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英国要被一分为四?苏格兰、威尔斯、北爱尔兰齐向伦敦施压谋求自决

2026-09-15 15:53:15 网络 阅读(1)

英国内部分离议题出现新变化。当地时间周一(14日),苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰三地执政党领袖齐聚威尔斯首府卡地夫(Cardiff),签署联合谅解备忘录,首度就经济、能源、欧洲事务及民族自决权等议题建立共同立场,并向英国中央政府施压。

英国要被一分为四?苏格兰、威尔斯、北爱尔兰齐向伦敦施压谋求自决

当日,苏格兰民族党领袖兼苏格兰首席大臣斯威尼(John Swinney)、威尔斯独立党领袖兼威尔斯首席大臣伊奥沃斯(Rhun ap Iorwerth)以及新芬党领袖兼北爱尔兰首席大臣奥尼尔(Michelle O’Neill)在卡地夫会面,并发表联合声明,称「这些岛屿的政治格局正在发生变化,西敏(英国议会所在地)的时代即将结束,我们呼吁英国政府做好准备,规划并推动各辖区的宪制改革。」

根据《BBC》报导,这是自1707年英国联合王国逐步成形以来,首次出现苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰同时由主张脱离英国的政党执政,且三地首次以联合阵线方式推动相关诉求。三人更是以政党领导人身份举行会晤,而非地区政府领导人。

此次备忘录内容涵盖经济、能源、欧洲事务及民族自决权四大领域,核心主张是三地民众应有权透过民主公投,自行决定未来的宪政地位。

三方也提出各自的政治方向。苏格兰与威尔斯主张脱离英国、建立新的主权国家,并以加入欧盟为目标;北爱尔兰则希望结束目前的分治局面,与爱尔兰共和国实现统一,并留在欧盟体系内。

联合声明批评英国政府「脱欧」的决定,并表示「脱欧」损害了各地区经济,限制了人民的机会,他们希望共同努力重建和加强与欧盟的关系,为各地区贸易、投资、文化和合作创造更多机会,「我们民族的未来属于欧盟」。

根据《天空新闻网》报导,对此,英国首相柏南(Andy Burnham)的发言人表示,英国各地方应该集中精力「缓解家庭财务压力,而不是参与宪政辩论或举行进一步公投,首相致力于在英国所有4个地区推行变革,并坚信联​​合王国的团结,当人们团结起来,围绕共同的价值观和问题,而不是分裂时,英国才能发挥最佳状态。」

新芬党主席、爱尔兰反对党领袖麦克唐纳(Mary Lou McDonald)也特别出席峰会,为相关倡议站台,使这次三地联动的政治讯号更加鲜明。

斯威尼表示,这是迄今最明确的讯号,显示英国维持数百年的政治现状已难以延续,伦敦应开始为「后联合王国时代」预作准备。他甚至预测,柏南可能成为联合王国最后一任首相。

过去英国面对的分离压力多半各自发生,如今苏格兰、威尔斯及北爱尔兰的政治诉求首次串联,让中央政府面对的压力由单点问题转变为多方同时施压。

川普表态支持爱尔兰统一 英国政坛震荡

英国面临的压力不仅来自国内。峰会前约48小时,正在爱尔兰访问的美国总统川普公开表态支持爱尔兰统一,并称北爱尔兰统一终究会到来,与其等待,不如顺势推动。

这番表态被视为打破美国数十年来对北爱问题的中立立场,立即引发英国政坛反弹。英国朝野纷纷提出反驳,就连与川普关系较为密切的英国改革党党魁法拉吉(Nigel Farage),也否认北爱尔兰统一具有充分的民意基础。

伦敦方面的立场则在短时间内出现反复。柏南先在下议院表示,如果苏格兰形成明确的独立民意共识,不排除举行独立公投;但隔天又致信苏格兰领袖,明确表示独立公投并不在政府议程之内。

短短24小时内立场转变,也凸显英国政府在面对分离议题时所承受的政治压力。

三地历史背景不同 分离诉求各有根源

从国家结构来看,英国以英格兰为核心,并由苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰等区域共同组成。英格兰目前约占英国人口84.6%,GDP占比则达85.6%,在人口及经济规模上均具有压倒性优势,三个边陲区域与英格兰之间也长期存在利益矛盾。

不过,三地加入英国的历史背景并不相同,也因此形成不同程度的分离诉求。

威尔斯是最早被英格兰彻底整合的地区,13世纪遭武力征服,16世纪再透过法案正式并入英格兰。由于长期深度融合,威尔斯目前的独立意愿相对较弱。

苏格兰则在1707年与英格兰合并。原文指出,当时苏格兰因本土经济陷入困境,选择放弃议会席位,以换取进入英格兰贸易体系的机会。这种以经济利益为基础的政治整合,也被视为苏格兰至今仍持续主张独立权利的历史背景之一。

北爱尔兰则是最复杂的历史问题。1800年爱尔兰整体并入英国,其后受到大饥荒与独立战争影响而走向分裂。1921年爱尔兰南部独立,北部六郡则继续留在英国,形成延续至今的北爱问题。

此后数十年的教派冲突造成数千人死亡,直到1998年《贝尔法斯特协议》签署后才终结大规模暴力冲突。不过,协议同时留下重要政治安排:只要北爱尔兰多数民众支持,就可以透过公投决定是否脱离英国、实现爱尔兰统一。

川普此次支持爱尔兰统一的表态,也正是以英国自身签署的相关法律安排为依据。

英国短期不致解体 但三地联动成新压力

分析认为,尽管分离议题升温,并不代表英国短期内将立即解体。

在法律层面,是否举行相关公投的权力仍掌握在伦敦,柏南也已明确否决短期内举行苏格兰独立公投的可能性;民意方面,威尔斯独立支持率长期偏低,北爱尔兰内部也存在新旧教派之间的分歧,反对统一的政治力量仍然存在。

此外,北爱尔兰政府也表示,首席部长并没有权力单独签署相关文件,相关程序仍受到多重制度限制。

真正值得注意的变化,在于三地独立诉求首次形成联动。

过去苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰各自推动政治主张,伦敦可以分别应对;如今三地首次在共同议程、政治论述及对欧洲战略上形成协调,使英国中央政府面对的分离压力从个别地区问题,转变为三地同步施压。

此次卡地夫峰会并未立即改变英国的国家结构,却使原本分散的分离议题首次被放在同一张政治桌上讨论。「英国解体」也因此从相对边缘的政治猜想,进一步成为公开讨论的议题。

有「里程碑意义」还是「作秀」?

专家表示,苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰此次共同讨论民族自决,主要反映英国地方政治版图正在改变。

2022年,新芬党成为北爱尔兰议会第一大党;今年5月,工党又在威尔斯地方选举失利,威尔斯民族党成为地方议会最大党。目前,苏格兰民族党与威尔斯民族党分别掌握两地政权。

分析指出,工党政府目前政治基础较为脆弱,首相柏南上台前后也主张调整中央与地方关系,试图透过权力下放化解困境。

外界对三地领袖会晤的评价不一,有媒体认为具有里程碑意义,也有观点认为主要是政治表态。《BBC》则指出,三方合作虽能增加对英国政府的压力,但短期内未必带来实质宪政变化。

法律层面上,三地也没有相同的独立途径。爱尔兰「外交与法律」网站指出,民族自决、公投权与合法脱英并非同一概念。

英国最高法院2022年裁定,未获英国国会同意,苏格兰无权再次举行独立公投;威尔斯则没有相应公投机制。北爱尔兰则受到《贝尔法斯特协议》的多数同意原则规范。

此外,14日签署文件的三人是以政党领袖身分参与,而非代表地方政府,因此相关文件属于政党政治协议,并非三地政府之间的正式协议。

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    "title": "英国要被一分为四?苏格兰、威尔斯、北爱尔兰齐向伦敦施压谋求自决",
    "shortTitle": "英国要被一分为四?苏格兰、威尔斯、北爱尔兰齐向伦敦施压谋求自",
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    "description": "苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰执政党首度联手推动民族自决,要求透过公投决定宪政未来;川普表态支持爱尔兰统一,英国分离议题升温。",
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    "content": "\n<p>英国内部分离议题出现新变化。当地时间周一(14日),苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰三地执政党领袖齐聚威尔斯首府卡地夫(Cardiff),签署联合谅解备忘录,首度就经济、能源、欧洲事务及民族自决权等议题建立共同立场,并向英国中央政府施压。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6606612/l/218f21b96502cbe86eba78d25df29fb5.jpg\" alt=\"英国要被一分为四?苏格兰、威尔斯、北爱尔兰齐向伦敦施压谋求自决\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>当日,苏格兰民族党领袖兼苏格兰首席大臣斯威尼(John Swinney)、威尔斯独立党领袖兼威尔斯首席大臣伊奥沃斯(Rhun ap Iorwerth)以及新芬党领袖兼北爱尔兰首席大臣奥尼尔(Michelle O&rsquo;Neill)在卡地夫会面,并发表联合声明,称「这些岛屿的政治格局正在发生变化,西敏(英国议会所在地)的时代即将结束,我们呼吁英国政府做好准备,规划并推动各辖区的宪制改革。」</p>\n\n<p>根据《BBC》报导,这是自1707年英国联合王国逐步成形以来,首次出现苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰同时由主张脱离英国的政党执政,且三地首次以联合阵线方式推动相关诉求。三人更是以政党领导人身份举行会晤,而非地区政府领导人。</p>\n\n<p>此次备忘录内容涵盖经济、能源、欧洲事务及民族自决权四大领域,核心主张是三地民众应有权透过民主公投,自行决定未来的宪政地位。</p>\n\n<p>三方也提出各自的政治方向。苏格兰与威尔斯主张脱离英国、建立新的主权国家,并以加入欧盟为目标;北爱尔兰则希望结束目前的分治局面,与爱尔兰共和国实现统一,并留在欧盟体系内。</p>\n\n<p>联合声明批评英国政府「脱欧」的决定,并表示「脱欧」损害了各地区经济,限制了人民的机会,他们希望共同努力重建和加强与欧盟的关系,为各地区贸易、投资、文化和合作创造更多机会,「我们民族的未来属于欧盟」。</p>\n\n<p>根据《天空新闻网》报导,对此,英国首相柏南(Andy Burnham)的发言人表示,英国各地方应该集中精力「缓解家庭财务压力,而不是参与宪政辩论或举行进一步公投,首相致力于在英国所有4个地区推行变革,并坚信联​​合王国的团结,当人们团结起来,围绕共同的价值观和问题,而不是分裂时,英国才能发挥最佳状态。」</p>\n\n<p>新芬党主席、爱尔兰反对党领袖麦克唐纳(Mary Lou McDonald)也特别出席峰会,为相关倡议站台,使这次三地联动的政治讯号更加鲜明。</p>\n\n<p>斯威尼表示,这是迄今最明确的讯号,显示英国维持数百年的政治现状已难以延续,伦敦应开始为「后联合王国时代」预作准备。他甚至预测,柏南可能成为联合王国最后一任首相。</p>\n\n<p>过去英国面对的分离压力多半各自发生,如今苏格兰、威尔斯及北爱尔兰的政治诉求首次串联,让中央政府面对的压力由单点问题转变为多方同时施压。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>川普表态支持爱尔兰统一 英国政坛震荡</strong></h6>\n\n<p>英国面临的压力不仅来自国内。峰会前约48小时,正在爱尔兰访问的美国总统川普公开表态支持爱尔兰统一,并称北爱尔兰统一终究会到来,与其等待,不如顺势推动。</p>\n\n<p>这番表态被视为打破美国数十年来对北爱问题的中立立场,立即引发英国政坛反弹。英国朝野纷纷提出反驳,就连与川普关系较为密切的英国改革党党魁法拉吉(Nigel Farage),也否认北爱尔兰统一具有充分的民意基础。</p>\n\n<p>伦敦方面的立场则在短时间内出现反复。柏南先在下议院表示,如果苏格兰形成明确的独立民意共识,不排除举行独立公投;但隔天又致信苏格兰领袖,明确表示独立公投并不在政府议程之内。</p>\n\n<p>短短24小时内立场转变,也凸显英国政府在面对分离议题时所承受的政治压力。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>三地历史背景不同 分离诉求各有根源</strong></h6>\n\n<p>从国家结构来看,英国以英格兰为核心,并由苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰等区域共同组成。英格兰目前约占英国人口84.6%,GDP占比则达85.6%,在人口及经济规模上均具有压倒性优势,三个边陲区域与英格兰之间也长期存在利益矛盾。</p>\n\n<p>不过,三地加入英国的历史背景并不相同,也因此形成不同程度的分离诉求。</p>\n\n<p>威尔斯是最早被英格兰彻底整合的地区,13世纪遭武力征服,16世纪再透过法案正式并入英格兰。由于长期深度融合,威尔斯目前的独立意愿相对较弱。</p>\n\n<p>苏格兰则在1707年与英格兰合并。原文指出,当时苏格兰因本土经济陷入困境,选择放弃议会席位,以换取进入英格兰贸易体系的机会。这种以经济利益为基础的政治整合,也被视为苏格兰至今仍持续主张独立权利的历史背景之一。</p>\n\n<p>北爱尔兰则是最复杂的历史问题。1800年爱尔兰整体并入英国,其后受到大饥荒与独立战争影响而走向分裂。1921年爱尔兰南部独立,北部六郡则继续留在英国,形成延续至今的北爱问题。</p>\n\n<p>此后数十年的教派冲突造成数千人死亡,直到1998年《贝尔法斯特协议》签署后才终结大规模暴力冲突。不过,协议同时留下重要政治安排:只要北爱尔兰多数民众支持,就可以透过公投决定是否脱离英国、实现爱尔兰统一。</p>\n\n<p>川普此次支持爱尔兰统一的表态,也正是以英国自身签署的相关法律安排为依据。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>英国短期不致解体 但三地联动成新压力</strong></h6>\n\n<p>分析认为,尽管分离议题升温,并不代表英国短期内将立即解体。</p>\n\n<p>在法律层面,是否举行相关公投的权力仍掌握在伦敦,柏南也已明确否决短期内举行苏格兰独立公投的可能性;民意方面,威尔斯独立支持率长期偏低,北爱尔兰内部也存在新旧教派之间的分歧,反对统一的政治力量仍然存在。</p>\n\n<p>此外,北爱尔兰政府也表示,首席部长并没有权力单独签署相关文件,相关程序仍受到多重制度限制。</p>\n\n<p>真正值得注意的变化,在于三地独立诉求首次形成联动。</p>\n\n<p>过去苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰各自推动政治主张,伦敦可以分别应对;如今三地首次在共同议程、政治论述及对欧洲战略上形成协调,使英国中央政府面对的分离压力从个别地区问题,转变为三地同步施压。</p>\n\n<p>此次卡地夫峰会并未立即改变英国的国家结构,却使原本分散的分离议题首次被放在同一张政治桌上讨论。「英国解体」也因此从相对边缘的政治猜想,进一步成为公开讨论的议题。</p>\n\n<h6>有「里程碑意义」还是「作秀」?</h6>\n\n<p>专家表示,苏格兰、威尔斯与北爱尔兰此次共同讨论民族自决,主要反映英国地方政治版图正在改变。</p>\n\n<p>2022年,新芬党成为北爱尔兰议会第一大党;今年5月,工党又在威尔斯地方选举失利,威尔斯民族党成为地方议会最大党。目前,苏格兰民族党与威尔斯民族党分别掌握两地政权。</p>\n\n<p>分析指出,工党政府目前政治基础较为脆弱,首相柏南上台前后也主张调整中央与地方关系,试图透过权力下放化解困境。</p>\n\n<p>外界对三地领袖会晤的评价不一,有媒体认为具有里程碑意义,也有观点认为主要是政治表态。《BBC》则指出,三方合作虽能增加对英国政府的压力,但短期内未必带来实质宪政变化。</p>\n\n<p>法律层面上,三地也没有相同的独立途径。爱尔兰「外交与法律」网站指出,民族自决、公投权与合法脱英并非同一概念。</p>\n\n<p>英国最高法院2022年裁定,未获英国国会同意,苏格兰无权再次举行独立公投;威尔斯则没有相应公投机制。北爱尔兰则受到《贝尔法斯特协议》的多数同意原则规范。</p>\n\n<p>此外,14日签署文件的三人是以政党领袖身分参与,而非代表地方政府,因此相关文件属于政党政治协议,并非三地政府之间的正式协议。</p>\n\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15850.html\" title=\"贸联梁华哲:跨国布局并购有二大考量 近年不少标的主动来洽谈\">贸联梁华哲:跨国布局并购有二大考量 近年不少标的主动来洽谈</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15901.html\" title=\"游日省荷包!日本食品消费税8%降至1% 但内用不适用\">游日省荷包!日本食品消费税8%降至1% 但内用不适用</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15843.html\" title=\"Fed 9月升息机率近9成!美元会开启新一轮涨势吗?\">Fed 9月升息机率近9成!美元会开启新一轮涨势吗?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15900.html\" title=\"〈陆股盘后〉中国经济动能持续疲软 三大指数走低\">〈陆股盘后〉中国经济动能持续疲软 三大指数走低</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15862.html\" title=\"华许加息「没有退路」!Fed传声筒:央行独立性与川普信任迎考验\">华许加息「没有退路」!Fed传声筒:央行独立性与川普信任迎考验</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-15825.html\" title=\"Fed升息掀美股修正潮?标普500首波恐跌10% 12月再杀一波\">Fed升息掀美股修正潮?标普500首波恐跌10% 12月再杀一波</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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