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台积电迎新挑战?HBM竞争转向「基础晶粒」、SK海力士拟找英特尔代工

2026-09-05 18:02:21 网络 阅读(2)

人工智慧(AI)运算需求持续推升高频宽记忆体(HBM)重要性,但随着HBM4与HBM4E世代到来,产业竞争焦点正逐渐从DRAM制程、堆叠层数与封装技术,转向位于HBM底部的基础晶粒(Base Die),而晶圆代工厂也因此开始成为供应链中的关键角色。

台积电迎新挑战?HBM竞争转向「基础晶粒」、SK海力士拟找英特尔代工

据韩媒及DIGITIMES等报导,SK海力士正考虑将英特尔(INTC-US) 代工纳入HBM4E供应链,作为HBM 基础晶粒的第二代工来源,以降低对台积电(2330-TW) 的依赖并提高供应弹性。

基础晶粒是 HBM 堆叠结构中最底层的控制晶片,负责支撑及控制整体结构,并处理GPU、CPU等外部处理器与HBM记忆体晶片之间的高速介面。

尽管英特尔最终能否取得相关订单仍未确定,但此一动向已反映HBM产业结构正在发生变化。

HBM4带来关键转折 基础晶粒从配角变核心

在HBM3E及更早世代中,HBM主要由多层DRAM堆叠(核心晶粒),以及底部的基础晶粒构成。基础晶粒过去主要负责物理支撑、矽穿孔(TSV)引出与基本讯号路由,功能相对单纯,因此SK海力士(000660KS) 、三星电子(005930KS) 与美光科技(MU-US) 等记忆体大厂通常可利用自有DRAM制程生产。

但进入HBM4后,基础晶粒的功能开始大幅增加。

其中一项重大变化是介面密度提升。HBM4的总线宽度由1024-bit增加至2048-bit,而辉达(NVDA-US) Rubin平台更将单Pin传输速率提高至11Gbps以上。在有限的晶片面积内配置更多TSV与实体层(PHY)电路,对布线密度与金属层数提出更高要求。

另一方面,部分逻辑功能也开始下沉至基础晶粒。为追求更高能源效率与更低延迟,GPU与ASIC业者要求将记忆体控制器、DFT(可测试性设计)电路,甚至特定演算法运算模组整合至基础晶粒。

SK海力士也曾指出,HBM4世代逻辑晶片的作用日益重要,研发方向包括提升基础晶粒效能、强化HBM堆叠与逻辑晶片之间的连接,同时降低功耗。

这使基础晶粒逐渐从单纯的底层支撑晶片,转变为功能更加复杂的逻辑基础晶粒。

记忆体厂制程遇到 代工开始介入

基础晶粒功能增加,也让传统记忆体制程面临新的挑战。

DRAM制程主要追求记忆体单元密度与成本效率,而高效能逻辑晶片则更重视逻辑电晶体效能、布线密度及先进EDA设计能力。当越来越多逻辑功能被整合进基础晶粒后,单纯依靠记忆体厂自有制程的模式开始受到限制。

因此,晶圆代工厂开始进入HBM供应链。

2024年,SK海力士与台积电宣布合作开发HBM4,并提出由IC设计公司、晶圆代工厂与记忆体厂商共同参与的合作模式,其中基础晶粒正是合作重点之一。

这也代表HBM的产业分工正在改变。

过去HBM的核心模式主要是「DRAM制造+TSV+堆叠封装」,如今则逐渐转变为「DRAM Core 晶粒+基础晶粒+代工+TSV+先进封装」的组合。

换言之,HBM正逐步从特殊型记忆体,朝由多种晶片与制程共同组成的小型Chiplet系统发展。

客制化HBM兴起 记忆体与逻辑加速融合

基础晶粒的逻辑化,也正在推动HBM从标准化产品走向客制化。

SK海力士在今年台积电技术论坛上透露,未来将透过采用台积电先进逻辑制程的基础晶粒,进一步推动客制化HBM,强化记忆体与基础晶粒之间的整合。

此外,SK海力士也被曝正在矽谷组建专门的HBM架构设计团队,相关职缺除了要求传统DRAM能力,也涵盖数位设计、PDN(电源分配网路)以及3奈米以下先进代工制程经验。

这显示HBM产品设计正逐渐从单纯记忆体制造,转向更接近ASIC的设计模式。

SK海力士后续产品路线中,HBM4E与客制化 HBM都被列为重要发展方向;其iHBM解决方案则聚焦下一代HBM产品的散热管理,以提升高密度、高频宽环境下的运作稳定性与效率。

背后主要推力来自AI晶片业者希望进一步突破「记忆体墙」。由于辉达、超微半导体(AMD-US) 、Google(GOOGL-US) 、亚马逊(AMZN-US) 、微软(MSFT-US) 以及其他自研ASIC的云端业者,对记忆体频宽、功耗、介面与封装面积的需求各不相同,标准化HBM越来越难以满足所有应用。

因此,HBM的开发模式开始朝向ASIC产业熟悉的流程靠拢,包括共同定义规格、共同设计、代工流片、先进封装以及客户验证。

辉达NVHBM 基础晶粒角色再升级

这项趋势在辉达推出NVHBM后进一步受到关注。

辉达8月26日公布名为NVHBM的新技术,核心变化之一,是将原本位于GPU或XPU计算核心内的记忆体控制器,移至HBM的基础晶粒。

根据辉达公布的数据,与标准HBM4E相比,NVHBM最高可带来30%的记忆体频宽提升与15%的功耗下降,同时最多可释放25%的XPU计算核心面积。亚马逊旗下Annapurna Labs已成为首批参与该架构研发的晶片设计团队。

NVHBM的出现,使GPU与HBM之间原本相对明确的功能界线进一步模糊。过去由GPU负责运算、HBM负责储存的架构,未来则可能朝GPU、基础晶粒与DRAM共同构成运算系统的方向发展。

记忆体控制器只是其中一项可能被移转至基础晶粒的功能,未来基础晶粒所承担的逻辑功能也可能进一步增加。

三大HBM厂商采取不同代工策略

面对基础晶粒的重要性提高,SK海力士、三星与美光目前采取的路线并不相同。

其中,SK海力士走专业分工模式。SK海力士自行负责DRAM核心晶粒与HBM技术,基础晶粒则交由台积电等晶圆代工厂生产。

TrendForce援引韩媒报导指出,SK海力士量产HBM4采用的基础晶粒来自台积电12奈米级制程;随着HBM4E逻辑复杂度提高,产业也开始讨论进一步采用更先进制程。

另一方面,随着先进基础晶粒成本提高,SK海力士也被曝考虑将英特尔代工作为潜在第二供应来源。

三星则采取垂直整合模式。三星同时拥有记忆体与晶圆代工业务,因此HBM4直接采用自家代工的4奈米逻辑制程制造基础晶粒,并搭配1c DRAM 核心晶粒;HBM4E也延续1c DRAM与4奈米基础晶粒的组合。

三星并已规划在后续HBM产品中,进一步将基础晶粒推进至2奈米制程。

美光则逐步拥抱Foundry合作。美光早期HBM4仍强调自行开发与制造CMOS 基础晶粒,但到了HBM4E,策略已有明显改变。美光在投资人资料中表示,HBM4E无论标准版或客制版基础晶粒,都将与台积电合作生产。

同时,美光预期采用客制化基础晶粒的HBM4E毛利率将高于标准产品。

这也凸显基础晶粒的客制化逻辑,正逐渐成为HBM产品价值的重要组成。

英特尔代工HBM 基础晶粒 切入点

对晶圆代工厂而言,HBM架构变化也创造新的市场空间。

过去AI伺服器供应链中,以台积电为代表的晶圆代工厂,主要掌握GPU、ASIC等逻辑晶片制造,以及CoWoS等先进封装业务。

随着HBM 基础晶粒进入先进逻辑制程,这部分也可能成为新的代工市场。

虽然HBM基础晶粒的晶圆需求规模目前仍无法与GPU相比,但每增加一颗HBM,就代表需要一颗基础晶粒。高阶AI加速器通常搭载6至8颗HBM,而HBM4与HBM4E的基础晶粒又逐步朝12奈米、5奈米甚至更先进制程发展,使晶圆代工在AI记忆体系统中的价值进一步提升。

对英特尔代工而言,HBM 基础晶粒也可能成为不同于GPU主运算晶片的切入市场。

相较于直接争取辉达或超微半导体顶级GPU的主运算晶片订单,HBM 基础晶粒同样需要先进逻辑制造能力,但所扮演的角色不同;另一方面,SK海力士等记忆体厂商也存在降低供应集中度与成本的需求。

因此,英特尔代工有机会从HBM 基础晶粒切入AI晶片供应链。

HBM竞争焦点从DRAM转向逻辑基础晶粒

过去数十年,记忆体产业的核心竞争主要围绕制程、容量、良率与成本,标准化则是产业扩大规模的重要基础。

但AI运算需求正在改变HBM的产品逻辑。

HBM4将基础晶粒带入先进逻辑制程,HBM4E进一步提高基础晶粒的复杂度,而辉达NVHBM则把记忆体控制器直接移入基础晶粒,使HBM与运算晶片之间的界线更加模糊。

随着这条路线持续发展,HBM可能越来越难单纯被视为「记忆体」,而是由DRAM、逻辑、连接与先进封装共同构成的记忆体系统。

这也代表,HBM下一阶段的竞争,可能不再只是SK海力士、三星与美光之间的较量,而是记忆体厂、晶圆代工厂、AI晶片设计商与先进封装业者之间的协同竞争。

从这个角度来看,SK海力士考虑引进英特尔代工作为HBM4E 基础晶粒第二供应来源,意义不只是一笔代工订单,也反映晶圆代工厂正在进一步深入AI记忆体架构。

HBM的竞争核心,正逐渐从DRAM本身转移至位于最底部、却越来越复杂的Logic 基础晶粒。

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      "level": 1
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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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    "title": "台积电迎新挑战?HBM竞争转向「基础晶粒」、SK海力士拟找英特尔代工",
    "shortTitle": "台积电迎新挑战?HBM竞争转向「基础晶粒」、SK海力士拟找英",
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    "description": "AI需求推升HBM4、HBM4E技术升级,基础晶粒成为HBM关键。SK海力士传考虑引进英特尔代工,降低对台积电依赖,HBM竞争正式延伸至晶圆代工。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6598408/l/7ae51f250f9e9ca5a5da100a793cdb97.jpg",
    "content": "\n<p>人工智慧(AI)运算需求持续推升高频宽记忆体(HBM)重要性,但随着HBM4与HBM4E世代到来,产业竞争焦点正逐渐从DRAM制程、堆叠层数与封装技术,转向位于HBM底部的基础晶粒(Base Die),而晶圆代工厂也因此开始成为供应链中的关键角色。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6598408/l/7ae51f250f9e9ca5a5da100a793cdb97.jpg\" alt=\"台积电迎新挑战?HBM竞争转向「基础晶粒」、SK海力士拟找英特尔代工\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>据韩媒及DIGITIMES等报导,SK海力士正考虑将英特尔(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:INTC:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">INTC-US</a>) 代工纳入HBM4E供应链,作为HBM 基础晶粒的第二代工来源,以降低对台积电(<a data-symbol-template=\"TWS:2330:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">2330-TW</a>) 的依赖并提高供应弹性。</p>\n\n<p>基础晶粒是 HBM 堆叠结构中最底层的控制晶片,负责支撑及控制整体结构,并处理GPU、CPU等外部处理器与HBM记忆体晶片之间的高速介面。</p>\n\n<p><span style=\"letter-spacing:0.7px\">尽管英特尔最终能否取得相关订单仍未确定,但此一动向已反映HBM产业结构正在发生变化。</span></p>\n\n<h6><strong>HBM4</strong><strong>带来关键转折</strong><strong> </strong><strong>基础晶粒从配角变核心</strong></h6>\n\n<p>在HBM3E及更早世代中,HBM主要由多层DRAM堆叠(核心晶粒),以及底部的基础晶粒构成。基础晶粒过去主要负责物理支撑、矽穿孔(TSV)引出与基本讯号路由,功能相对单纯,因此SK海力士(<a data-symbol-template=\"GF:000660KS:FUTURES:STOCK\" href=\"#\">000660KS</a>) 、三星电子(<a data-symbol-template=\"GF:005930KS:FUTURES:STOCK\" href=\"#\">005930KS</a>) 与美光科技(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MU:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MU-US</a>) 等记忆体大厂通常可利用自有DRAM制程生产。</p>\n\n<p>但进入HBM4后,基础晶粒的功能开始大幅增加。</p>\n\n<p>其中一项重大变化是介面密度提升。HBM4的总线宽度由1024-bit增加至2048-bit,而辉达(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:NVDA:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">NVDA-US</a>) Rubin平台更将单Pin传输速率提高至11Gbps以上。在有限的晶片面积内配置更多TSV与实体层(PHY)电路,对布线密度与金属层数提出更高要求。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,部分逻辑功能也开始下沉至基础晶粒。为追求更高能源效率与更低延迟,GPU与ASIC业者要求将记忆体控制器、DFT(可测试性设计)电路,甚至特定演算法运算模组整合至基础晶粒。</p>\n\n<p>SK海力士也曾指出,HBM4世代逻辑晶片的作用日益重要,研发方向包括提升基础晶粒效能、强化HBM堆叠与逻辑晶片之间的连接,同时降低功耗。</p>\n\n<p>这使基础晶粒逐渐从单纯的底层支撑晶片,转变为功能更加复杂的逻辑基础晶粒。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>记忆体厂制程遇到</strong><strong>瓶</strong><strong>颈</strong><strong> </strong><strong>代工</strong><strong>开始介入</strong></h6>\n\n<p>基础晶粒功能增加,也让传统记忆体制程面临新的挑战。</p>\n\n<p>DRAM制程主要追求记忆体单元密度与成本效率,而高效能逻辑晶片则更重视逻辑电晶体效能、布线密度及先进EDA设计能力。当越来越多逻辑功能被整合进基础晶粒后,单纯依靠记忆体厂自有制程的模式开始受到限制。</p>\n\n<p>因此,晶圆代工厂开始进入HBM供应链。</p>\n\n<p>2024年,SK海力士与台积电宣布合作开发HBM4,并提出由IC设计公司、晶圆代工厂与记忆体厂商共同参与的合作模式,其中基础晶粒正是合作重点之一。</p>\n\n<p>这也代表HBM的产业分工正在改变。</p>\n\n<p>过去HBM的核心模式主要是「DRAM制造+TSV+堆叠封装」,如今则逐渐转变为「DRAM Core 晶粒+基础晶粒+代工+TSV+先进封装」的组合。</p>\n\n<p>换言之,HBM正逐步从特殊型记忆体,朝由多种晶片与制程共同组成的小型Chiplet系统发展。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>客制化</strong><strong>HBM</strong><strong>兴起</strong><strong> </strong><strong>记忆体与逻辑加速融合</strong></h6>\n\n<p>基础晶粒的逻辑化,也正在推动HBM从标准化产品走向客制化。</p>\n\n<p>SK海力士在今年台积电技术论坛上透露,未来将透过采用台积电先进逻辑制程的基础晶粒,进一步推动客制化HBM,强化记忆体与基础晶粒之间的整合。</p>\n\n<p>此外,SK海力士也被曝正在矽谷组建专门的HBM架构设计团队,相关职缺除了要求传统DRAM能力,也涵盖数位设计、PDN(电源分配网路)以及3奈米以下先进代工制程经验。</p>\n\n<p>这显示HBM产品设计正逐渐从单纯记忆体制造,转向更接近ASIC的设计模式。</p>\n\n<p>SK海力士后续产品路线中,HBM4E与客制化 HBM都被列为重要发展方向;其iHBM解决方案则聚焦下一代HBM产品的散热管理,以提升高密度、高频宽环境下的运作稳定性与效率。</p>\n\n<p>背后主要推力来自AI晶片业者希望进一步突破「记忆体墙」。由于辉达、超微半导体(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMD:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMD-US</a>) 、Google(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:GOOGL:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">GOOGL-US</a>) 、亚马逊(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:AMZN:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">AMZN-US</a>) 、微软(<a data-symbol-template=\"USS:MSFT:STOCK:COMMON\" href=\"#\">MSFT-US</a>) 以及其他自研ASIC的云端业者,对记忆体频宽、功耗、介面与封装面积的需求各不相同,标准化HBM越来越难以满足所有应用。</p>\n\n<p>因此,HBM的开发模式开始朝向ASIC产业熟悉的流程靠拢,包括共同定义规格、共同设计、代工流片、先进封装以及客户验证。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>辉达</strong><strong>推</strong><strong>NVHBM </strong><strong>基础晶粒角色再升级</strong></h6>\n\n<p>这项趋势在辉达推出NVHBM后进一步受到关注。</p>\n\n<p>辉达8月26日公布名为NVHBM的新技术,核心变化之一,是将原本位于GPU或XPU计算核心内的记忆体控制器,移至HBM的基础晶粒。</p>\n\n<p>根据辉达公布的数据,与标准HBM4E相比,NVHBM最高可带来30%的记忆体频宽提升与15%的功耗下降,同时最多可释放25%的XPU计算核心面积。亚马逊旗下Annapurna Labs已成为首批参与该架构研发的晶片设计团队。</p>\n\n<p>NVHBM的出现,使GPU与HBM之间原本相对明确的功能界线进一步模糊。过去由GPU负责运算、HBM负责储存的架构,未来则可能朝GPU、基础晶粒与DRAM共同构成运算系统的方向发展。</p>\n\n<p>记忆体控制器只是其中一项可能被移转至基础晶粒的功能,未来基础晶粒所承担的逻辑功能也可能进一步增加。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>三大</strong><strong>HBM</strong><strong>厂商采取不同</strong><strong>代工</strong><strong>策略</strong></h6>\n\n<p>面对基础晶粒的重要性提高,SK海力士、三星与美光目前采取的路线并不相同。</p>\n\n<p><strong>其中,SK</strong><strong>海力士走专业分工模式。</strong>SK海力士自行负责DRAM核心晶粒与HBM技术,基础晶粒则交由台积电等晶圆代工厂生产。</p>\n\n<p>TrendForce援引韩媒报导指出,SK海力士量产HBM4采用的基础晶粒来自台积电12奈米级制程;随着HBM4E逻辑复杂度提高,产业也开始讨论进一步采用更先进制程。</p>\n\n<p>另一方面,随着先进基础晶粒成本提高,SK海力士也被曝考虑将英特尔代工作为潜在第二供应来源。</p>\n\n<p><strong>三星则采取垂直整合模式。</strong>三星同时拥有记忆体与晶圆代工业务,因此HBM4直接采用自家代工的4奈米逻辑制程制造基础晶粒,并搭配1c DRAM 核心晶粒;HBM4E也延续1c DRAM与4奈米基础晶粒的组合。</p>\n\n<p>三星并已规划在后续HBM产品中,进一步将基础晶粒推进至2奈米制程。</p>\n\n<p><strong>美光则逐步拥抱Foundry</strong><strong>合作。</strong>美光早期HBM4仍强调自行开发与制造CMOS 基础晶粒,但到了HBM4E,策略已有明显改变。美光在投资人资料中表示,HBM4E无论标准版或客制版基础晶粒,都将与台积电合作生产。</p>\n\n<p>同时,美光预期采用客制化基础晶粒的HBM4E毛利率将高于标准产品。</p>\n\n<p>这也凸显基础晶粒的客制化逻辑,正逐渐成为HBM产品价值的重要组成。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>英特尔</strong><strong>代工</strong><strong>瞄</strong><strong>准</strong><strong>HBM </strong><strong>基础晶粒</strong><strong> </strong><strong>成</strong><strong>为</strong><strong>切入点</strong></h6>\n\n<p>对晶圆代工厂而言,HBM架构变化也创造新的市场空间。</p>\n\n<p>过去AI伺服器供应链中,以台积电为代表的晶圆代工厂,主要掌握GPU、ASIC等逻辑晶片制造,以及CoWoS等先进封装业务。</p>\n\n<p>随着HBM 基础晶粒进入先进逻辑制程,这部分也可能成为新的代工市场。</p>\n\n<p>虽然HBM基础晶粒的晶圆需求规模目前仍无法与GPU相比,但每增加一颗HBM,就代表需要一颗基础<span>晶粒</span>。高阶AI加速器通常搭载6至8颗HBM,而HBM4与HBM4E的基础晶粒又逐步朝12奈米、5奈米甚至更先进制程发展,使晶圆代工在AI记忆体系统中的价值进一步提升。</p>\n\n<p>对英特尔代工而言,HBM 基础晶粒也可能成为不同于GPU主运算晶片的切入市场。</p>\n\n<p>相较于直接争取辉达或超微半导体顶级GPU的主运算晶片订单,HBM 基础晶粒同样需要先进逻辑制造能力,但所扮演的角色不同;另一方面,SK海力士等记忆体厂商也存在降低供应集中度与成本的需求。</p>\n\n<p>因此,英特尔代工有机会从HBM 基础晶粒切入AI晶片供应链。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>HBM</strong><strong>竞争焦点从</strong><strong>DRAM</strong><strong>转向</strong><strong>逻辑</strong><strong>基础晶粒</strong></h6>\n\n<p>过去数十年,记忆体产业的核心竞争主要围绕制程、容量、良率与成本,标准化则是产业扩大规模的重要基础。</p>\n\n<p>但AI运算需求正在改变HBM的产品逻辑。</p>\n\n<p>HBM4将基础晶粒带入先进逻辑制程,HBM4E进一步提高基础晶粒的复杂度,而辉达NVHBM则把记忆体控制器直接移入基础晶粒,使HBM与运算晶片之间的界线更加模糊。</p>\n\n<p>随着这条路线持续发展,HBM可能越来越难单纯被视为「记忆体」,而是由DRAM、逻辑、连接与先进封装共同构成的记忆体系统。</p>\n\n<p>这也代表,HBM下一阶段的竞争,可能不再只是SK海力士、三星与美光之间的较量,而是记忆体厂、晶圆代工厂、AI晶片设计商与先进封装业者之间的协同竞争。</p>\n\n<p>从这个角度来看,SK海力士考虑引进英特尔代工作为HBM4E 基础晶粒第二供应来源,意义不只是一笔代工订单,也反映晶圆代工厂正在进一步深入AI记忆体架构。</p>\n\n<p>HBM的竞争核心,正逐渐从DRAM本身转移至位于最底部、却越来越复杂的Logic 基础晶粒。</p>\n\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-13717.html\" title=\"台湾美光工会酝酿罢工 对公司股价有何影响?\">台湾美光工会酝酿罢工 对公司股价有何影响?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-1556.html\" title=\"报导:美国国务卿卢比欧提出新协议 推动以黎停火\">报导:美国国务卿卢比欧提出新协议 推动以黎停火</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11232.html\" 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