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中国再推去杠杆!大摩示警:房市、居民缩表夹击 重返通缩风险升高

2026-09-07 09:48:58 网络 阅读(1)

中国正再次启动去杠杆进程,但与过去不同的是,本轮财政收紧正值房地产市场持续低迷、居民部门加速缩减负债之际,经济面临的压力明显加大。摩根士丹利研究显示,若政策未能适时支撑内需,中国重新陷入通缩的风险正在升高。

中国再推去杠杆!大摩示警:房市、居民缩表夹击 重返通缩风险升高

疫情后,全球主要经济体政府债务占国内生产毛额(GDP)比率普遍攀升,中国同样面临公共债务快速增加的问题。研究团队预估,截至2026年底,中国公共债务占GDP比率将较疫情前大幅增加48个百分点,达到122%。

不过,去杠杆并不存在一个固定的债务水准或债务占GDP比率作为政策触发点。就中国而言,政策制定者近年对杠杆上升速度及公共债务可持续性的疑虑日益升高。

从过往经验来看,中国通常会在外部需求改善后,采取逆周期方式收紧财政政策。2017年便是典型案例,当时出口强劲成长,为经济提供支撑,也替去杠杆创造较佳环境。

这次情况却有所不同。随着2025年下半年出口开始温和复苏,中国自2025年7月起启动财政收紧,广义财政赤字迄今已缩减2.5个百分点。但在房市持续下行、居民加速去杠杆的情况下,财政政策收紧反而可能放大经济下行压力。

房市、居民缩表成去杠杆两大压力

分析指出,本轮去杠杆之所以格外具有「阵痛感」,关键之一在于房地产市场未能像过去周期般提供支撑。

2016年至2018年上半年,中国房地产市场曾出现再通膨,居民部门加杠杆,加上出口改善,共同支撑企业资产负债表修复。但如今房市已自2021年进入下行周期,高频数据显示相关活动仍持续收缩。

房地产固定资产投资占GDP比重相较中国自身历史趋势持续下降,目前甚至低于2004年水准。若与曾经历房市深度调整的美国、日本相比,中国目前房地产投资占GDP比重约3.4%,已接近美国与日本房市触底时的2.4%及3.9%。

研究认为,中国房市可能仍需一段时间在低于长期趋势的水准运行。一方面,过去房地产活动长期高于合理趋势,因此调整可能需要较长时间;另一方面,人口结构也持续压抑住房需求,中国总人口减少已成为房地产市场的长期结构性逆风。

近期政策变化也可能进一步增加房市下行风险。由于土地出让疲弱,研究团队已下调2026年全年房市预测,预估新屋销售年减9.8%。此外,中国近期推动从预售制逐步转向现房销售模式,若严格执行,可能从结构上压低房地产开发商的销售规模与收益。

在严格执行情境下,2026年至2028年中国房地产销售复合年减幅甚至可能达24%。

另一项关键变化则是居民部门去杠杆速度明显加快。

2022年至2024年间,中国居民债务占GDP比率大致维持稳定,企业与政府部门则持续加杠杆。然而,2025年开始出现转折,居民开始降低债务占GDP比率,2026年去杠杆力道进一步增强。

预估2026年居民债务占GDP比率将在2025年下降3个百分点后,再下滑3个百分点;今年也可能成为中国居民债务首次出现年减的一年。

居民资产负债表的另一端同样反映这项趋势。2026年第2季中国居民储蓄率攀升,经季节调整后创下2022年以来新高。

在通缩环境下,居民收入成长承压,加上消费政策支持力度有限,使家庭倾向削减支出、增加储蓄。自2023年第2季中国GDP平减指数转负后,居民薪资增速也明显放缓。

数据显示,今年以来社会消费品零售总额平均年增率仅1.2%,远低于2025年同期的3.8%。消费疲弱进一步拖累内需,也让居民去杠杆对经济成长的负面影响更加明显。

财政收紧恐形成「顺周期」压力

本轮另一项特殊之处,是中国财政政策逐渐呈现顺周期收紧。

自2025年7月开始,中国广义财政赤字已缩减2.5个百分点。政策制定者仍沿用过去以出口表现作为财政政策调整参考的方式,但房地产与居民资产负债表如今都处于较弱状态,使这套政策模式面临更大的挑战。

与此同时,中国财政收入占GDP比率持续下降。过去几轮财政扩张主要偏向投资支出,在通缩环境下容易形成新的供给能力,企业定价能力与获利受到压抑,进而限制薪资成长。

土地出让收入疲弱也进一步恶化财政状况。自2021年7月以来,包括土地出让净收入在内的财政收入占GDP比率持续下滑。

中国最初仍维持财政支出占GDP比率相对稳定,但目前已开始压缩支出占比,以降低财政赤字。例如2026年消费品以旧换新计划的预算规模便低于2025年。

要避免通缩,财政政策不宜只靠投资

研究认为,中国若要让去杠杆重新回到较健康的轨道,至少需要兼顾利率与经济成长、总需求以及财政支出结构。

首先是维持合理的实质利率与实质GDP成长率差距,也就是所谓的「r-g缺口」。根据过去超过百年的数据及76个去杠杆案例,成功降低债务的经济体,通常能让实质利率与实质GDP成长率之间维持约2个百分点的缓冲。

在中国目前的情况下,适当的货币环境有助于将r-g缺口控制在合理范围,进而调节去杠杆速度。

其次,政策必须支撑总需求。当私人部门中一个或多个部门正在去杠杆,政府部门便需要透过增加杠杆支撑总需求。尤其中国目前居民部门正在缩减负债,加上经济已面临通缩压力,更需要财政政策提供支撑。

第三则是调整经济成长结构。如果新增财政支出或政府债务主要投入资本支出,虽然短期内能支撑需求,却可能在后续创造更多产能,使供给进一步增加。在需求不足的情况下,这可能导致产能过剩问题延续,让经济反复陷入通缩压力。

因此,若中国进一步扩大财政刺激,研究认为支出结构应更偏向消费,而非持续以资本支出为主。

出口提供缓冲 但恐不足以抵销内需疲弱

出口目前仍是中国经济的重要缓冲来源。

2025年以来,中国整体出口平均成长约10.5%,但出口结构值得注意。2025年大部分时间,科技相关产品贡献了出口增长的主要部分,但这些产业对整体经济的外溢效应相对有限。

此外,价格因素也可能对出口表现有所支撑,实际出口量直到近6个月才开始回升。

相较之下,非科技产品出口若能持续成长,对经济的外溢效果可能更为明显。理想情况下,出口扩张可推升非大宗商品工业部门的利润率,进一步带动薪资与消费,形成出口、收入与内需之间的正向循环。

研究团队预期出口仍将维持强劲,并在一定程度上抵销去杠杆带来的逆风。然而,如果居民部门持续以目前速度大幅去杠杆,同时财政政策维持收紧,出口成长可能仍不足以完全抵销内需疲弱。

中国重返通缩风险升高

展望后市,基准情境预估非科技产品出口将持续强劲,并为经济提供部分支撑;财政政策则可能温和扩张。在此情境下,2026年GDP平减指数平均增幅预估为0.8%,2027年进一步降至0.2%,但仍维持正成长。

然而,居民去杠杆、房地产投资收缩与财政紧缩三项力量同时存在,使中国经济面临更大的通缩压力。

尤其居民债务已开始出现年减,房地产投资仍可能大幅收缩,而目前政策制定者尚未宣布大规模财政扩张计划。

这代表,即使出口维持强劲,中国经济仍可能面临「出口撑住外部需求、居民缩表压抑内需」的拉锯局面。若财政支撑未能及时加码,中国重新陷入通缩区间的风险将进一步升高。

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          "id": 45,
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          "name": "期货公司",
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    "title": "中国再推去杠杆!大摩示警:房市、居民缩表夹击 重返通缩风险升高",
    "shortTitle": "中国再推去杠杆!大摩示警:房市、居民缩表夹击 重返通缩风险升",
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    "description": "中国再度启动去杠杆,摩根士丹利指出房市低迷、居民加速缩表及财政收紧形成三重压力,2026年底公共债务占GDP估达122%,重返通缩风险升高。",
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    "content": "<p>中国正再次启动去杠杆进程,但与过去不同的是,本轮财政收紧正值房地产市场持续低迷、居民部门加速缩减负债之际,经济面临的压力明显加大。摩根士丹利研究显示,若政策未能适时支撑内需,中国重新陷入通缩的风险正在升高。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6598426/l/6dfc6f489cf977ada2b817362c898345.jpg\" alt=\"中国再推去杠杆!大摩示警:房市、居民缩表夹击 重返通缩风险升高\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>疫情后,全球主要经济体政府债务占国内生产毛额(GDP)比率普遍攀升,中国同样面临公共债务快速增加的问题。研究团队预估,截至2026年底,中国公共债务占GDP比率将较疫情前大幅增加48个百分点,达到122%。</p>\n\n<p>不过,去杠杆并不存在一个固定的债务水准或债务占GDP比率作为政策触发点。就中国而言,政策制定者近年对杠杆上升速度及公共债务可持续性的疑虑日益升高。</p>\n\n<p>从过往经验来看,中国通常会在外部需求改善后,采取逆周期方式收紧财政政策。2017年便是典型案例,当时出口强劲成长,为经济提供支撑,也替去杠杆创造较佳环境。</p>\n\n<p>这次情况却有所不同。随着2025年下半年出口开始温和复苏,中国自2025年7月起启动财政收紧,广义财政赤字迄今已缩减2.5个百分点。但在房市持续下行、居民加速去杠杆的情况下,财政政策收紧反而可能放大经济下行压力。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>房市、居民缩表成去杠杆两大压力</strong></h6>\n\n<p>分析指出,本轮去杠杆之所以格外具有「阵痛感」,关键之一在于房地产市场未能像过去周期般提供支撑。</p>\n\n<p>2016年至2018年上半年,中国房地产市场曾出现再通膨,居民部门加杠杆,加上出口改善,共同支撑企业资产负债表修复。但如今房市已自2021年进入下行周期,高频数据显示相关活动仍持续收缩。</p>\n\n<p>房地产固定资产投资占GDP比重相较中国自身历史趋势持续下降,目前甚至低于2004年水准。若与曾经历房市深度调整的美国、日本相比,中国目前房地产投资占GDP比重约3.4%,已接近美国与日本房市触底时的2.4%及3.9%。</p>\n\n<p>研究认为,中国房市可能仍需一段时间在低于长期趋势的水准运行。一方面,过去房地产活动长期高于合理趋势,因此调整可能需要较长时间;另一方面,人口结构也持续压抑住房需求,中国总人口减少已成为房地产市场的长期结构性逆风。</p>\n\n<p>近期政策变化也可能进一步增加房市下行风险。由于土地出让疲弱,研究团队已下调2026年全年房市预测,预估新屋销售年减9.8%。此外,中国近期推动从预售制逐步转向现房销售模式,若严格执行,可能从结构上压低房地产开发商的销售规模与收益。</p>\n\n<p>在严格执行情境下,2026年至2028年中国房地产销售复合年减幅甚至可能达24%。</p>\n\n<p>另一项关键变化则是居民部门去杠杆速度明显加快。</p>\n\n<p>2022年至2024年间,中国居民债务占GDP比率大致维持稳定,企业与政府部门则持续加杠杆。然而,2025年开始出现转折,居民开始降低债务占GDP比率,2026年去杠杆力道进一步增强。</p>\n\n<p>预估2026年居民债务占GDP比率将在2025年下降3个百分点后,再下滑3个百分点;今年也可能成为中国居民债务首次出现年减的一年。</p>\n\n<p>居民资产负债表的另一端同样反映这项趋势。2026年第2季中国居民储蓄率攀升,经季节调整后创下2022年以来新高。</p>\n\n<p>在通缩环境下,居民收入成长承压,加上消费政策支持力度有限,使家庭倾向削减支出、增加储蓄。自2023年第2季中国GDP平减指数转负后,居民薪资增速也明显放缓。</p>\n\n<p>数据显示,今年以来社会消费品零售总额平均年增率仅1.2%,远低于2025年同期的3.8%。消费疲弱进一步拖累内需,也让居民去杠杆对经济成长的负面影响更加明显。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>财政收紧恐形成「顺周期」压力</strong></h6>\n\n<p>本轮另一项特殊之处,是中国财政政策逐渐呈现顺周期收紧。</p>\n\n<p>自2025年7月开始,中国广义财政赤字已缩减2.5个百分点。政策制定者仍沿用过去以出口表现作为财政政策调整参考的方式,但房地产与居民资产负债表如今都处于较弱状态,使这套政策模式面临更大的挑战。</p>\n\n<p>与此同时,中国财政收入占GDP比率持续下降。过去几轮财政扩张主要偏向投资支出,在通缩环境下容易形成新的供给能力,企业定价能力与获利受到压抑,进而限制薪资成长。</p>\n\n<p>土地出让收入疲弱也进一步恶化财政状况。自2021年7月以来,包括土地出让净收入在内的财政收入占GDP比率持续下滑。</p>\n\n<p>中国最初仍维持财政支出占GDP比率相对稳定,但目前已开始压缩支出占比,以降低财政赤字。例如2026年消费品以旧换新计划的预算规模便低于2025年。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>要避免通缩,财政政策不宜只靠投资</strong></h6>\n\n<p>研究认为,中国若要让去杠杆重新回到较健康的轨道,至少需要兼顾利率与经济成长、总需求以及财政支出结构。</p>\n\n<p>首先是维持合理的实质利率与实质GDP成长率差距,也就是所谓的「r-g缺口」。根据过去超过百年的数据及76个去杠杆案例,成功降低债务的经济体,通常能让实质利率与实质GDP成长率之间维持约2个百分点的缓冲。</p>\n\n<p>在中国目前的情况下,适当的货币环境有助于将r-g缺口控制在合理范围,进而调节去杠杆速度。</p>\n\n<p>其次,政策必须支撑总需求。当私人部门中一个或多个部门正在去杠杆,政府部门便需要透过增加杠杆支撑总需求。尤其中国目前居民部门正在缩减负债,加上经济已面临通缩压力,更需要财政政策提供支撑。</p>\n\n<p>第三则是调整经济成长结构。如果新增财政支出或政府债务主要投入资本支出,虽然短期内能支撑需求,却可能在后续创造更多产能,使供给进一步增加。在需求不足的情况下,这可能导致产能过剩问题延续,让经济反复陷入通缩压力。</p>\n\n<p>因此,若中国进一步扩大财政刺激,研究认为支出结构应更偏向消费,而非持续以资本支出为主。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>出口提供缓冲</strong><strong> </strong><strong>但恐不足以抵销内需疲弱</strong></h6>\n\n<p>出口目前仍是中国经济的重要缓冲来源。</p>\n\n<p>2025年以来,中国整体出口平均成长约10.5%,但出口结构值得注意。2025年大部分时间,科技相关产品贡献了出口增长的主要部分,但这些产业对整体经济的外溢效应相对有限。</p>\n\n<p>此外,价格因素也可能对出口表现有所支撑,实际出口量直到近6个月才开始回升。</p>\n\n<p>相较之下,非科技产品出口若能持续成长,对经济的外溢效果可能更为明显。理想情况下,出口扩张可推升非大宗商品工业部门的利润率,进一步带动薪资与消费,形成出口、收入与内需之间的正向循环。</p>\n\n<p>研究团队预期出口仍将维持强劲,并在一定程度上抵销去杠杆带来的逆风。然而,如果居民部门持续以目前速度大幅去杠杆,同时财政政策维持收紧,出口成长可能仍不足以完全抵销内需疲弱。</p>\n\n<h6><strong>中国重返通缩风险升高</strong></h6>\n\n<p>展望后市,基准情境预估非科技产品出口将持续强劲,并为经济提供部分支撑;财政政策则可能温和扩张。在此情境下,2026年GDP平减指数平均增幅预估为0.8%,2027年进一步降至0.2%,但仍维持正成长。</p>\n\n<p>然而,居民去杠杆、房地产投资收缩与财政紧缩三项力量同时存在,使中国经济面临更大的通缩压力。</p>\n\n<p>尤其居民债务已开始出现年减,房地产投资仍可能大幅收缩,而目前政策制定者尚未宣布大规模财政扩张计划。</p>\n\n<p>这代表,即使出口维持强劲,中国经济仍可能面临「出口撑住外部需求、居民缩表压抑内需」的拉锯局面。若财政支撑未能及时加码,中国重新陷入通缩区间的风险将进一步升高。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14332.html\" title=\"资金转向中国股市!AI交易太拥挤  中证500、沪深300衍生品需求升温\">资金转向中国股市!AI交易太拥挤  中证500、沪深300衍生品需求升温</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14333.html\" title=\"泽伦斯基见川普特使后认了:战争恐再拖一冬\">泽伦斯基见川普特使后认了:战争恐再拖一冬</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14374.html\" title=\"中国财政部砸3,000亿 挹注8家金融央企\">中国财政部砸3,000亿 挹注8家金融央企</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14323.html\" title=\"加币成川普新目标 怒批美加汇率失衡「不可接受」\">加币成川普新目标 怒批美加汇率失衡「不可接受」</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14339.html\" title=\"美国正失去避险天堂地位?各国央行纷纷把黄金搬离纽约\">美国正失去避险天堂地位?各国央行纷纷把黄金搬离纽约</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-14326.html\" title=\"高股息股票怎么选?First Eagle看好这「3档」标的\">高股息股票怎么选?First Eagle看好这「3档」标的</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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