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拚科技强国也堆出债务山!中国非金融部门负债突破GDP三倍

2026-10-12 23:39:18 网络 阅读(1)

中国持续透过大规模投资推进科技与军事强国目标,债务负担却同步攀升,不仅压缩国内经济活力,也透过过剩产能与出口扩张,加深与贸易伙伴的摩擦。经济学家指出,中国短期内未必爆发金融危机,但若继续依赖低成本信贷支撑投资与亏损企业,金融体系恐逐渐失去效率,付出更多债务却换不到相应成长。

拚科技强国也堆出债务山!中国非金融部门负债突破GDP三倍

据《华尔街日报》(WSJ)周一(12日)报导,国际清算银行(BIS)资料显示,涵盖企业、政府及家庭借款的中国非金融部门信用总额,去年已超过国内生产毛额(GDP)的300%,较2019年底增加60个百分点,占比也远高于美国。自习近平2012年底掌权以来,这项信用总额已增加逾43兆美元。

债务推升过剩产能 压力透过出口向海外扩散

报导指出,大量借款流向需求不足的工厂与住宅建设,造成资源浪费,并引发激烈价格战,侵蚀企业获利与员工薪资。背负庞大债务的企业为了偿债,持续生产超出国内需求的汽车、太阳能板与电子产品,再将商品销往海外,使中国对全球的年度贸易顺差达到约1兆美元。

这也让中国债务问题逐渐外溢。包括欧洲在内的贸易伙伴,对中国电动车及其他产品大量涌入日益不满,但北京目前似乎无意根本改变政策方向。

许多经济学家认为,中国尚未面临迫在眉睫的金融危机,部分原因是债务主要仰赖国内储蓄支应,而非可能迅速撤资的外国投资人。不过,随着经济成长动能停滞,亏损企业背负的大量债务愈来愈难偿还;若停止向这些企业提供新贷款,又可能使国有银行承受巨额损失。

荣鼎集团副董事Camille Boullenois表示,改变现有体系意味必须接受大量损失,而中国政府似乎尚未做好准备。她认为,较可能出现的情境是问题缓慢恶化,金融体系逐步衰退,创造成长的效率愈来愈低。

延后处理债务,也让习近平得以继续将资源投入新科技、军事及其他战略优先项目。中国官员认为,目前是确立中国与美国并列大国地位的机会窗口,因此将AI、太空科技与能源等核心技术投资视为关键。

地方融资平台负担沉重 低利贷款延续企业借款

中国政府强调债务风险可控,近年中央政府借款约占GDP的30%,相较美国联邦政府债务水准仍低。然而,这项数字并未涵盖中国债务问题的主要来源,也就是地方层级的负担。

过去几年,地方政府为达成经济成长目标、维持就业,透过地方政府融资平台新增数兆美元负债。许多平台参与地方房地产开发,也因此受到多年房市低迷重创。

国际货币基金(IMF)估计,若将地方政府官方借款及融资平台债务一并纳入,中国广义政府债务去年已膨胀至GDP的127%,高于2020年的98%。

企业债务也在具备良好报酬前景的投资机会减少之际持续增加。麦肯锡资料显示,中国去年企业债务占GDP比率,约为全球平均的两倍。

低成本信贷是重要推手。荣鼎集团引述中国央行资料指出,截至去年底,超过半数新增企业贷款的利率,等于或低于银行提供给最优质企业客户的贷款基准利率,比重远高于几年前。中国上市制造业公司去年的借款利率中位数约为2.4%。

扩大消费有助打破循环 政策转向面临战略取舍

要化解债务问题,中国可能必须根本调整成长策略,降低对工厂等固定资产投资及商品出口的依赖。许多经济学家主张,政府应优先采取能鼓励家庭增加支出的政策,避免债务持续累积。

世界银行资料显示,2024年中国家庭消费占GDP的40%,美国则接近70%,反映两国经济结构的明显差异。
中国今年第二季GDP年增4.3%,为逾三年来最慢增速,其中相当部分成长来自出口,也凸显国内需求不足的问题。

北京虽表示希望提高家庭消费,但这意味政府必须减少对经济资源配置的部分控制,也可能使资金从习近平优先扶植、用以缩小对美科技差距的产业流出。

柏林智库墨卡托中国研究中心经济与产业研究主管Jacob Gunter表示,中国官员倾向延续现有路线,但体系已逐渐触及自身极限。他指出,地方政府补贴亏损企业以维持其营运,然而企业持续亏损,也代表没有利润可供课税,进一步削弱地方财政收入基础。

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经济学家指风险恐缓慢恶化,若持续低利信贷撑亏损企业与战略投资,金融效率将下滑。",
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    "content": "<p>中国持续透过大规模投资推进科技与军事强国目标,债务负担却同步攀升,不仅压缩国内经济活力,也透过过剩产能与出口扩张,加深与贸易伙伴的摩擦。经济学家指出,中国短期内未必爆发金融危机,但若继续依赖低成本信贷支撑投资与亏损企业,金融体系恐逐渐失去效率,付出更多债务却换不到相应成长。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6628851/l/0e093b7313763c5811c97a0dbbd99a51.jpg\" alt=\"拚科技强国也堆出债务山!中国非金融部门负债突破GDP三倍\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>据《华尔街日报》(WSJ)周一(12日)报导,国际清算银行(BIS)资料显示,涵盖企业、政府及家庭借款的中国非金融部门信用总额,去年已超过国内生产毛额(GDP)的300%,较2019年底增加60个百分点,占比也远高于美国。自习近平2012年底掌权以来,这项信用总额已增加逾43兆美元。</p>\n\n<h6>债务推升过剩产能 压力透过出口向海外扩散</h6>\n\n<p>报导指出,大量借款流向需求不足的工厂与住宅建设,造成资源浪费,并引发激烈价格战,侵蚀企业获利与员工薪资。背负庞大债务的企业为了偿债,持续生产超出国内需求的汽车、太阳能板与电子产品,再将商品销往海外,使中国对全球的年度贸易顺差达到约1兆美元。</p>\n\n<p>这也让中国债务问题逐渐外溢。包括欧洲在内的贸易伙伴,对中国电动车及其他产品大量涌入日益不满,但北京目前似乎无意根本改变政策方向。</p>\n\n<p>许多经济学家认为,中国尚未面临迫在眉睫的金融危机,部分原因是债务主要仰赖国内储蓄支应,而非可能迅速撤资的外国投资人。不过,随着经济成长动能停滞,亏损企业背负的大量债务愈来愈难偿还;若停止向这些企业提供新贷款,又可能使国有银行承受巨额损失。</p>\n\n<p>荣鼎集团副董事Camille Boullenois表示,改变现有体系意味必须接受大量损失,而中国政府似乎尚未做好准备。她认为,较可能出现的情境是问题缓慢恶化,金融体系逐步衰退,创造成长的效率愈来愈低。</p>\n\n<p>延后处理债务,也让习近平得以继续将资源投入新科技、军事及其他战略优先项目。中国官员认为,目前是确立中国与美国并列大国地位的机会窗口,因此将AI、太空科技与能源等核心技术投资视为关键。</p>\n\n<h6>地方融资平台负担沉重 低利贷款延续企业借款</h6>\n\n<p>中国政府强调债务风险可控,近年中央政府借款约占GDP的30%,相较美国联邦政府债务水准仍低。然而,这项数字并未涵盖中国债务问题的主要来源,也就是地方层级的负担。</p>\n\n<p>过去几年,地方政府为达成经济成长目标、维持就业,透过地方政府融资平台新增数兆美元负债。许多平台参与地方房地产开发,也因此受到多年房市低迷重创。</p>\n\n<p>国际货币基金(IMF)估计,若将地方政府官方借款及融资平台债务一并纳入,中国广义政府债务去年已膨胀至GDP的127%,高于2020年的98%。</p>\n\n<p>企业债务也在具备良好报酬前景的投资机会减少之际持续增加。麦肯锡资料显示,中国去年企业债务占GDP比率,约为全球平均的两倍。</p>\n\n<p>低成本信贷是重要推手。荣鼎集团引述中国央行资料指出,截至去年底,超过半数新增企业贷款的利率,等于或低于银行提供给最优质企业客户的贷款基准利率,比重远高于几年前。中国上市制造业公司去年的借款利率中位数约为2.4%。</p>\n\n<h6>扩大消费有助打破循环 政策转向面临战略取舍</h6>\n\n<p>要化解债务问题,中国可能必须根本调整成长策略,降低对工厂等固定资产投资及商品出口的依赖。许多经济学家主张,政府应优先采取能鼓励家庭增加支出的政策,避免债务持续累积。</p>\n\n<p>世界银行资料显示,2024年中国家庭消费占GDP的40%,美国则接近70%,反映两国经济结构的明显差异。<br>\n中国今年第二季GDP年增4.3%,为逾三年来最慢增速,其中相当部分成长来自出口,也凸显国内需求不足的问题。</p>\n\n<p>北京虽表示希望提高家庭消费,但这意味政府必须减少对经济资源配置的部分控制,也可能使资金从习近平优先扶植、用以缩小对美科技差距的产业流出。</p>\n\n<p>柏林智库墨卡托中国研究中心经济与产业研究主管Jacob Gunter表示,中国官员倾向延续现有路线,但体系已逐渐触及自身极限。他指出,地方政府补贴亏损企业以维持其营运,然而企业持续亏损,也代表没有利润可供课税,进一步削弱地方财政收入基础。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19840.html\" title=\"营收速报  - 星宇航空(2646)9月营收49.75亿元年增率高达68.89%\">营收速报  - 星宇航空(2646)9月营收49.75亿元年增率高达68.89%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19841.html\" title=\"营收速报  - 中钢(2002)9月营收310.01亿元年增率高达27.13%\">营收速报  - 中钢(2002)9月营收310.01亿元年增率高达27.13%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19872.html\" title=\"营收速报  - 鼎固-KY(2923)9月营收5.74亿元年增率高达131.26%\">营收速报  - 鼎固-KY(2923)9月营收5.74亿元年增率高达131.26%</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19869.html\" title=\"海运运价走强 台骅9月营收创逾4年来单月新高\">海运运价走强 台骅9月营收创逾4年来单月新高</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19891.html\" title=\"油价恐飙每桶200美元?全球石油库存告急、高盛:风险溢价逼近「历史最高」\">油价恐飙每桶200美元?全球石油库存告急、高盛:风险溢价逼近「历史最高」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-19839.html\" title=\"营收速报  - 群益证(6005)9月营收25.07亿元年增率高达41.48%\">营收速报  - 群益证(6005)9月营收25.07亿元年增率高达41.48%</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-12T15:00:02.000Z",
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