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大摩:开放权重模型可望降低AI成本「杰文斯悖论」或推升算力需求

2026-09-29 06:22:04 网络 阅读(60)

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)在最新报告《开放权重模型与三种未来情境》中指出,开放权重(Open-Weights)模型未必会削弱 AI 算力需求。

大摩:开放权重模型可望降低AI成本「杰文斯悖论」或推升算力需求

恰恰相反,更低的使用成本可能加速 AI 普及,进而引发典型的「杰文斯悖论」(Jevons Paradox):当单次推论成本降低后,企业可能将 AI 应用于更多工作场景,最终反而推升 Token、算力、电力及基础设施的整体需求。

据《财联社》报导,报告也特别说明「开源(Open Source)」与「开放权重(Open Weights)」的差异。市场常把两者混为一谈,但实际上并不相同。

开放权重模型会公开完成训练后的模型参数,允许使用者下载、部署及微调模型,但未必公开训练资料与完整程式码,授权条款也不一定完全开放。Meta 的 Llama、Google 的 Gemma,以及中国的 Qwen、DeepSeek、Kimi 等 AI 模型,都属于这一类。

至于真正的开源模型,除了公开模型权重外,还会进一步公开程式码、训练流程及资料细节。报告列举的代表案例为 AI2 推出的 OLMo。

开放权重与闭权重(Closed Weights,亦常被称为封闭模型)的主要差异,也不在于模型规模、速度或效率,而是在于使用者如何取得、修改及部署模型。

闭权重模型通常由模型供应商统一托管,企业必须支付订阅费或授权席位费,并依照 Token 使用量付费。开放权重模型本身大多可免费取得,但企业仍须负担 GPU、云端服务、训练、微调、维运及资讯安全等成本。企业可自行建置算力,也可按时计费租用云端 GPU,或透过托管 API 依 Token 计费。

因此,开放权重只是免除模型授权费,并不代表整体持有成本(TCO)为零。

企业目前采用情况

根据麦肯锡针对 41 个国家、700 位技术主管进行的调查,63% 的受访企业已开始采用开源模型,而且多半与闭权重模型并行使用。2026 年 2 月至 7 月,美国使用者每周有超过 30% 的 OpenRouter Token,被导向中国的开放权重模型。

不过,摩根士丹利指出,这项数据可能更反映新创公司与技术团队的使用情况,目前开放权重模型在企业大型语言模型(LLM)应用及整体模型支出中的占比仍属少数。

原因在于,大型企业除了价格外,也相当重视模型的可靠性、品牌信誉、技术支援、版权保障以及持续升级能力。多数企业目前仍倾向采用模型供应商的标准化产品,或直接与前沿 AI 实验室合作客制化模型,以降低自行训练与维护所带来的工程负担。

目前,开放权重模型主要应用于程式开发、文件解析、客服及其他专业领域。这些应用通常具有三项共同特性:使用频率高、对回应速度要求高,或需要结合企业内部资料进行客制化。

开放权重的主要优势

开放权重模型最大的吸引力,在于能有效降低高频推论的可变成本。

报告引用麻省理工学院(MIT)研究指出,企业若由闭权重模型改采开放模型,平均成本最高可降低约 70%,每年可为全球使用者节省约 250 亿美元。

对每天需执行数十亿次多模态推论的企业而言,若持续依 Token 计费,成本可能难以负荷,因此开放权重模型具备相当大的吸引力。

不过,报告也提出三项限制。

首先,这项研究完成于 2025 年 12 月;其次,并非所有开放模型的每 Token 成本都较低,例如 Kimi K3 便是例外;此外,企业仍须自行负担算力、托管、训练及微调等成本。

部署规模也将直接影响投资回收期。

根据卡内基美隆大学研究,若部署规模低于 300 亿个参数,主要应用于客服及文件分析等场景,最快约 3 个月即可回收投资;若部署 2000 亿至 1 兆个参数的大型模型,用于高阶研究或全企业生成式 AI 应用,投资回收期最长可能达 6 年。

因此,开放权重模型的经济效益并非单纯以「免费取代付费」来衡量,而是取决于模型使用量、GPU 利用率、模型规模,以及企业自身的技术能力。

风险与限制

除了成本之外,开放权重模型另一项重要优势,在于企业拥有更高的部署自主权。

企业可将模型部署于本地端或私有云,以符合资料主权、本地储存及产业监管要求。调查显示,约 40% 的企业主管正是因为能自行决定模型部署位置,而选择采用开放权重模型,尤其受到金融、医疗及政府等高度监管产业青睐。

然而,拥有更高的部署自主权,也代表企业必须承担更多责任。

报告指出,开放模型发布后,开发者很难限制第三方如何修改模型权重。

例如 2026 年 4 月,英国《金融时报》与 AI 安全组织 Alice 利用 Heretic 工具,在短短数分钟内便移除了 Meta 与 Google 开放模型的安全防护机制。恶意使用、模型蒸馏攻击及企业内部资料外泄,都可能成为企业自行承担的风险。

在智慧财产权方面,OpenAI、Anthropic 等商业模型通常会在企业遵守安全规范及正确使用模型的前提下,提供一定程度的版权保障;相较之下,开放权重模型一般并未提供类似机制,相关法律责任可能需由部署企业自行承担。

地缘政治也是另一项重要变数。若美国限制来自中国的开放权重模型,可能影响企业的营运持续性。即使美国企业认同中国模型具有较高的性价比,也可能因担心未来政策改变,而转向美国本土开放模型或封闭模型供应商。

其他采用障碍还包括转换成本、品牌信任,以及部分企业对海外模型的疑虑。

摩根士丹利提出三种可能的产业发展情境。

闭权重模型胜出

如果前沿模型能力始终难以复制,市场将持续由少数资金雄厚的 AI 实验室主导。

企业将愿意为更高的准确率、可靠性、智慧财产保障及部署便利性支付溢价,训练及推论工作也将持续集中于超大型云端平台。

在此情境下,Google、Amazon、Meta、辉达及博通,以及 Arista Networks、Lumentum、Coherent 等光通讯与网路设备业者,都将成为主要受惠者。

若 Gemini 4 协助 Google 重新站上 AI 模型领先地位,摩根士丹利估算,其在自有基础设施上营运模型 API 的增量资本报酬率约 45%;若主要提供基础设施服务,则约为 30%。

混合架构成为主流

闭权重模型负责复杂推论与 AI Agent 等高阶任务;开放权重模型及小型模型则承担高流量、成本敏感及垂直应用场景。

同一套企业工作流程,也可能依照成本及模型能力,在不同模型间动态切换。

在此情境下,Amazon、Google 及 Microsoft 三大云端平台皆可望受惠;模型编排、基础设施软体、资安、SaaS 及网路设备供应商的价值也将同步提升。

SAP、ServiceNow、思科及 F5 等公司,都有望成为重要受惠者。

开放权重模型胜出

若开放权重模型性能逐渐逼近最先进模型,基础模型能力将更加普及,API 价格也将明显下降。

未来创新焦点将从大规模预训练,转向模型微调、推论最佳化、AI Agent、工具及各类专用应用。

AI 部署也将更加分散,部分工作负载将由公有云移转至私有资料中心、主权云、本地伺服器及边缘装置。

微软、阿里巴巴、腾讯、MiniMax 等模型或云端平台,以及戴尔、慧与、NetApp、惠普、苹果、TD Synnex、Ingram Micro 及 CDW 等本地基础设施、终端设备及通路商,都将直接受惠。

跨情境共同赢家

虽然三种情境对模型供应商及云端业者的影响不同,但摩根士丹利也列出一批无论哪种情境都可能受惠的企业。

其中,辉达被视为最大赢家。无论模型是否开放,AI 推论需求持续成长,都将带动 GPU 需求增加。

CoreWeave 及 Nebius 等新兴云端服务商,也被列为三种情境下的共同受惠者。

此外,Palo Alto Networks、CrowdStrike 及 Okta 同样横跨三种情境。封闭模型环境需要保护集中式云端服务;开放权重模型普及后,则需保护更多分散于本地端及边缘装置的工作负载。

另一个值得留意的重点是电力需求。Bloom Energy、INNIO、Solaris Energy Infrastructure、Williams 及 Liberty Energy 也都被列为三种情境下的重要受惠企业。

报告指出,虽然模型效率提升可降低单次运算耗电,但若 AI 使用量快速增加,整体用电需求反而可能持续攀升。

摩根士丹利估算,三种 AI 推论商业模式皆有机会创造至少约 25% 的增量资本报酬率,包括超大型云端 GPU 租赁约 31%、自有基础设施模型 API 约 46%,以及第三方基础设施模型 API 约 25%。

此外,一项平均 AI 任务可创造约 55 美元收益,而推论成本仅约 2 至 5 美元。只要这样的投入产出关系持续存在,企业仍有充分动机扩大 AI 应用。

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      "level": 1
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      "id": 36,
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          "id": 43,
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          "name": "股指期货",
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    "content": "<p>摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)在最新报告《开放权重模型与三种未来情境》中指出,开放权重(Open-Weights)模型未必会削弱 AI 算力需求。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6559731/l/297ae6f821134bb3e7fa8c679e4cca4d.jpg\" alt=\"大摩:开放权重模型可望降低AI成本「杰文斯悖论」或推升算力需求\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>恰恰相反,更低的使用成本可能加速 AI 普及,进而引发典型的「杰文斯悖论」(Jevons Paradox):当单次推论成本降低后,企业可能将 AI 应用于更多工作场景,最终反而推升 Token、算力、电力及基础设施的整体需求。</p>\n\n<p>据《财联社》报导,报告也特别说明「开源(Open Source)」与「开放权重(Open Weights)」的差异。市场常把两者混为一谈,但实际上并不相同。</p>\n\n<p>开放权重模型会公开完成训练后的模型参数,允许使用者下载、部署及微调模型,但未必公开训练资料与完整程式码,授权条款也不一定完全开放。Meta 的 Llama、Google 的 Gemma,以及中国的 Qwen、DeepSeek、Kimi 等 AI 模型,都属于这一类。</p>\n\n<p>至于真正的开源模型,除了公开模型权重外,还会进一步公开程式码、训练流程及资料细节。报告列举的代表案例为 AI2 推出的 OLMo。</p>\n\n<p>开放权重与闭权重(Closed Weights,亦常被称为封闭模型)的主要差异,也不在于模型规模、速度或效率,而是在于使用者如何取得、修改及部署模型。</p>\n\n<p>闭权重模型通常由模型供应商统一托管,企业必须支付订阅费或授权席位费,并依照 Token 使用量付费。开放权重模型本身大多可免费取得,但企业仍须负担 GPU、云端服务、训练、微调、维运及资讯安全等成本。企业可自行建置算力,也可按时计费租用云端 GPU,或透过托管 API 依 Token 计费。</p>\n\n<p>因此,开放权重只是免除模型授权费,并不代表整体持有成本(TCO)为零。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>企业目前采用情况</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>根据麦肯锡针对 41 个国家、700 位技术主管进行的调查,63% 的受访企业已开始采用开源模型,而且多半与闭权重模型并行使用。2026 年 2 月至 7 月,美国使用者每周有超过 30% 的 OpenRouter Token,被导向中国的开放权重模型。</p>\n\n<p>不过,摩根士丹利指出,这项数据可能更反映新创公司与技术团队的使用情况,目前开放权重模型在企业大型语言模型(LLM)应用及整体模型支出中的占比仍属少数。</p>\n\n<p>原因在于,大型企业除了价格外,也相当重视模型的可靠性、品牌信誉、技术支援、版权保障以及持续升级能力。多数企业目前仍倾向采用模型供应商的标准化产品,或直接与前沿 AI 实验室合作客制化模型,以降低自行训练与维护所带来的工程负担。</p>\n\n<p>目前,开放权重模型主要应用于程式开发、文件解析、客服及其他专业领域。这些应用通常具有三项共同特性:使用频率高、对回应速度要求高,或需要结合企业内部资料进行客制化。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>开放权重的主要优势</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>开放权重模型最大的吸引力,在于能有效降低高频推论的可变成本。</p>\n\n<p>报告引用麻省理工学院(MIT)研究指出,企业若由闭权重模型改采开放模型,平均成本最高可降低约 70%,每年可为全球使用者节省约 250 亿美元。</p>\n\n<p>对每天需执行数十亿次多模态推论的企业而言,若持续依 Token 计费,成本可能难以负荷,因此开放权重模型具备相当大的吸引力。</p>\n\n<p>不过,报告也提出三项限制。</p>\n\n<p>首先,这项研究完成于 2025 年 12 月;其次,并非所有开放模型的每 Token 成本都较低,例如 Kimi K3 便是例外;此外,企业仍须自行负担算力、托管、训练及微调等成本。</p>\n\n<p>部署规模也将直接影响投资回收期。</p>\n\n<p>根据卡内基美隆大学研究,若部署规模低于 300 亿个参数,主要应用于客服及文件分析等场景,最快约 3 个月即可回收投资;若部署 2000 亿至 1 兆个参数的大型模型,用于高阶研究或全企业生成式 AI 应用,投资回收期最长可能达 6 年。</p>\n\n<p>因此,开放权重模型的经济效益并非单纯以「免费取代付费」来衡量,而是取决于模型使用量、GPU 利用率、模型规模,以及企业自身的技术能力。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>风险与限制</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>除了成本之外,开放权重模型另一项重要优势,在于企业拥有更高的部署自主权。</p>\n\n<p>企业可将模型部署于本地端或私有云,以符合资料主权、本地储存及产业监管要求。调查显示,约 40% 的企业主管正是因为能自行决定模型部署位置,而选择采用开放权重模型,尤其受到金融、医疗及政府等高度监管产业青睐。</p>\n\n<p>然而,拥有更高的部署自主权,也代表企业必须承担更多责任。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,开放模型发布后,开发者很难限制第三方如何修改模型权重。</p>\n\n<p>例如 2026 年 4 月,英国《金融时报》与 AI 安全组织 Alice 利用 Heretic 工具,在短短数分钟内便移除了 Meta 与 Google 开放模型的安全防护机制。恶意使用、模型蒸馏攻击及企业内部资料外泄,都可能成为企业自行承担的风险。</p>\n\n<p>在智慧财产权方面,OpenAI、Anthropic 等商业模型通常会在企业遵守安全规范及正确使用模型的前提下,提供一定程度的版权保障;相较之下,开放权重模型一般并未提供类似机制,相关法律责任可能需由部署企业自行承担。</p>\n\n<p>地缘政治也是另一项重要变数。若美国限制来自中国的开放权重模型,可能影响企业的营运持续性。即使美国企业认同中国模型具有较高的性价比,也可能因担心未来政策改变,而转向美国本土开放模型或封闭模型供应商。</p>\n\n<p>其他采用障碍还包括转换成本、品牌信任,以及部分企业对海外模型的疑虑。</p>\n\n<p>摩根士丹利提出三种可能的产业发展情境。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>闭权重模型胜出</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>如果前沿模型能力始终难以复制,市场将持续由少数资金雄厚的 AI 实验室主导。</p>\n\n<p>企业将愿意为更高的准确率、可靠性、智慧财产保障及部署便利性支付溢价,训练及推论工作也将持续集中于超大型云端平台。</p>\n\n<p>在此情境下,Google、Amazon、Meta、辉达及博通,以及 Arista Networks、Lumentum、Coherent 等光通讯与网路设备业者,都将成为主要受惠者。</p>\n\n<p>若 Gemini 4 协助 Google 重新站上 AI 模型领先地位,摩根士丹利估算,其在自有基础设施上营运模型 API 的增量资本报酬率约 45%;若主要提供基础设施服务,则约为 30%。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>混合架构成为主流</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>闭权重模型负责复杂推论与 AI Agent 等高阶任务;开放权重模型及小型模型则承担高流量、成本敏感及垂直应用场景。</p>\n\n<p>同一套企业工作流程,也可能依照成本及模型能力,在不同模型间动态切换。</p>\n\n<p>在此情境下,Amazon、Google 及 Microsoft 三大云端平台皆可望受惠;模型编排、基础设施软体、资安、SaaS 及网路设备供应商的价值也将同步提升。</p>\n\n<p>SAP、ServiceNow、思科及 F5 等公司,都有望成为重要受惠者。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>开放权重模型胜出</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>若开放权重模型性能逐渐逼近最先进模型,基础模型能力将更加普及,API 价格也将明显下降。</p>\n\n<p>未来创新焦点将从大规模预训练,转向模型微调、推论最佳化、AI Agent、工具及各类专用应用。</p>\n\n<p>AI 部署也将更加分散,部分工作负载将由公有云移转至私有资料中心、主权云、本地伺服器及边缘装置。</p>\n\n<p>微软、阿里巴巴、腾讯、MiniMax 等模型或云端平台,以及戴尔、慧与、NetApp、惠普、苹果、TD Synnex、Ingram Micro 及 CDW 等本地基础设施、终端设备及通路商,都将直接受惠。</p>\n\n<p><em><strong>跨情境共同赢家</strong></em></p>\n\n<p>虽然三种情境对模型供应商及云端业者的影响不同,但摩根士丹利也列出一批无论哪种情境都可能受惠的企业。</p>\n\n<p>其中,辉达被视为最大赢家。无论模型是否开放,AI 推论需求持续成长,都将带动 GPU 需求增加。</p>\n\n<p>CoreWeave 及 Nebius 等新兴云端服务商,也被列为三种情境下的共同受惠者。</p>\n\n<p>此外,Palo Alto Networks、CrowdStrike 及 Okta 同样横跨三种情境。封闭模型环境需要保护集中式云端服务;开放权重模型普及后,则需保护更多分散于本地端及边缘装置的工作负载。</p>\n\n<p>另一个值得留意的重点是电力需求。Bloom Energy、INNIO、Solaris Energy Infrastructure、Williams 及 Liberty Energy 也都被列为三种情境下的重要受惠企业。</p>\n\n<p>报告指出,虽然模型效率提升可降低单次运算耗电,但若 AI 使用量快速增加,整体用电需求反而可能持续攀升。</p>\n\n<p>摩根士丹利估算,三种 AI 推论商业模式皆有机会创造至少约 25% 的增量资本报酬率,包括超大型云端 GPU 租赁约 31%、自有基础设施模型 API 约 46%,以及第三方基础设施模型 API 约 25%。</p>\n\n<p>此外,一项平均 AI 任务可创造约 55 美元收益,而推论成本仅约 2 至 5 美元。只要这样的投入产出关系持续存在,企业仍有充分动机扩大 AI 应用。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-458.html\" title=\"辉达财务长:早料到记忆体价格会飙涨 已提前下单\">辉达财务长:早料到记忆体价格会飙涨 已提前下单</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-8253.html\" title=\"DeepSeek成最强「AI交易员」!绩效超越ChatGPT、Grok  最新持股曝\">DeepSeek成最强「AI交易员」!绩效超越ChatGPT、Grok  最新持股曝</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-7582.html\" title=\"比Rubin贵40%仍拿下微软大单 AMD证明价格不再是胜负关键\">比Rubin贵40%仍拿下微软大单 AMD证明价格不再是胜负关键</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-11887.html\" title=\"简直疯狂!韩散户7月大买美股45亿美元 但杠杆与ADR溢价警讯浮现\">简直疯狂!韩散户7月大买美股45亿美元 但杠杆与ADR溢价警讯浮现</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-3555.html\" title=\"美股上演冰火两极!川普量子政策点火「这股」狂飙30%   该追高吗?\">美股上演冰火两极!川普量子政策点火「这股」狂飙30%   该追高吗?</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/new/mg/article-647.html\" title=\"〈纽约汇市〉美元走弱 殖利率下滑、升息押注降温\">〈纽约汇市〉美元走弱 殖利率下滑、升息押注降温</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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