特连番施压、日元偏软与物价续涨下,日本央行(BOJ)本周五(18日)料将升息1码,若成真将是不到10个月三度升息,创1990年来最快升息速度。 1990年,日本一年四度大幅升息重创东证一部指数,揭开长期停滞序幕,而当前日本经济温和,风险则集中于汇市与债市。 眼下,市场主要有两大担忧;一是日元反弹不力恐推高美债殖利率,垫升美国企业与消费借贷成本;二则是日本国债殖利率急涨则震荡全球,并让日本首相高市早苗2.4兆美元投资计划融资更难。高市欲藉该计划重新带动经济成长,若筹资成本失控恐适得其",
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      "description": "立陶宛总统吉塔纳斯·瑙塞达15日(周二)在社交媒体X平台发文,称一架刚刚进入立陶宛空域的无人机被北约战机摧毁,他感谢盟军人员迅速反应。",
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    "title": "《纽约客》美国真正有钱人不只亿万富翁!「主街百万富翁」掌握庞大财富与政治影响力",
    "shortTitle": "《纽约客》美国真正有钱人不只亿万富翁!「主街百万富翁」掌握庞",
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    "description": "美国财富集中不只发生在亿万富翁身上。经济学家指出,「主街百万富翁」人数庞大,遍布汽车经销、餐饮、医疗等产业,并透过企业与税制累积财富,同时拥有日益重要的政治影响力。",
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    "content": "<p>经济学家齐达尔(Owen Zidar)与茨维克(Eric Zwick)在新书《无处不在的百万富翁:美国谁才是真正富有、又是如何致富的》(The Everywhere Millionaire: Who Is Really Rich in America and How They Got There)中指出,若只把目光放在亿万富翁,可能反而忽略了美国财富分配中更庞大、却更不受注意的一群人,即「主街百万富翁」(Main Street millionaires)。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6606613/l/3e19cf5ddcacb5bbbdcbe320b450c76d.jpg\" alt=\"《纽约客》美国真正有钱人不只亿万富翁!「主街百万富翁」掌握庞大财富与政治影响力\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>根据《纽约客》报导,亿万富翁近年在美国文化与政治讨论中的存在感愈来愈高,从影集《金钱战争》(Billions)、《继承之战》(Succession),到马斯克、美国企业家艾克曼(Bill Ackman)与LVMH集团董事长和CEO阿尔诺(Bernard Arnault)等富豪在社群媒体上的争议,都让超级富豪成为舆论焦点。</p>\n\n<p>截至2025年,想进入《富比士》美国400大富豪榜,身家门槛已达38亿美元,榜内富豪平均身家约165亿美元,总净资产达6.6兆美元。此外,还有约500名美国亿万富翁甚至未能进入这份榜单。</p>\n\n<p>然而,相较之下,「主街百万富翁」的规模更为庞大。美国目前约有500万个家庭净资产至少500万美元,净资产达1,000万美元以上的「千万富豪」超过200万户,而净资产达1亿美元以上者约有6.5万人。</p>\n\n<p>齐达尔与茨维克认为,这群人虽不像矽谷科技巨头或华尔街金融家般受到瞩目,却已累积庞大财富,并在地方经济及政治领域拥有相当影响力。</p>\n\n<h6>汽车经销商成为美国财富缩影</h6>\n\n<p>汽车经销商是这类富豪最典型的代表之一。作家厄普代克(John Updike)在「兔子四部曲」中,便透过汽车经销商这个角色,描写主角哈里・兔子・安格斯特伦(Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom)的生活与财富。</p>\n\n<p>现实中,汽车经销商、啤酒经销商、医疗机构业主,以及律师事务所合伙人等,都可能透过经营看似平凡的企业累积巨额财富。</p>\n\n<p>这些企业往往并不具备令人眼花撩乱的创新技术,却深入美国人的日常生活。从超市、汉堡餐厅、加油站与便利商店,到汽车零件、卫生纸、门把、医疗文件保存等产业,都存在这类由私人业主控制的企业。</p>\n\n<p>例如,美国知名的Buc-ee's与Bass Pro Shops已成为家喻户晓的连锁品牌,但更多企业则默默分布在各州,包括全球大型莫札瑞拉起司制造商、德州最大的无缝排水沟供应商、全球高阶滑雪服市场龙头,以及汽车零件制造商与汉堡面包烘焙商等。</p>\n\n<p>这些企业之所以能让创办人累积大量财富,关键往往不是某项突破性发明,而是长期专注经营、承担风险,以及在竞争中展现高度韧性与策略。</p>\n\n<h6>「穿透式企业」成为累积财富的重要工具</h6>\n\n<p>齐达尔与茨维克在美国财政部税收分析办公室工作期间开始研究这群企业主。他们原本受命研究企业主究竟缴纳多少税,但由于美国税制复杂,加上国税局资料库彼此分离且高度匿名化,两人花费数年时间追查企业实际所有权,再将企业资料与个人纳税资料进行比对。</p>\n\n<p>研究结果显示,许多富裕企业主都是所谓「穿透式」企业(pass-through businesses)的所有者。</p>\n\n<p>这类企业不需要先以公司名义缴纳所得税,而是将企业净收入直接计入所有者的个人报税资料,由企业主按照个人所得税率纳税,同时可以避免股息税。书中引用一名会计专家的说法,拥有小型企业可说是「美国最划算的税务安排」。</p>\n\n<p>美国税制的演变也进一步强化了这类企业的吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>1913年透过宪法修正案建立现代联邦所得税制度时,最高税率仅为7%,但之后为筹措第一次世界大战军费而大幅提高。个人所得税最高税率在1925年达25%,第二次世界大战期间更升至94%;公司所得税则于1968年达到53%的高点。</p>\n\n<p>到了1981年雷根(Ronald Reagan)就任总统时,个人与公司所得税最高税率分别为70%与46%。</p>\n\n<p>1986年,民主、共和两党共同推动《税收改革法案》,一方面降低税率并简化税制,另一方面则提高穿透式企业的吸引力。当时美国首次出现公司所得税最高税率34%高于个人所得税最高税率28%的情况。</p>\n\n<p>这让企业主可以透过企业结构,以相对较低的个人税率处理企业所得。</p>\n\n<h6>「主街百万富翁」往往高度专注於单一企业</h6>\n\n<p>齐达尔与茨维克描绘的典型富裕企业主,是一名62岁、受过大学教育的白人男性,而且有高达九成已婚。</p>\n\n<p>这群人的共同特征并不是多元投资或追求工作与生活平衡,而是对单一事业近乎偏执的专注。他们通常只经营一家企业,将大量时间与精力投入其中,承担高度风险,也较少追求其他兴趣。</p>\n\n<p>穆勒(Nancy Mueller)是其中一个案例。1976年,当时已是母亲的穆勒准备去打网球时,突然思考自己十年后想成为什么样的人。她最后决定投入商业,开始生产冷冻迷你乳蛋饼。</p>\n\n<p>她租下一座因业主入狱而闲置的破旧派饼工厂,甚至改装洗衣机来去除菠菜水分,并找来一名曾因反越战而离开航空业的工程师改良设备。很快,她每天便能生产10万份迷你乳蛋饼。</p>\n\n<p>但企业初期始终没有获利。直到1983年,Price Club下了一笔大订单,其他仓储式商店也陆续跟进。到了1990年代末,她已拥有一座8.6万平方英尺的生产基地,年营收达5,000万美元。</p>\n\n<p>1999年,她因担心仓储式商店可能突然停止采购而出售企业给杠杆收购公司,之后退休。</p>\n\n<p>另一个案例则是芝加哥热狗业者波蒂略(Dick Portillo)。</p>\n\n<p>波蒂略出身贫寒,1957年高中毕业后加入美国海军陆战队。1963年,他发现芝加哥以热狗闻名,但郊区却缺乏相关店家,因此在折扣店停车场以一辆自制的小拖车开设第一家热狗摊。</p>\n\n<p>经过多年扩张后,他最终将企业出售给私募股权公司,当时旗下38家餐厅与两座中央厨房的估值达10亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>波蒂略的成功也体现在他与竞争对手的商业竞争上。当芝加哥熊队传奇教练迪特卡(Mike Ditka)成立「Ditka's Dogs」并挖角波蒂略的一名经理时,波蒂略以更高薪资及现金吸引该经理回归,并让被挖走的员工重新加入自己的企业。</p>\n\n<p>结果,Ditka's Dogs最终消失,而波蒂略则持续扩张。</p>\n\n<p>报导分析称,这些故事共同呈现出「主街百万富翁」的典型样貌:他们未必创造革命性产品,却能在看似普通的产业中找到商业机会,透过长期经营、竞争策略与高度投入累积财富。</p>\n\n<h6>从创业致富到守住既有优势</h6>\n\n<p>然而,作者认为,这些企业主的成功故事并不能单纯被视为自由市场与个人奋斗的胜利。</p>\n\n<p>他们同时也是美国收入不平等扩大的重要参与者。1980年至2024年间,美国劳工在国民所得中的占比估计从65%降至56%,代表企业创造的收入中,原本流向劳工的部分有更多转向企业所有者。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,生产力持续提高。作者研究「顶级所有制企业」后发现,近年每名劳工创造的劳动生产力,已从每年3.4万美元提升至5.2万美元。</p>\n\n<p>如果增加的1.8万美元完全平均分配,每名劳工原本可以多取得9,000美元;但实际分配结果是,约1.5万美元流向企业所有者,劳工只取得约3,000美元。</p>\n\n<p>美国的社会流动性也同步下降。1940年出生、来自贫困家庭的儿童,约九成最终收入高于父母;1980年出生者,这项比例已降至约七成。</p>\n\n<p>2014年的一项分析显示,一个人若出身于收入最低20%的家庭,最终进入收入最高20%的机率仅7.5%。作者因此认为,21世纪贫困家庭子女进入社会顶层的机会,大约只有20世纪初的一半。</p>\n\n<h6>富裕企业主的政治力量</h6>\n\n<p>「主街百万富翁」与政治之间的关系,同样是作者关注的核心。创业确实是经济向上流动的重要途径。在那些从收入最低20%跃升至最高20%的人当中,约9%是企业家,而仅有1.3%曾就读顶尖大学。</p>\n\n<p>问题在于,当这些企业主成功之后,他们往往也会利用政治影响力维持既有优势。尽管企业主占美国人口不到1%,却占国会席次约12%,州政府层级同样具有强大的游说力量。</p>\n\n<p>文章指出,这些政治行动的一项共同目的,就是提高市场进入门槛,使后来的创业者更难复制他们过去的致富路径。</p>\n\n<p>啤酒经销与汽车经销便是典型案例。原本用来保护弱势经销商、避免啤酒制造商或汽车制造商压迫的法律,最终反而让既有经销商取得强大的市场地位。</p>\n\n<p>劳动市场也存在类似情况。约18%的美国劳工受到竞业禁止协议限制,甚至包括清洁服务等产业。</p>\n\n<p>房地产经纪业同样拥有庞大的利益。虽然约九成购屋者透过网路搜寻房屋,但其中近九成仍会聘用房仲。房仲通常收取交易金额5%至6%的佣金,整体规模每年约达1,000亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>美国全国房地产经纪人协会(NAR)在2024年选举周期的联邦游说支出,更超过其他企业或组织。</p>\n\n<p>医疗产业则是另一个重要例子。医师团体长期担心医师供给过多,因此支持限制医师培训名额。1997年《平衡预算法案》将多数教学医院可取得联邦医疗保险补助的住院医师名额,大致限制在1996年的水准。</p>\n\n<p>到2017年,美国每1,000人仅有约2.6名医师,低于其他已开发国家平均约3.5名。</p>\n\n<p>医疗业者也长期反对削减联邦医疗保险支付。1997年推出的「永续成长率」机制,原本是为避免医疗保险支出成长速度超过经济成长,但2002年导致医师费用标准下调4.8%。国会此后多次延后削减,直到2015年由美国前总统欧巴马签署两党法案,正式废除该制度。</p>\n\n<h6>2017年减税法案成为关键转折</h6>\n\n<p>文章认为,「主街百万富翁」透过政治游说取得的重大成果之一,是2017年美国总统川普签署的《减税与就业法案》。</p>\n\n<p>该法案大幅降低企业所得税率,使其低于个人最高所得税率。在参议员约翰逊(Ron Johnson)推动下,符合条件的穿透式企业所有者可针对合格商业所得扣除最高20%。</p>\n\n<p>据估算,这项政策在未来十年内将为联邦政府带来约4,150亿美元的财政负担。</p>\n\n<p>到了2025年,川普政府推出的《大而美法案》(One Big Beautiful Bill Act)进一步将这项穿透式企业扣除永久化并扩大,同时逐步取消清洁车辆的联邦税收抵免。</p>\n\n<p>因此,齐达尔与茨维克认为,社会过度关注「大银行、大石油、大科技」,反而可能忽略大量地方企业所累积的市场力量,以及支持这些企业维持既有优势的政策所带来的社会成本。</p>\n\n<h6>重新思考财富与机会</h6>\n\n<p>对于如何改善这种情况,两位作者并未把重点放在单纯增加资本或高等教育机会,而是更加重视人脉、社交网路,以及让年轻人更早接触创业者。</p>\n\n<p>他们认为,无论是创业或其他人生选择,当一个人亲眼看到身边的人实际采取行动,就更可能认为自己也能走上相同道路。</p>\n\n<p>至于更广泛的所得不平等问题,作者提出的方向包括改革医疗保险制度、提高最低工资,以及让劳工分享更多企业利润。</p>\n\n<p>在两位经济学家眼中,美国如今面临的问题,已不只是少数亿万富翁拥有多少财富,而是大量遍布全国、掌握地方企业与市场的富裕企业主,同样正在累积庞大的经济与政治力量。</p>\n\n<p>这群人不像马斯克等超级富豪那般容易成为新闻焦点,却可能更深地嵌入美国日常经济生活。也因此,作者认为,理解美国财富集中现象,不能只盯着《富比士》富豪榜,而必须看见那些隐身于汽车经销商、餐厅、便利商店、医疗与各类地方企业背后的「主街百万富翁」。</p>\n\n<p>正如书中所描绘的兔子・安格斯特伦所说,他从不思考政治,因为「不必去想政治」是自己珍视的美国权利之一。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15850.html\" title=\"贸联梁华哲:跨国布局并购有二大考量 近年不少标的主动来洽谈\">贸联梁华哲:跨国布局并购有二大考量 近年不少标的主动来洽谈</a></li>\n    <li><a 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